Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9 - Chapter 1
9 - Chapter 1
9 - Chapter 1
1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The story of retail in India during the last decade has been nothing less than a
stakeholders. The remarkable growth in the Indian economy over the last few years,
driven by the retail industry with a share of around 30 per cent of the GDP (Images
Group, 2011). With about 35 million people being employed, Indian retail industry is
the second largest employer after agriculture in the country (Ernst & Young Pvt. Ltd.,
2010). The Indian retail industry is the fifth largest in the world (Cygnus Business
Consulting and Research Pvt. Ltd., 2010), and has been ranked fourth attractive nation
for retail investment by The 2011 Global Retail Development Index (Ben-Shabat,
Moriarty, & Neary, 2011). Also, Indian consumer is the most confident consumer in
Amidst such boom, the industry experts are stuck up in a vigorous debate as to
where India shops in the future. On one side of the debate are the millions of street
and pushcart vendors and small retail stores that have dominated Indian retailing for
centuries. On the other side are large Indian and multinational corporations seeking
new opportunities in retailing. Small retailers claim that large firms, especially
multinationals, will destroy entrepreneurship and rob them of their livelihoods. Large
businesses say that they can provide better and cheaper products and bring badly
in India are wary of making changes that might harm small businesses and erode
1
There is no official machinery which regularly releases retail statistics. There have been a few private
sources which give information on various aspects of Indian retailing. The present work has relied on data
generated by such private sources.
3
employment, but they also seek to promote greater efficiency and productivity in a
Despite the global economic gloom, the Indian economy remained isolated
providing the domestic retail sector with the impetus that it requires for the growth.
The present paper provides an overview of the trends in the industry, and highlights
briefing on how the modern retail evolved. The third section tries to identify the
the trends in the industry across various categories and formats with a brief of rural
retailing. The trends across the drivers of retail market are discussed later. The paper
tries to highlight the key challenges faced by the industry. Finally, analysis of the
The global economy is now two years into recovery. World real GDP growth
is forecast to be about 4.5 per cent in 2011 and 2012, down modestly from 5 per cent
in 2010 (Table 1.1). Real GDP in advanced economies and emerging and developing
economies is expected to expand by about 2.5 per cent and 6.5 per cent, respectively
spurred by reduced job layoffs, the gradual recovery of employment, and previously
exports and commodity prices, and in several capital inflows. World retail sales are
going strong in emerging market economies and have bounced back in advanced
economies, led by the United States. The outcome of the end of recession has brought
a new landscape for the global retailers. For global retailers today, reliance on
-to-
Global retail sales declined 3.7 per cent in 2009 to US$ 13.9 trillion (Table
1.2). While sales for 2009 were low, it is worthwhile to note that sales of the global
retail industry have doubled since 2003 when worldwide sales were US$ 7 trillion
(IMAP Inc., 2010). According to IMAP forecasts, global retail sales growth is
expected to be 7.3 per cent in 2010, before slowing to 5.8 per cent in 2011 and then
rising again to 7.4 per cent in 2012. In terms of volume growth, the global retail
As can be observed that economic growth is dispersed across the regions, the
retail growth will also continue to be geographically selective. Ranked by retail sales
growth, top 10 growth markets in the world will constitute 70 per cent of global retail
growth by 2015 (Table 1.3): but, significantly, 52 per cent of that growth will come
from BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries with China alone contributing
Given the severity of the global recession, retail sales for the Top 250 Global
Powers of Retailing rose a meagre 1.3 per cent in 2009 compared with 6.3 per cent in
2008 (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd., 2011). Combined retail sales of the Top 250
totalled US$ 3.76 trillion in 2009, down slightly from nearly US$ 3.82 trillion
Retailing, the top 10 largest retailers contribute 30 per cent at combined sales of US$
1.12 trillion in 2009 down slightly from 30.2 per cent in 2008 (Table 1.4).
