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Moving Charges and
Magnetism
 Electric field Lines – Stationary Charges and Electromagnetism

Electric field Lines – Stationary Charges Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is based on the principle that moving

charges can produce electric as well as magnetic field.

Electrostatics Electromagnetism

• Charges are at rest • Charges are moving

 Oersted's experiment

When the switch is OFF When the switch is ON

The needle of the magnetic compass

directs towards the magnetic North and Deflection in the needle of magnetic compass.
magnetic South poles of the earth.
 Magnetic Field Intensity

• The compass points tangentially to the

imaginary circle drawn around the
current carrying conductor.
𝑖

• These imaginary circles are known as

Magnetic Field Lines
 Magnetic Force and its Direction

Magnetic force (𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ) depends on the following:

|𝐹Ԧ𝑚 | ∝ 𝑞 |𝐹Ԧ𝑚 | ∝ 𝑣Ԧ sin 𝜃

|𝐹Ԧ𝑚 | ∝ 𝐵 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⊥ 𝐵 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⊥ 𝑣Ԧ

Combining all these observations:

𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)

The direction of Magnetic force (𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ) can

be obtained using right hand thumb rule.

Note:
If 𝑞 is positive, then the direction will be along 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 .
But if 𝑞 is negative, it will be the opposite. Right hand thumb rule
 Find the directions of the magnetic force, if the following configurations of
magnetic field, direction of velocity, and sign of charge are given.

Direction of 𝑣Ԧ : −𝑖Ƹ Direction of 𝑣Ԧ : −𝑗Ƹ Direction of 𝑣Ԧ : −𝑗Ƹ

Direction of 𝐵 : −𝑗Ƹ
Sign of 𝑞: +𝑣𝑒
Direction of 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 : 𝑘෠
Direction of 𝐵 : −𝑘෠
Sign of 𝑞: −𝑣𝑒
Direction of 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 : −𝑖Ƹ
Direction of 𝐵 : +𝑗Ƹ
Sign of 𝑞: −𝑣𝑒
Direction of 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 : 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙
Direction of null vector is
‘indeterminate’
 A charge of 2.0 𝜇𝐶 moves with a speed of 2.0 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1 along the positive 𝑥-axis.
A magnetic field 𝐵 of strength 0.20𝑗Ƹ + 0.40𝑘෠ 𝑇 exists in space. What is the
magnetic force acting on the charge?

Solution, 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)

෠
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣𝑖Ƹ × (𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘)
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑦 𝑘෠ − 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑧 𝑗Ƹ
= 2.0 𝜇𝐶 × 2.0 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 × 0.20 𝑘෠ − 2.0 𝜇𝐶 × 2.0 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 × 0.40 𝑗Ƹ
Simplifying we get,

𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = ( 0.8𝑘෠ − 1.6𝑗Ƹ ) 𝑁

A ( 0.8𝑘෠ − 1.6𝑗Ƹ ) 𝑁 C ( 0.8𝑘෠ − 0.8𝑗Ƹ ) 𝑁

B ( 1.6𝑘෠ − 1.6𝑗Ƹ ) 𝑁 D ( 1.6𝑘෠ − 0.8𝑗Ƹ ) 𝑁

 Unit of Magnetic Field

𝐹Ԧ𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐵 =
𝑞 𝑣Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ
𝐵
The SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla (𝑇)

1𝑁 1𝑁
1 Tesla= 1 T = =
𝐶−𝑚/𝑠 𝐴−𝑚

A smaller unit called Gauss is also used instead of Tesla

𝜃 = 90°
1 gauss= 1 𝐺 = 10 𝑇 −4

Gauss is the CGS unit of Magnetic Field. 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥

= 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ 𝐵

Another commonly used unit is Wb/𝑚2

1 𝑇 = Wb/𝑚2
 Work Done by a Magnetic Force

We know that 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⊥ 𝑣Ԧ

Instantaneous power delivered is zero.

𝑃 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⋅ 𝑣Ԧ = 0
Work done by magnetic force,

𝑊𝑚 = 0

From Work-Energy Theorem, we know,

“If only magnetic force is acting on the system, then, the
speed of the charged particle remains constant whereas the
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ 𝐵
velocity may be variable since the direction of the particle 𝑚𝑎𝑥
might get changed during the motion”
෠
If velocity of the particle is 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘,
then the speed is defined as, 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 Direction of Motion in Magnetic Field

Magnetic force (𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ) depends on:

Angle between the velocity (𝑣) and the magnetic field (𝐵)
𝑣Ԧ
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵

𝑣Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ

𝜃 = 0° 𝜃 = 180° 𝜃 = 90°
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
What will happen when the
There will be no deviation since the force acting is zero. maximum force is acting on the
particle, i.e., the force and
velocity are perpendicular to
each other?
 Motion in Magnetic Field

When 𝜃 = 90°, 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 (∵ 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⊥ 𝑣Ԧ at every instant)

𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣
Radius of the circle (𝑅) 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑅=
𝑅 𝑞𝐵
Also,
𝑣 where 𝛼 is the specific charge
𝑅=
𝛼𝐵 or charge per unit mass
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋 𝑚𝑣 2𝜋𝑚
Time Period, 𝑇= = ⇒ 𝑇=
𝑣 𝑣 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵

Frequency, 1 𝑣 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
𝑓= = ⇒ 𝑓=
𝑇 2𝜋 𝑚𝑣 2𝜋𝑚

𝑣 𝑞𝐵 Uniform Circular Motion

𝑞𝐵
Angular speed, 𝜔= =𝑣 𝜔=
𝑅 𝑚𝑣 𝑚

Thus, 𝑇, 𝑓, 𝜔 are independent of speed(𝑣) of the particle.

