UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS CONTROL LABORATORY

LAPORAN MAKMAL/LABORATORY REPORT
BDA37301 ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI

EXPERIMENT TITTLE: ARDUINO TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

Group 1A Section 1

Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor’s Name Ts. Dr. Muhammad Faisal Bin Mahmod

Group Members Matrix No Assessments

Agilan Raaj a/l Kalai Background &
1 CD180036 15%
Arasun Introduction

Ahmad Hizami Bin Experimental

2 CD180183 15%
Abdullah Procedure

Ammar Nurhakim Bin

3 AD170106 Data 15%
Rosdan

Discussions,
Amnah Binti Ramli
4 CD180122 Conclusion and 40%
References

5 Anwar Bin Mahfuz DD170055 Video 15%

Experimental Date

Submission Date TOTAL 100%

COMMENT APPROVED STAMP

 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO TITLE PAGE
No.
1.0 Title of The Experiment 3

2.0 Introduction 3

3.0 Real-Life Applications 4

4.0 Objective 6

5.0 Scope 6

6.0 Materials/Tools 7

7.0 Procedure 9

8.0 Discussion 11

9.0 Conclusion 12

10.0 Reference 13

2
1.0 TITLE

ARDUINO TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

2.0 INTRODUCTION

. Control system are used to regulate a continual behavior of a device in repeatable and predicted way.
These systems are everywhere but it cannot be seen with a naked eye. Some of the system are simple
with basic devices or very complex that need to be control by a high-end computer. Therefore, control
engineering is not limited to any engineering discipline but applies equally to aeronautical, chemical,
mechanical, environmental, civil, and electrical engineering.
The main components of a control system include measuring error in signal and adjusting the
system by the desire of the program. It can improve the response speed, stability, and accuracy of the
system. The system can also involve in lots of fields such as technology and human interfacing.
Control engineering will be the future of technology which it will be use in building artificial
intelligence model and system. Widely used in modelling and control of modern and sophisticated
systems such as traffic light control systems. This whole system can make human work easier and
accessible while it can be programmed in modern and updated version each by time.

Therefore, in this experiment we will focusing on building the traffic light system programmed
with the Arduino Uno board. Traffic lights are the most effective way to control traffic flow at
intersection. For example, at 4-intersection, the amount of delay at the control panel will be fifer
compared to 2-junction road. At 2-junction will use simpler time-based control. Different size of road
will also affect the delay of the timer set. The design will help to stimulate the routine of a traffic light
system in order to regulate the traffic in real life application. By using Arduino programming system,
the board can be controlling the input and output parallel to our desire and maximize the performance
of the traffic light. Arduino also serve as controller and timer for this experiment. First, we will need to
declare our variables, these are used to store data we can reference throughout out our code. For
example, the GREEN variable represents the pin that the green LED is connected to.

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3.0 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS

The traffic light was designed to control the traffic and avoid accident between vehicles. Control
system will be used and the semiconductor technology and innovation make the technology was
brought into improvement such as traffic light for pedestrian, intersection, rail station and even
aeronautics. Main design for traffic light is red, yellow and green that embedded which will convey the
reason behind those colors. It will also help people to emphasize how the traffic light works.

• The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted if it is safe to do so, and there
is room on the other side of the intersection.

• The yellow light warns that the signal will turn to red.

• A flashing yellow indication is a warning signal.

• The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

• A flashing red indication treated as a stop sign.

Figure 1: Sequence of traffic light colors

In general, each color can be understood by every age and universal language. These colors can ensure
the vehicles and pedestrian safeness. The system is design by fixing a certain amount of time give for
each side of junction to take time to pass through. It is relied on an electro-mechanical signal
controller. This type of control system is more straight-forward than the other one and programmed
with dial timers to be able to keep a specific color for a given period.

4
 There are few types of traffic light that currently being use in Malaysia. The most common one
is the fixed time traffic light control system; this type widely use in Malaysia. The other types are
embedded into the road and mounted above the road. These types being use in order to control the
fluidity of low traffic road which can allow vehicle on one side of road as priority to move compared to
empty side of the road. The sensor gives information to process the timing f the output and act onto
priority. Dynamic control system of traffic light also being use for example the pedestrian crossing
light. This type is being control by the user to control the timing at the moment.