their shops being in the front and house at the back, where they would run their retail
houses, mostly textile majors, ventured into the retail arena through company-owned
or franchisee outlets. As such the on-going journey of organized retail in India can be
broadly classified into four main phases (Cushman & Wakefield, 2010) (Figure 1.1):
Conceptualization (1990-2005)
Expansion (2005-2010)
era include Bombay Dyeing, the Raymond Group, the S Kumars Group and Bata to name
a few. Central and State Government departments and co-operative bodies such as the
Public Distribution System, Mother Dairy, Kendriya Bhandar, Super Bazaar, etc., played
a key role as prominent retailers in the Indian Market. These early years also s
the
southern region and some of these chains later established a nationwide presence. These
remained the only organized retailers in the country for quite a long period, till the post
This phase saw the entry of pure-play retailers, and not the manufacturers,
expanding pan-India rather than operate regionally. It is interesting to note that most
on apparel and other related fashion categories. With the opening of Indian economy
8
during this phase, first generation international brands like Nike, Reebok, Adidas,
As the name suggests, this is perhaps the most active phase in the Indian retail
industry, in terms of growth, entry of new players and development of new entrants. A
growing middle class, increasing disposable incomes as well as a large and young
consumer market led to rapid growth in the Indian retail industry. Having realized the
conglomerates like Mahindra and Mahindra, Reliance, Tata, Aditya Birla and Essar
entered the pan-India retail arena during this period. Their success brought in global
retailers such as Metro AG, Max Retail, Hypercity, etc. The period saw the emergence
of new formats like cash and carry, large format discounters, food courts,
was frenetic activity with a large number of malls were proposed/developed across
major metros and upcoming tier-II cities. The size of the malls also went through
The rapid growth soon attracted the luxury product segment in an environment
of the economic liberalization along with rising purchasing power parity (PPP) index
of domestic consumers. With the FDI policy 2005-2006 allowing single brand foreign
retailers to take up to 51 per cent stake in joint venture with a local firm, the
intervening years saw the entry of several premium brands (Giogio Armani, Versace,
Considering the challenges faced by the industry at present, retail chains are
likely to focus on consolidations to cut costs and survive in the market. In the present
these distinctions.
2
According to the Ministry of Labour and Employment , the informal sector
households. These businesses are not legally distinct from their owners, who raise
capital at their own risk and have unlimited personal liability for debts and
obligations. Informal businesses typically employ family members and casual labour
without formal contracts. Formal businesses are corporations, limited companies, and
this sector is available from company budgets and reports. Importantly, partnerships,
private and limited companies, and businesses run by cooperative societies and trusts
are not considered to be organized businesses in India. Instead, they are classified as
part of the unorganized sector, which also includes all businesses in the informal
sector.
stores, and all chain stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores and store-
in-stores. Unorganized retailing includes all informal retailers, including kirana stores,
paan shops, vegetable and fruit stalls, street hawkers, and pushcart and street vendors.
It also includes general merchants, chemists, appliance stores, and various specialty
stores that are part of the formal sector but that operate as partnerships, private and
Table 1.5 shows the Economist Intelligence Unit's (2008) estimates for total
retail sales in India between 2004 and 2009. It also shows Euromonitor International's
(2010) estimates for formal-sector retail sales over the same period. We infer informal
sector sales and the shares held by each sector using these two data sets. Differences
in data collection and estimation methods, and in the years in which the estimates
11
were made, can introduce errors in the estimates. With this caveat, we can draw
several important conclusions about the status of retailing in India and trends in its
development.
Table 1.5 Estimated Retail Sales and Market Shares for Formal and Informal Retail in India
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total Sales (US$ billion) 294 331 359 448 481 496
Formal Sector Sales (US$ billion) 153.63 167.50 182.72 198.61 211.54 218.92
Informal Sector Sales (US$ billion) 140.37 163.50 176.28 249.39 269.46 277.08
Formal Sector Share (%) 52.25 50.60 50.90 44.33 43.98 44.14
Informal Sector Share (%) 47.75 49.40 49.10 55.67 56.02 55.89
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, Euromonitor International
First, total retail sales increased by approximately 70 per cent between 2004
and2009, from US$ 294 billion to US$ 496 billion. Second, sales grew over this
period by about 43 per cent for retailers in the formal sector and about 97 per cent for
retailers in the informal sector. The compounded annual rate of sales growth was
about 11 per cent for all retailing, 7.34 per cent for formal, and 14.57 per cent for
informal retailing. Thus, from 2004 to 2009, retail sales grew almost twice as fast in
the informal sector as in the formal sector and at a substantially faster rate than India's
GDP, which grew at about 8.5 per cent over the period. Third, in 2007, total retail
sales in the informal sector surpassed those of the formal sector. By 2009, the
informal sector held about 56 per cent of retail sales, 8 per cent higher than its 48 per
cent share in 2004. These data suggest that informal retailing is more than surviving; it
is flourishing. At present growth rates, the gap between formal and informal retailing
will continue to widen family-owned stores and street vendors will take a larger share
of retail sales.