 A proton, a deuteron, and an alpha particle moving with equal kinetic energies
enter perpendicularly into a region of uniform magnetic field. If 𝑟𝑝 , 𝑟𝑑 and 𝑟𝛼 are
the respective radii of the circular paths, find the ratios 𝑟𝑝 /𝑟𝑑 and 𝑟𝑝 /𝑟𝑎 .

Solution
𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝐾
𝑅= ⇒ 𝑅=
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
𝑚 (∵ all other parameters are constant.)
𝑅∝
𝑞
𝑚𝑝
𝑞𝑝 1
𝑟𝑝 1 ⇒ 𝑟𝑝 1
= = =
𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑑 2 𝑟𝑑 2
𝑞𝑑 1

𝑚𝑝
𝑞𝑝 1
𝑟𝑝 1 ⇒ 𝑟𝑝
= = =1
𝑟𝛼 𝑚𝛼 4 𝑟𝑑
𝑞𝛼 2
A particle of mass 𝑚 = 1.6 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 and charge q = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 moves at a speed
of v = 1.0 × 107 𝑚/𝑠. It enters a region of uniform magnetic field at a point E. The
field has a strength of 1.0 𝑇.
(a) The magnetic field is directed into the plane of the paper. The particle leaves
the region of the field at the point F. Find the distance EF and the angle 𝜃.
(b) If the field is coming out of the paper, find the time spent by the particle in
the region of the magnetic field after entering it at E.

E
A
Solution,
𝑣Ԧ = 1.0 × 107 𝑚/𝑠 𝐵 = 1.0 𝑇 𝑣Ԧ = 1.0 × 107 𝑚/𝑠 𝐵 = 1.0 𝑇
Since, 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⊥ 𝑣Ԧ ⇒ 𝑊 = 0 ⇒ speed remains constant Since, 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ⊥ 𝑣Ԧ ⇒ 𝑊 = 0
2𝜋 − 2𝜃 3𝜋 𝑚𝑣
𝜃 = 45° 𝑡𝐸𝐹 = 𝑅=
𝑣 2𝑣 𝑞𝐵
𝑚𝑣 1
𝐸𝐹 = 2𝑅 cos 45° = 2 3𝜋𝑚 3𝜋 1.6 × 10−27
𝑞𝐵 2 𝑡𝐸𝐹 = =
1.6 × 10−27 × 1.0 × 107 2𝑞𝐵 2 1.6 × 10−19
𝐸𝐹 = 2𝑅 cos 45° = 2
1.6 × 10−19 × 1.0 3𝜋
𝑡𝐸𝐹 = × 10−8 𝑠
2
𝐸𝐹 = 0.14 𝑚
𝑡𝐸𝐹 = 4.7 × 10−8 𝑠

𝜃 = 45°
 The region between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿 is filled with uniform, steady magnetic
෠ A particle of mass 𝑚, positive charge 𝑞 and velocity 𝑣0 𝑖Ƹ travels along
field 𝐵0 𝑘.
𝑥-axis and enters the region of the magnetic field. Neglect the gravity
throughout the question.
(a) Find the value of 𝐿 if the particle emerges from the region of magnetic
field with its final velocity at an angle 30° to its initial velocity.

𝑚𝑣0
The magnetic field (𝐵) is represented by 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑄 = 𝑟 =
“ ” (dot). So, it means the field is coming 𝑞𝐵0
𝑃′𝑄 = 𝐿
out of plane of the screen i.e., along
+ 𝑣𝑒 𝑧-axis. 𝑃′ 𝑄 1
sin 30° = =
𝐶𝑄 2
When the particle just enters the 𝐿 1
magnetic field : =
𝑟 2
Velocity (𝑣)
Ԧ of the particle is along +𝑣𝑒 𝑥- 𝑟
axis. 𝐿=
2
The magnetic force (𝐹Ԧ𝑚 ) of the particle 𝑚𝑣0
𝐿=
of charge +𝑞 will be along 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑘෠ 2𝑞𝐵0
= −𝑗Ƹ
 The region between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿 is filled with uniform, steady magnetic
෠ A particle of mass 𝑚, positive charge 𝑞 and velocity 𝑣0 𝑖Ƹ travels along
field 𝐵0 𝑘.
𝑥-axis and enters the region of the magnetic field. Neglect the gravity
throughout the question.
(b) Find the final velocity of the particle and the time spent by it in the
magnetic field, if the magnetic field now extends upto 2.1𝐿.