Other than that, traffic light system also being use at railway station, airport control system and
even air bridge. However, this type of traffic light will be conduct manually in the control system. For
example, railway signal will provide advance warning instructions as for driver authority and even the
nearby passerby. a signal might inform the driver of the speed at which the train may safely proceed or
it may instruct the driver to stop. The instruction for these types of traffic light may be differ to regular
on road traffic light. Both position and color of the light will indicate necessary aspect of signal.
Control motion past the point will transmitted signal to control center and standby for next signal to be
encountered.

5
4.0 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are as follows:

1. To develop a traffic light system using the Arduino program and learn how to use basic
electronics components to make mini road model for traffic light system.

2. To ensure an orderly flow of traffic, provide an opportunity for pedestrians or vehicles to

cross an intersection and help to reduce the number of conflicts between vehicles entering
intersections from different directions.

3. To know the traffic light alternate the path for road uses by displaying standard colour lights.

5.0 SCOPES

This experiment will explore the traffic light system within these aspects:

1. This system will able to notify vehicle’s user and other side walker either to walk/drive
within certain period of time.
2. Develop an Arduino based system for the traffic light.
3. The design is based on the international format of lights which consist of red, yellow and
green.

6
6.0 MATERIALS/TOOLS

No Material Figure Details specification Quantity

Operating voltage 5V
Basic
Input voltage
1. Arduino 7-12V 1
(recommended)
UNO Board
Input voltage
6-20V
(limits)
14 (of which 6 provide
Digital I/O Pins
PWM output)
Analogue input
6
pins
DC current per I/O
40 Ma
pins
DC current for 3.3
50 mA
V pins
Flash memory 32KB of which 0.5KB
SRAM 2KB
EEPROM 1KB
Clock speed 16MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Weight 25 g

microcontroller ATMEGA328P-AU
Half-size
2 Breadboard USB Mini/micro via FTDI
1

Power Input USB, Vin, battery

s

Power Output 3.3V,5V

GPIO Pins 14 Digital, Analog

Battery 140mAh LiPo

Battery Charger MCP73831T

Battery regulator NCP1402(5V/200ma)

7
 Suitable for Female Headers (Such as in
Arduino Board).Current Rating up to 1A Mixed
Connecting
Colours. Length 20 cm
3 wires 14

LEDs - those blinky things. A must have for

power indication, pin status, opto-electronic
Red LEDs
sensors, and fun blinky displays.5mm LED with
4 a red lens. It has a typical forward voltage of 2
2.0V and a rated forward current of 20mA

LEDs - those blinky things. A must have for

power indication, pin status, opto-electronic
Orange LEDs
sensors, and fun blinky displays.5mm LED with
5 a orange lens. It has a typical forward voltage of 1
2.0V and a rated forward current of 20mA

LEDs - those blinky things. A must have for

power indication, pin status, opto-electronic
sensors, and fun blinky displays.5mm LED with
6 Green LEDs a green lens. It has a typical forward voltage of 2
2.0V and a rated forward current of 20mA

220 Ohm 0.25W Carbon Film Resistor (CFR)

with ±5% Tolerance.
220 Ohm Resistor Colour Code: Red, Red,
Brown, Golden.
Approximate Max Current: 33.71mA.
7 220-ohm 5
Resistors

The copper is gained with o.o2~0.04% of O2

remained and the content of H2 in copper
reduced during casting process and inpurities of
8 Copper Wire As, Bi and Sb etc oxidized, thus its conductivity 1
and ductility being enhanced.
(2 metre)
The copper, with copper content over 99.90%
and electric conductivity over 98% produced
with outstanding raw material

8
7.0 PROCEDURE

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of Arduino Traffic Light System

1. Connect the anode of the LEDs to digital pins five, nine, thirteen, nineteen, twenty-three and
twenty- seven respectively on the breadboard.
2. Connect the cathodes of the LEDs to the Arduino’s ground.
3. Connect the six 220-ohm resistor series to each LED used on the breadboard.
4. Start defining the variables in the circuit with the coding below using the Arduino Software.
5. Connect the Arduino UNO board with a USB cable to the computer.
6. Select the serial device of the board port from the ‘Tools’ toolbar (COM3).
7. Upload the coding once plugged in the Arduino UNO board to program the board
8. Observe the blinking of LEDs to make sure the circuit is well-programmed.
9. Fix the circuit if the LEDs are not blinking as programmed.
10. Figure (2) below is the coding used in the traffic light system, involving six LEDs which
imitates thecondition of a common two-way traffic light in a real-life application.