Since all organized retailing is part of the formal sector, we estimate retail
sales for the organized sector as approximately US$ 5 billion (3.3 per cent of US$
153.63 billion) in 2003 and approximately US$ 11 billion (5 per cent of US$ 218.92
12
billion) in 2009. The remaining sales in the formal sector, then, represent unorganized
retailing. We can infer that while organized retailing grew at a CAGR of 17.1 per
cent, unorganized retail grew at CAGR of 7 per cent from 2004 to 2009. While
organized retail grew at a faster pace, it is important to note that a larger part of the
US$ 65.29 billion growth in formal sector has come from unorganized retail. There
may be few important reasons for this trend (Gupta, Bhatiani, & Gupta, 2010).
that even with 30 per cent plus growth rates, organized retail will not be able to garner
a larger share of the total market. Second, in certain consumer categories like apparel,
footwear, and consumer durables and electronics, organized retail has established a
strong value proposition with the Indian consumer. However, in some very large
categories like food & grocery, furniture and home, and pharmacy it is not same. So
the same shopper visits organized retail for the former categories and traditional retail
for the latter. And third, inherent strengths of traditional retail (entrepreneurial drive,
relationship management with catchment, real estate and labour costs not fully
accounted for in P&Ls, flexibility to deliver very small quantities home, and the MRP
regime) coupled with the fact that many mom & pop stores have geared up for
competition from new age stores (through improved store ambience, better product
mix and support from brands/manufacturers in training, retail operations, etc.) puts
Organized retailing has grown in the last decade but at a substantially lower
rate than predicted by industry analysts a few years ago. Both the Economist
Intelligence Unit and Euromonitor International project that retail sales will grow at
about 15 per cent per year for at least the next five years. Joseph et al. (2008)
predicted 10 percent annual growth for unorganized retailing and 40-45 per cent
annual growth for organized retailing between 2008 and2012. They projected that the
share of organized retail would grow from about4per cent in 2008 to 16 per cent by
2011-12. However, the performance of the organized retail sector has fallen far short
of these expectations, and future prospects are less optimistic. Overall retail sales are
also likely to grow more slowly than projected for at least two reasons (Kohli &
Bhagwati, 2011). First, retail purchases are not likely to grow as fast as household
consumption, of which they are a part. Second, household consumption itself is not
likely to grow as fast as GDP in India. Taken together, these two considerations
suggest that the rate of overall growth in retail sales is likely to fall below the GDP
final consumption expenditure. Food and groceries is the highest retail spending
category with 62 per cent share of the total retail sales (Lohchab, Kakkad, & Mehta,
this segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.56 per cent from 2009 to 2014.
Clothing and textile and beauty and healthcare are the next largest categories
contributing 12.2 per cent and 10.7 per cent, respectively, to the total retail sales. It is
increase at a CAGR of 10.1 per cent, the consumer spending in clothing and textiles is
estimated to increase at a CAGR of 6.1 per cent from 2009 to 2014. While food and
grocery account for the largest quantum of retail sales (US$ 198 billion), followed by
textiles and clothing (US$ 39.3 billion) and then healthcare (US$ 34.4 billion), the
14
likely to drive the overall retail sales in the future due to the shift in the consumption
The modern retail in India has been primarily driven by the apparel (31 per
cent) & footwear (6 per cent) category, with players like Raymonds, Madura
Garments, Arvind Brands etc. setting up their outlets in 80s and 90s. While the
margin offered by this category was high, the back-end too was fairly organized i.e.
strong supplier base. The consumers especially the men at that time were also
retailers in creating significant differentiation from the local mom & pop textile
stores. While footwear market is 17.1 per cent penetrated in the organized retail,
clothing and textile category has the highest share of organized retail sales with 16.6
per cent penetration. This segment is expected to modernize further with major
growth coming from the entry new and expansion of present international retailers.
The hypermarkets, which currently get almost 30 per cent to 40 per cent of their
15
revenues from apparel, will also help the category to modernize across various tiers of
towns.
The other categories which had a significant impact is consumer durables and
communication, where modernization has gained momentum not only due to retailers
like Croma, Reliance Digital, Next and e-zone, but also due to major investments
made by giants in consumer products like Sony, Samsung and LG. Most of these
brands have established their own exclusive stores for their expansion strategy as it
helps them in showcasing their latest and high value products in a very high service
environment. Going forward, the big-box formats like hypermarkets and cash & carry
will also contribute significantly in the growth of modern retail in this category. Due
this, consumer durables have the highest penetration of 26.3 per cent in the organized
retail sector.
