Transient Analysis of GTA-Welded

Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steel

Chetan Tembhurkar, Ravinder Kataria, Sachin Ambade,

and Jagesvar Verma

1 Introduction

Welding with dissimilar metals with proper selection of filler material gives bet-
ter strength and corrosion properties in the metal. However, the welding affects the
nonuniform temperature distribution in the joint, and these results in residual stresses
in the material [1]. The finite element method is a technique that gives the solution
for boundary value engineering, temperature, and stress distribution of the material
during welding processes [2, 3]. The transient thermal analysis to find out the tem-
perature distribution gives better results. The different welding conditions are taken,
and the simulation of these welding processes is conducted in ANSYS [4, 5]. The
welding with GTAW is carried out with 316L ASS and 430 FSS with filler 309,
316 and without filler material. The process parameters are arc voltage (V) 20–23,
welding current (amps) 90–100, welding speed (mm/s) 1.7–2.7 and nonconsumable
tungsten electrode having a diameter (mm) 1.6 for the welding process.
The assumptions pertaining to this work are as follows:
(i) Material properties are assumed to be isotropic;
(ii) Heat flux is constant at the welding zone;
(iii) Convective and radiative heat losses occur at all free surfaces;
(iv) GTA welding with and without filler material is modeled.

C. Tembhurkar (B) · R. Kataria

School of Mechanical Engineering, LPU, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
e-mail: chetantembhurkar@gmail.com
S. Ambade
Department of Mechanical Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
J. Verma
National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology (NIFFT), Hatia, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 59

S. Singh et al. (eds.), Advances in Materials Processing, Lecture Notes
in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4748-5_6
60 C. Tembhurkar et al.

2 Finite Element Analysis

2.1 Heat Source and Boundary Conditions

Heat source during welding is considered when welding torch comes near the two
dissimilar plates. The heat is created at the interface within the torch and plate due
to the current passing through the welding torch. The heat inputs (Q) in KJ/mm for
weld are calculated by considering the arc efficiency of 0.7.
 
VI
Q= η (1)
v

where V is arc voltage (V), I is welding current (A), and v is speed (mm/s).
Heat conduction in three dimensions is carried out using Fourier’s law.
According to it, the transient equation of temperature becomes
     
∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
ρC p = k + k + k + Qv (2)
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z

where T is temperature, Cp is heat capacity, ρ is density, and k is heat conductivity

that changes with temperature in the computations.
The boundary conditions are summed up as follows:
 
qrad = εσ (T − T z)4 − (T0 − T z)4 (3)

where qrad is the radiative heat losses, ε is emissivity, σ is Stefan Boltzmann’s con-
stant, which 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2 K4 , T 0 is the temperature throughout the body at
time zero at the staring of the weld, Tz is the temperature at the weld zone.

2.2 Welding Model

The finite element model (FEM) of two plates having dimension 75 × 100 × 3 mm is
used. The two plates of 316L ASS and 430 FSS are welded by using GTAW, and these
are modeled in ANSYS software. The 316 L ASS is used in chemical, petrochemical,
and shipbuilding industries [6–8]. It has excellent strength and corrosion-resistant
properties. While 316L ASS welded with 430 FSS with filler material can be used in
various industries due to the cost phenomenon. The chemical composition of 316L
ASS and 430 FSS are given in Table 1 and the mechanical properties are given in
Table 2 [4, 8–13].
In the present analysis, the single-pass butt welding is performed having constant
heat flux. The current thermal analysis is conducted having element type SOLID183,
Table 1 Chemical composition (wt%) of AISI 316L ASS and AISI 430 FSS
Materials C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Co Cu
Transient Analysis of GTA-Welded Austenitic …

AISI 316L 0.02 0.52 1.30 0.031 0.003 16.86 2.00 10.06 0.003 0.17 0.272
AISI 430 0.012 0.165 0.70 0.030 0.008 16.30 0.030 0.110 0.001 0.01 0.018
61
62 C. Tembhurkar et al.

Table 2 Mechanical properties of 316L ASS and 430 FSS (19) [14]
Material Tensile Density Thermal Yield Melting %
strength (kg/m3 ) conductivity strength point (°C) elongation
(MPa) (W/m k) (MPa)
316L ASS 485 8000 21.5 170 1390–1440 40
430 FSS 488 7700 26.0 380 1425–1510 28

Fig. 1 Welding model

Fig. 2 Meshed model

which is having three-dimensional conduction capacity including 8 nodes and having

a single degree of freedom at each node.
The element is capable of three-dimensional, steady-state, and transient analysis
[2, 13–18]. Welding model is shown in Fig. 1. The meshing is done, and the meshed
model is developed as shown in Fig. 2.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Thermal Profile of Welding Using ANSYS

The distribution of temperature across the welding zone is carried out by ER 309
filler, ER 316 filler and without filler. At time t equal to 0 s, welding starts with heat
rate (Q) given as the input parameter for the surface on the weld zone. Figures 3, 4
and 5 give the distribution of temperature across the welding zone at time t equal to
20 s [2]. The temperature across the welding zone is calculated using ANSYS 16.0.
Figure 3 shows the temperature from 604 to 4440 °C for the input welding parameters.
Figure 4 shows the temperature distribution which ranges from 602 to 3980 °C.
Transient Analysis of GTA-Welded Austenitic … 63

Fig. 3 Distribution of temperature using 309L filler material for 20 s

Fig. 4 Distribution of temperature using 316L filler material for 20 s

Fig. 5 Distribution of temperature using without filler material for 20 s

Figure 5 shows the temperature distribution across the welding zone that found to
vary from 750 to 5680 °C. The maximum temperature across the welding zone is
compared and found that autogenous welding (without filler) is having maximum
temperature distribution across the weld zone.
64 C. Tembhurkar et al.

4 Conclusion

The Finite Element Model simulation is conducted for 309 filler, 316 filler, and
without filler material is compared and found that:
(i) It is ascertained that the most temperature across the weld zone will increase
because the tool holding time will increase.
(ii) For GTAW of 316L ASS and 430 FSS with ER316 filler material, the heat-
affected zone is less as compared to the other two filler materials.
(iii) A procedure is developed for evaluating the maximum temperature distribution
across the welding zone with a concerning time with a single pass.
(iv) This prediction of analysis can be useful to predict the heat input parameters,
which can be used for experimentation.

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