9
Figure 3: Arduino Traffic Light Coding

10
8.0 DISCUSSION

The Arduino Uno microcontroller simulates the signal flow in the traffic light during
this project. Arduino is an open source framework for a software/hardware design approach
that allows end-users to access the design and execution of their end-users. It allows one to
refine, modify and redistribute the way the program runs. For example, the coding of the
LED's is changed by our community to monitor the delay time of the LEDs. To configure the
modules in accordance with its traffic light features, Tinkercad software was used. The
Arduino UNO and a laptop with coding were connected using a USB cable. The experiment
suggests that the cars or the footman can not cross the lane, a yellow light means a slowness
and a pause when turning to red and green light indicates that the peasants or vehicles should
pass. The red light shows that the vehicles must be able to go. The time for the yellow LED
and the second red LED to light was set to 2000ms after the codes had been modified (4s).
The timeframe between the second green LED and the first red LED was 5000ms (5s).
The second green LED and the first red LED for light was set at 5000ms (5s) and the first
green LED and second red LED were set at 5000ms (5000ms) (5s). The adjustment of the
delay timing is saved and seen after importing all codes into the Arduino Uno. Finally, after
some modifications and updates to the code, we created a traffic lighting system using
Tinkercad software after some alteration and adaptation of the system components of the
circuit. The structure comprises a traffic light for the pedestrian crossing and a regular road
light. It operates by the delay timing and without light interception. The diagram shows how
the pieces have been arranged and how the Arduino Uno can function.

Figure 4: Circuit diagram of Arduino Traffic Light System

11
9.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the traffic light issue is a critical problem that worries citizens and
governments, which will affect the economic, health, financial, and environmental
domains. Transportation and inadequate surveillance also can lead to accidents, delays,
and congested roads cause harm to pedestrians. However, with the advancement of the
technologies such as Arduino software, have given us the capability to build and
sophisticated smart traffic light control systems which practically showed the application
of simulation of the traffic light. Arduino is a fundamental, easy-to-use which allows us
tolearn, understand, and apply the application on the real-life environment. This goal was
accomplished through the construction of a low-cost mini road model carried out in the
experiment and fully implemented using the Arduino environment. This experiment also
produces a relatively easy to manage, economical, and efficient output for the
development of an indigenous traffic control network. For the future improvements, this
experiment canbe added with delay timing displays, crossing button, road junction as well
as car accidents and failure modes. Eventually, solar panels could be used to reduce the
power usage and green energy of traffic light controllers.

12
 REFERENCES

1. (n.d.). Retrieved from Sparkfun Start Something, What is

an Arduino:https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-
an-arduino/all
2. Bilal Ghazal, K. A. (2016). Smart Traffic Light Control System. Retrieved
from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305674408_Smart_traffic_light_con
trol_system
3. Eme, O. (n.d.). Simulation of N-Way Traffic Lights using Arduino Uno
Environment. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/76f2/a9960021fc3bc6f56d7593b45bd24
ec046d9.pdf
4. Getting Started with Arduino UNO. (n.d.). Retrieved
from Arduino:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoUno

13
 BORANG PENILAIAN RAKAN KUMPULAN / GROUP MEMBER
ASSESSMENT
MAKMAL KEJURUTERAAN VI / ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI
(BDA37301)
Nama / Name : AGILAN RAAJ A/L KALAI ARASUN

No. Matrik / Matrice No : CD180036

Kumpulan/Group : 1A

* Scoring should be based on your observations in good faith throughout the conduct of practice for this
subject
* The scoring is secret where team members will never discover the evaluation given by their group
partners