One interesting pattern here is that, even though the food and beverages has
the largest share of overall retail sales, the penetration of this sector in organized retail
is very low. Other large categories like furniture and home and pharmacy also show
the same patterns. This may be due to two reasons. First, as mentioned earlier,
organized retailers in these categories could not able to establish value proposition
study done by Technopak (Gupta, Kumar, & Bhatiani, 2009), these categories rate
lower on margins as well as capital employed compared to other sectors like apparel,
watches, etc., and hence need higher space productivity and large business scale to
With the entry of large corporates, the momentum in modern retail is building
across categories, with food & grocery expected to see a lot of action in the coming
16
years. This growth is due to entry of large Indian corporates like Reliance, Aditya
Birla, TATA, Bharti, regional entrepreneurs and global retailers like Wal-Mart, Tesco,
The Indian retail landscape today is still characterized by owner operated local
Investment Commission of India (ICI), there are over 15 million such outlets exist all
over the country (Knight Frank, 2010). The vast majority of these shops have sales
area of approximately 500 sq. ft. and below. This has led to the strange dichotomy that
Indian retail space per capita is the lowest in the world, while its retail density is the
highest in the world. While traditional formats and modern formats coexist in India,
the former dominate the market even after the presence of organized retail since two
decades. The traditional formats have emerged largely due to the absence of
alternative employment and typically require employees with very low skills. These
formats can, and do, serve to absorb agricultural labour. There are four main
Rural Counter Stores Rural counter stores (kirana) are multi-purpose stores and
sell items of essential needs, both food and non-food. These stores
ncome
from agriculture.
Kiosks These small, pavement stalls stock a limited range of food and
Street Markets Held at fixed centres in urban and rural areas on a daily or
weekly basis, street markets comprise multiple stalls (often more than 200)
selling a wide range of food and non-food products. These markets compete
on both variety and price, and also sell counterfeit goods and smuggled items.
Street Vendors These are mobile retailers, providing perishable food items
convenience.
Notwithstanding the many stories of gloom and doom about the fate of
organized retailers, Indian retail market saw the existence of following major formats
international format directly and expect a similar performance in India considering the
diversity in terms of tastes and preferences existing in India. As they have predicted,
and in line with the casualties and grappling challenges of achieving desired
profitability levels, there has been large scale experimentation in the adoption of
winning retail format to suit different geographies and segments. Apart from above
following non-store based retail formats. Apart from the entry of pure-play retailers in
these non-store formats, due to heightened competition, cuts in margins and evasive
Direct Selling
Homeshopping
Internet Retailing
Mobile Retailing
Even though direct selling had been in the Indian market since ages, its impact
on the overall retail sector was very limited. Eureka Forbes was first organized direct
selling company to enter the Indian market three decades ago. Later on Amway along
19
with Oriflame and Avon brought their international beauty and home products for the
first time. But their presence was very much limited to small network-oriented upper-
class segment as the products are usually priced higher. Being more than a decade in
the Indian market, the retail contribution of homeshopping segment is even lesser as
compared to direct selling format. This may be because of two reasons. First, there is
homeshopping brands. Second, there is large amount of distrust among the Indian
consumers on the quality of the products sold through homeshopping format (Joshi,
2011). Even though the homeshopping market has a very low sales volume compared
to direct selling, according to Euromonitor (2011), it grew at a CAGR of 26.7 per cent
over the period 2005-2010 while direct selling grew at a CAGR of 15 per cent over
the same period. While direct selling is expected to grow at CAGR of 9 per cent,
homeshopping is projected to grow faster at CAGR of 15 per cent over the next five
years.
fastest growing retail channel with 37 per cent share of value sales in non-store
retailing in 2010, it is still an extremely nascent retail channel. This low level of
investment leading to higher costs, low penetration of internet in India and consumer
scepticism about the use of internet as a shopping channel. Also the internet retailing
is very much confined to few non-grocery products like apparel, media, consumer
electronics and appliances than grocery products due to the huge density of traditional
stores present across the country. But as the ownership of computers and internet
usage is projected grow at a healthy rate, this sector is expected to become a US$ 2
billion market by 2015 at a CAGR of 21.1 per cent. Amidst these experiments, newly,
20
mobile
(Naqvi & Tiwari, 2010). An aggressive player who is active in this field is
still take some time to grow, the use of mobile phones as in-store shopping assistants
In line with the developments occurring in the global retail market and as the
Indian retail journey moves forward, the sector is expected to see expansion of retail
in new avenues like rural retailing, airport retailing and other travel retail formats with
growing in India. Though shoppers have been migrating toward private labels long
before the economic slowdown started, the slowdown has significantly increased the
pace of this shift, thus favourably affecting the private label sales of almost all large
retailers. But still, penetration by private labels in India is quite low compared to other
The rise of private labels has resulted in many conflicts between retailers and
brands owing to issues like margins, display and shelf space. However, this migration
which are at the thresh-hold of commoditization and erosion of brand loyalties. From
the national brands side, there is also the option of growing the brand through
21
market evolves, it is expected that both private labels and national brands create a
The global economic crisis of 2008, which slowed down consumption by the
urban middle class, played a role in turning attention to the rural markets. The large
population) has drawn the attention of organized retailers looking for new areas of
growth. But the growth trends, issues and challenges in rural markets are somewhat
different from those in urban areas. Income is largely agricultural, which is dependent
Rozgar Yojna, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and Swarnjayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana are changing the rural landscape of India (Malhotra, Agarwalla, &
and improvement of social indicators in the rural economy. Recognizing the huge
potential of this untapped market, a slew of supermarket chains, including those from
top business houses such as the Godrej Agrovet (Aadhaar), ITC (Choupal Sagar) and
DCM Shriram Consolidated Ltd (Hariyali Kisaan Bazaar) have set up shop. Major
differentiating factor for rural retailing is that it focuses largely on the needs of the
farmers both from the point of view of farming and household requirements.
consumer base, limited infrastructure, low unit spending power, a strong regional
influence on consumption and communication and reach out to 6,00,000 plus villages
and centers.
The growth in organized retailing in the present decade may be gauged by the
rise in number of shopping malls. In 1999, India had just 3 shopping malls measuring
around 1 mn. sq. ft. and by the end of 2006, the total mall space rose up to 28 mn. sq.
ft. with an average annual addition of 3.9 mn. sq. ft. Post 2006, on an average 8 mn.
sq. ft. of retail space has been added annually pan India taking the mall space to over
23
52 mn. sq. ft by the end of 2009 (Knight Frank, 2010). Anticipating the growth of the
retail sector to further shoot in times to come, industry players announced mega retail
projects and expansion plans during the peak. However, owing to the slowdown, the
growth of the retail sector dropped to almost 15 per cent 2008-09, resulting in project
Knight Frank research, the organized retail real estate stocks will more than double
from the existing 41 mn. sq. ft. to 95 mn. sq. ft. between 2010 and 2012. Also, during
2010-12, 55 mn. sq. ft. of retail space will be ready in 7 major cities like Mumbai,
Pune, Hyderabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Chennai. It is expected that a higher
pace of real estate development in comparison to the pace of organized retail market
growth, will create an oversupply situation to the magnitude of 21 mn. sq. ft. in 2012
in these 7 cities, escalating the vacancy problem which is presently about 20 per cent
have made both developers and retailers to renegotiate lease rentals and a substantial
correction in the rental rates have taken place. Apart from rental corrections, various
lease rental models have evolved as a corollary to coping strategies adopted by the
stakeholders of organized retailing during 2008 and 2009. Zero rental schemes and
revenue sharing models are options that are proving increasingly attractive to retailers
looking to trim costs and to property owners seeking to maintain occupancies (Knight
Frank, 2010).
The government in a series of moves has opened up the retail sector slowly to
foreign direct investment (FDI) (Figure1.6). There were initial reservations towards
opening up of retail sector arising from fear of job losses, procurement from
evaluate the impact of international players on domestic markets, in 1997 FDI in cash
and carry (wholesale) with 100 per cent ownership was allowed. In 2006, 51 per cent
investment in a single brand retail outlet was permitted. Since then retailing through
franchisee route has been explored by several global brands. Since then a series of
discussions were carried out by the government the most recent of which is a meeting
There seems to be increased optimism about the opening the FDI since last
year but the caution factor is still carried with. The debate around opening up of the
sector is expected to include among other the key points around: entry in cities with
back-end operations, cash and carry model to support the local retailers to benefit
from large scale sourcing and employment to rural youth to help spur employment
growth for people who may be affected by this move. The push for proposed
help alleviate the income levels of farmers and reduce wastage of crops which are
currently pegged at about 30-40per cent of total produce (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
Ltd., 2010).