# Please cross the evaluation level that you have selected in the space provided

Cooperation
between Idea
Focus on Task teammates and Meeting and contribution Retrieving
No. Team Member and time communicatio discussion and sharing Information Total
management n skilss information
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 AMNAH BINTI RAMLI X X X X X 25
2 AHMAD HIZAMI BIN ABDULLAH X X X X X 25
3 AMMAR NURHAKIM BIN ROSDAN X X X X X 25
4 ANWAR BIN MAHFUZ X X X X X 25
5

Signature :

Date : 28/04/2021

** Please refer to the scoring rubriks in the next page to select a scoring scale

14
 BORANG PENILAIAN RAKAN KUMPULAN / GROUP MEMBER
ASSESSMENT
MAKMAL KEJURUTERAAN VI / ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI
(BDA37301)
Nama / Name : AMNAH BINTI RAMLI

No. Matrik / Matrice No : CD180122

Kumpulan/Group : 1A

* Scoring should be based on your observations in good faith throughout the conduct of practice for this
subject
* The scoring is secret where team members will never discover the evaluation given by their group
partners

# Please cross the evaluation level that you have selected in the space provided

Cooperation
between Idea
Focus on Task teammates and Meeting and contribution Retrieving
No. Team Member and time communicatio discussion and sharing Information Total
management n skilss information
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 AGILAN RAAJ A/L KALAI ARASUN X X X X X 25
2 AHMAD HIZAMI BIN ABDULLAH X X X X X 25
3 AMMAR NURHAKIM BIN ROSDAN X X X X X 25
4 ANWAR BIN MAHFUZ X X X X X 25
5

Signature :

Date : 29/04/2021

** Please refer to the scoring rubriks in the next page to select a scoring scale

15
 BORANG PENILAIAN RAKAN KUMPULAN / GROUP MEMBER
ASSESSMENT
MAKMAL KEJURUTERAAN VI / ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI
(BDA37301)
Nama / Name : ANWAR BIN MAHFUZ

No. Matrik / Matrice No: DD170055

Kumpulan/Group : GROUP 1A

* Scoring should be based on your observations in good faith throughout the conduct of practice for this
subject
* The scoring is secret where team members will never discover the evaluation given by their group
partners

# Please cross the evaluation level that you have selected in the space provided

Cooperation
between Idea
Focus on Task teammates and Meeting and contribution Retrieving
No. Team Member and time communicatio discussion and sharing Information Total
management n skills information
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 Agilan Raaj a/l Kalai Arasun 25
/ / / / /
2 Ahmad Hizami Bin Abdullah 25
/ / / / /
3 Ammar Nurhakim Bin Rosdan 25
/ / / / /
4 Amnah Binti Ramli 25
/ / / / /
5

Signature : Anwar Date : 29/4/2021

** Please refer to the scoring rubriks in the next page to select a scoring scale

16
 BORANG PENILAIAN RAKAN KUMPULAN / GROUP MEMBER
ASSESSMENT
MAKMAL KEJURUTERAAN VI / ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI
(BDA37301)
Nama / Name : …AMMAR NURHAKIM BIN ROSDAN………………………………………………………………………..

No. Matrik / Matrice No : …AD170106………………………………………………………………………..

Kumpulan/Group : …1A………………………………………………………………………..

* Scoring should be based on your observations in good faith throughout the conduct of practice for this
subject
* The scoring is secret where team members will never discover the evaluation given by their group
partners

# Please cross the evaluation level that you have selected in the space provided

Cooperation
between Idea
Focus on Task teammates and Meeting and contribution Retrieving
No. Team Member and time communicatio discussion and sharing Information Total
management n skilss information
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 AGILAN RAAJ A/L KALAIARASUN / / / / / 25
2 AHMAD HIZAMI BIN ABDULLAH / / / / / 25
3 AMNAH BINTI RAMLI / / / / / 25
4 ANWAR BIN MAHFUZ / / / / / 25
5

Signature : …AMMAR NURHAKIM……………………………………………………………… Date : ……29/4/2021……………………………………………..

** Please refer to the scoring rubriks in the next page to select a scoring scale

17
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