In relation to the global economies, India was relatively insulated from the
slowdown caused by the global financial crisis of 2007-09. Although the GDP growth
was affected by both foreign and domestic factors, which fell below 7 per cent, the
turnaround has been fast and strong and expected to grow by 9 per cent in 2011-12
26
estimated level of growth in GDP for 2010-11 was composed of: growth of 5.4 per
cent in agriculture, which rebounded from a downturn in the 2009-10; growth of 8.1
per cent in industry, which had a growth of 8.0 per cent in 2009-10; and a decelerated
growth of 9.6 per cent in services as against 10.1 per cent in 2009-10. The growth is
expected to be restricted because of the concerns of high food inflation and slowdown
in industrial growth. Even though there was some moderation, the Wholesale Price
Index elevated again mainly due to certain food articles and also petroleum products.
On the demand side, a rise in savings and investment and pickup in private
consumption have resulted in strong growth of the GDP at constant market prices at
Since ages, roti, kapda aur makaan have been the primary motto of private
consumption in India. Now, with the impact of the sustained economic growth of the
last two decades, for a large part of the population, consumption has moved beyond
these basic survival needs. With increase in the disposable income, availability of
easy credit and a large number of brands to choose, the Indian consumer has increased
the base of its consumer spending increasing the private final consumption
The size of consumption in India is expected to have seen a spending of almost US$
account for the largest quantum of spending followed by healthcare and textiles and
jewellery, watches and transportation and their related items, is growing much faster
personal grooming services is picking up its pace in strong double digit growth. Based
found that the average Indian household spending of 80 per cent of its discretionary
income on various categories increased from just 7 in 1991 to 19 in 2009. While the
last decade has seen significant addition to consumption and retail market, it is
expected that consumption is likely to double in India over the next 5 years, (nominal
growth of US$ 750 billion). Considering these trends, there is going to be significant
changes in the overall consumption basket and the hierarchy will be roti, doctor,
Source:Technopak Analysis
The sheer population size of India, and its demographics, is itself a major
fascination to the retailers. The population of India, at 1.21 billion (second largest in
the world), is almost equal to the combined population of USA, Indonesia, Brazil,
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan (Census of India, 2011). Of this overall population
28
48.46 per cent constitutes women population carrying a literacy rate of 65.46 per cent,
Over the previous census literacy rates, the growth in the female literacy rates
at 11.79 percentage points is greater than the male literacy rates at 6.88 percentage
points. This means that the proportion of women in the workforce is going to increase
workforce was 20 per cent, and it rose to 23 per cent in 1991, further rising to 26 per
cent in 2001 (Rajpal, Singh, Jain , & Agrawal, 2010). It is estimated to be around 30-
35 per cent at 2009, translating into 150-170 million women. Traditionally most
women have been working in the unorganized sector. There were very few women
working in the organized sector as shown in Figure 1.8. This number has been on the
rise in the past decade from 3.7 million in 1991 to about 5 million in 2001. This is
estimated to be around 7-10 million for 2009. There are three major factors driving
this growth: greater acceptance and empowerment of females, delayed family phase
trebling the current situation in the next 5 years. This will result in a big shift in the
consumption and shopping behaviour of this segment-paving the way for several
spend of US$ 5-10 billion by 2015 can be created by sheer increments in spends of
women (necessary and indulgent) because they are working. This is in addition to
economies. As per Booz & Company, 60 per cent of the Indian population falls in the
range of 15 44 years (Malhotra, Agarwalla, & Choudry, 2010) (Figure 1.9). There are
consumption. First, the profile of the young population reveals more actively
expendables. Second, young people tend to spend more compared to their parents and
more exposed to the media and its influences, specifically new platforms such as the
internet, mobile phones etc. Their awareness levels are higher, and they are better
Indian retail consumption is the rise in income across different economic classes
(Table 1.8). This increase in income of Indian consumers has accelerated the trend
The premiumization trend can be observed prominently in the top two income groups;
the rich and the upper middle class (Malhotra, Agarwalla, & Choudry, 2010).
According to Booz & Company, while these two income groups account for only
three per cent of the population currently, it is expected that by 2020 their numbers
will double to constitute seven per cent of the total population. As per estimates, the
current total population of Sweden, Norway and Finland put together. Similarly, the
characteristic describing the rich and the upper middle-class, category evolution is
primarily observed among the upper middle and lower middle income classes. While
these consumer groups in India account for approximately 150 million people
currently, their size is expected to increase to about 500 million people in 2020, which
31
is approximately 1.5 times the current population of the US. The last economic class,
million people in India (Malhotra, Agarwalla, & Choudry, 2010). Unlike the middle
class segment, which is rather urban, already well-served and competitive, the BOP
markets are largely rural, poorly-served and uncompetitive. The second characteristic
of BOP markets is that a lot of their basic needs are yet unmet: financial services,
mobiles phones and communication, housing, water, electricity and basic healthcare
are lacking. Rural BOP population is estimated to be about 78 per cent of the total
As the economy of every major country in the world grows, it is observed that
the country experienced a shift in its urbanization rates. India is not an exception in
this case. From 2001 through 2008, India's urban population grew 58 per cent faster
than the population of the country as a whole (Kohli & Bhagwati, 2011). A study by
32
the McKinsey Global Institute (2010) predicts that by the year 2030 India will have a
population of 1.47 billion and 40 per cent of the population will live in urban areas. Thus,
the urban population will grow to about 590 million, roughly 250 million more than
recorded in the 2008 census. The number of cities with more than a million residents is
projected to increase from 42 in 2010 to 68 in 2030. Six cities are expected to have
The McKinsey study also projects that the urban share of GDP will rise to 69 per cent by
2030, up from 58 per cent in 2008, and that about 120 million new urban jobs will be
created between 2008 and 2030. The number of urban households earning less than US$
2,000 per year is expected to fall below 20 per cent, and the number of people earning
between US$ 4,000 and US$ 20,000 per year is expected to increase fourfold from 32
million to 147 million. More income and wealth is likely to be concentrated in urban
areas, which in turn will affect where and how retailing grows. In contrast, 75 per cent of
urban populations today are in the lowest income segment with average earnings of about
urbanization. First, retailing will not grow evenly; rather, it will grow at a higher rate
in urban areas that can accommodate and will require both organized and unorganized
retailers. Second, urban retailing is likely to remain the strategic focus of organized
retailers because there will be increasingly more numerous and more affluent
consumers to serve in that market. Third, whatever investments organized retailers do,
some of these are likely to be made in rural areas close to towns and cities pushing the
urban, semi-urban and rural India. India is the seventh largest country (land mass: 3.2
million sq. kms.) with varying climatic conditions over the country (Deloitte Touche
Tohmatsu Ltd., 2010). Taste and preferences of people vary strongly all across the
Wakefield estimates that the Indian logistics industry will grow at around 15
to 20 per cent per annum, reaching revenues of US$ 385 billion by 2015.
by 2015.
Cold chain units Secondary research indicates that total market for cold
chains in India was worth approximately US$ 2.2 billion in 2008 and is
warehousing space and 110 logistics parks will be developed in India by 2011.
34
Warehousing activities account for 20 per cent of the total Indian logistics
The Government o
expenditure of US$ 1 trillion in the 12 th five year plan for strengthening this sector.
There exists a need for retail to concentrate on developing a strong back-end support
40 per cent of national produce (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd., 2010). Infrastructure
has been developing at a rapid pace over the past decade but has still a significant
ground to cover.
In the Indian context, most retailers are in the early stages of developing their
supply chains, although there are specific instances of higher levels of supply chain
complexity has added to the higher costs of supply chain for Indian retailers in
size, for
35
technology systems is still a small step compared to the rising demand levels in the
retail sector.
retailers in expanding outlets has been the absence of good retail space at the right
price that opens at the right time (since openings can be delayed, etc.). The pace of
Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Chennai), which were traditionally been the focus of
organized retail, have become increasingly saturated. Even a number of Tier II cities
Growth in the Indian retail sector and the corresponding demand for talent has
highlighted the need for effective workforce management systems. Hiring in the retail
sector is projected to increase in the future due to several new entrants, including
well-known global names, entering the sector as well as the range of formats that
retailers plan to adopt. A closer look at the industry suggests that in general, HR
contexts:
36
is somewhat scarce.
Globally, retail has a high turnover of greater than 40 per cent, with even the
larger and more established retailers facing attrition rates, which can be higher
infrastructure.
who have the requisite experience of retailing in India (with some having formidable
global experience), have the management and financial strength to deploy for
sustained growth in the coming years, and also have the determination and
commitment to succeed in this particular sector. While the Future Group continues to
not many recognise that the Tata Group is already the second-largest retail group in
India, and perhaps poised to be the most formidable (or among the most formidable)
in the country in the coming years. With many successful retail formats and
businesses within the group (Titan/Tanishq, Westside, Croma, Landmark, and Star
India Bazaar to list the major ones), and some solid global partners (Woolworths of
Australia, Tesco, and Inditex of Zara and many others), they are not only already
profitable to a degree but also have a very interesting portfolio of businesses in some
of the most promising categories of future consumption growth (food and grocery,
apparel, consumer durables and electronics, books, music and gifts, and jewellery).
Reliance has made exceptional progress since its first launch not more than three
years ago, and is well poised to pick and choose formats to focus on from the wide
repertoire they launched. They also have a formidable array of partners-which include
specialty ventures. It would surprise no one if more such partnerships are announced
The Bharti/ Wal-Mart partnership also promises to be one of the most successful ones, if
early results from their first 40-odd retail stores are anything to go by. Metro (of
Germany), having established a solid presence in the country, is now poised to grow
largest retail business after Wal-Mart) in India. Completing this pantheon of capable
and potentially successful big-scale retail businesses are Spencer, Shoppers Stop, and
players operating in India and many international players are waiting for entry. Entry
into retailing in unorganized setup is very easy, but in the organized sector, a new
entrant has to have capabilities in terms of time and cost to scale up its operations to a
sustainable level. Because of constraints in finding a good location and space needs
higher investment, and higher operating costs, the time for gestation also increases
which tests the new entrants severely in terms of financial strength. Even if the entry
38
is made, building economies of scale through setting and developing efficient supply
and other cost benefit strategies require a long term view. Adding to the issues is the
existence of a large number of traditional retailers who are very much close to the
customers and cater to customer needs in a more customized manner and more
geographically capable than organized retailers. The regulatory framework for the
entry purpose for getting clearances and licenses is lengthy (Joseph, Soundararajan,
Gupta, & Sahu, 2008) along with FDI limitations. On the other side, factors like sheer
size and the growth potential offered by the industry, optimism in the government to
knowledge and financial strength that a foreign firm is expected to carry outweigh the
barriers said above. Hence, in this way, the industry is expected to have high threat of
and unorganized retailing. Such coexistence itself brings a major threat of substitution
for organized retailers. Different modern retail formats can act as substitutes to each
store and vice-versa. Even the non-store based retailing such as direct selling and e-
retailing are expected to become strong alternatives with the modern store based
retailers. Hence, there exists a high substitution threat with the industry.
Major categories of suppliers for retailers are suppliers of retail space and
critical issues for modern retailers. As a result of the economic slowdown in the last
couple of years, bullish sentiments have given way to the much needed cautious and
consolidative approach among developers and retailers. This led for renegotiated and
a substantial correction in the rental rates. All this is gradually giving modern retailers
some power to bargain against Real estate developers for lower rentals or adoption of
Since, there exist many suppliers and multiple sourcing options for large
very established brands. Branded products suppliers are in a better position to bargain
unorganized, branded suppliers can easily shift to unorganized sector in case of failure
of margin negotiations with organized retailers. The reverse can also be true that in
case organized retailers do not get required margins from branded players, they can
easily shift to unbranded suppliers and develop their private brands. Overall, the
specialist retailers, the buyers are in a better position to choose among increasing
options for various products and services. Availability of substitutes and increased
buyer information along with value conscious characteristic, the Indian buyer today
Modern retail in India has just taken off and by value it is only 5-6 per cent of
the total retail market. As far as the size of untapped market is concerned, there exists
enough room for new players to enter and grow. In last few years many players have
entered the market. Future group, Raheja Group, Landmark Group, Reliance retail,
Aditya retail, Vishal retail, Bharti-Wal-Mart and a few others are being seen as big
players with huge potential and aggressive plans in retail sector. The present level of
competition exists because all the players are operating in few urban pockets only. As
they are all trying to grow and grab business in the same geographies, it is leading to
relatively higher competition among players. On the other side, in modern retail, the
prevalent practice is to take retail space on lease. Even the warehouses are on lease.
There are no other huge capital investments as well. All this results in lower exit
barriers. This also helps in reducing the level of competitive rivalry as a non-
performing player might exit the market without much loss. In this respect, there
Threat of
New
Entrants --
HIGH
Bargaining
Competitive Threat of
Power of
Buyers -- Rivalry -- Substitutes
MEDIUM -- HIGH
HIGH
Bargaining
Power of
Suppliers --
MEDIUM
41
1.13 CONCLUSIONS
organized retail and presence of huge untapped market. Under the wake of present
global slowdown, organized retail market in India has seen some corrections in entry
and growth plans by the prospective and existing players. However, most of them
continue to be aggressive and plan huge investments with an intention to make early
In the long run, large corporate retailers can survive if they improve system-
wide efficiency and productivity in the distribution chain, something that the country
needs and that can benefit small retailers as long as appropriate incentives and
regulations are provided. The economic growth of rural areas will become a bigger
retailers to benefit the rural economy and citizens. It is not likely that small retailers
will disappear from India. Both large and small retailers can and should coexist to