Condition of semi-circular path for the particle:

Width of the region of magnetic field > Radius of the

semi-circular path

We have: 𝑟 = 2𝐿
Given: 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2.1𝐿 Condition satisfied

Final velocity : 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑄 = −𝑣𝑜 𝑖Ƹ

Time spent by the particle in the field = Time period to cover the semi-circle

𝑇 2𝜋𝑚ൗ 𝜋𝑚
𝑞𝐵0 𝑡𝑃𝑄 =
𝑡𝑃𝑄 = 𝑡𝑃𝑄 = 𝑞𝐵0
2 2
 Two particles, each having a mass 𝑚 are placed at a separation 𝑑 in a uniform
magnetic field 𝐵 as shown. They have opposite charges of equal magnitude
𝑞. At time 𝑡 = 0, the particles are projected towards each other, each with
speed 𝑣. Suppose the Coulomb force between the charges is switched off.
(a) Find the maximum value 𝑣𝑚 of the projection speed so that the two
particles do not collide.

The Coulombic force between two charge

particles is neglected.
As particle’s velocity increases, the radius
of the semi-circular path also increases.
𝑅 𝑅
The particles will not collide if : 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑚 1 2
At maximum speed 𝑣𝑚 : 𝑑12 → 0
𝑑
𝑅+𝑅 =𝑑 ;𝑅 = 2

𝑚𝑣𝑚 𝑑 𝑞𝐵𝑑
= 𝑣𝑚 =
𝑞𝐵 2 2𝑚
 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

• Component of velocity perpendicular to the

direction of magnetic field: 𝑣⊥ = 𝑣 sin 𝜃

This is responsible for UCM of the particle.

• Component of velocity parallel to the

direction of magnetic field: 𝑣|| = 𝑣 cos 𝜃

This is responsible for linear translational

motion of the particle.
 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

The radius of the helix Time period

UCM of the particle 𝑚𝑣⊥ 𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃 2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑚

𝑅= = 𝑇= =
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵 𝑣⊥ 𝑞𝐵

Linear translational motion of the particle

Frequency Pitch of helix

1 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚𝑣 cos 𝜃
Helical motion of the particle 𝑓= = 𝑝 = 𝑣|| 𝑇 =
𝑇 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵
 A beam of protons with a velocity of 4 × 105 𝑚𝑠 −1 enters a region of uniform
magnetic field of 0.3 𝑇. The velocity makes an angle of 60° with the magnetic
field. Find the radius of the helical path taken by the proton beam and the pitch
of the helix.

Solution :
𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃
Radius of the helical path : 𝑅 =
𝑞𝐵
(1.67 × 10− 27 )(4 × 105 ) sin 60°
𝑅= 𝑅 = 1.2 𝑐𝑚
(1.6 × 10−19 )(0.3)

2𝜋𝑚𝑣 cos 𝜃
The pitch of the helical path : 𝑝 =
𝑞𝐵

2𝜋(1.67 × 10− 27 )(4 × 105 ) cos 60°

𝑝=
(1.6 × 10−19 )(0.3)
𝑝 = 4.4 𝑐𝑚
 Electromagnetic Force on a Moving Charge; Lorenz Force

When both electric field

and magnetic field act
Electric force on the particle : simultaneously on a
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 charged particle, then
total force acting on the
Magnetic force on the particle : particle is the vector
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 sum of electric force and
magnetic force. This
Total force on the particle : total force is known as
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 “Lorentz force”.

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞𝐸 + 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞𝐸 + 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵
 A particle having mass 𝑚 and charge 𝑞 is released from the origin in a region
෠
in which electric field and magnetic field are given by 𝐵 = −𝐵0 𝐽መ and 𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑘.
Find the speed of the particle as a function of its 𝑧-coordinate.

Initial speed of the particle = 0 Initial kinetic energy = 0

1
Final speed of the particle = 𝑣 Final kinetic energy = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

Work done on the particle by magnetic force, 𝑊𝑚 = 0

Work done on the particle by electric force, 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 ∙ 𝑧𝑘෠ = 𝑞𝐸0 𝑧

Apply work-energy theorem

1 :
2
𝑊𝑒 + 𝑊𝑚 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 − 0
2
1
𝑞𝐸0 𝑧 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
2𝑞𝐸0 𝑧
𝑣=
𝑚
 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
Electromagnetic Field

• The total force i.e., Lorentz force acting

When 𝐸, 𝐵 and 𝑣Ԧ all the three are collinear : on the charge:
• The electrostatic force acting on the charge:
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸
• The direction of velocity of the particle • If the charge is positive, the charge will
and that of the magnetic field is along accelerate in the direction of electric field.
the same direction.
• If the charge is negative, the force on it
will be opposite to its velocity and the
charge will decelerate.
𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 = 0
• The magnetic force on the charged
particle on the particle :
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 0
 A particle with charge +𝑞 and mass 𝑚, moving under the influence of a
෠ follows a trajectory
uniform electric field 𝐸 𝑖Ƹ and a uniform magnetic field 𝐵𝑘,
from 𝑃 to 𝑄 as shown. The velocities at 𝑃 and 𝑄 are 𝑣𝑖Ƹ and −2𝑣𝑗̂Ƹ. Find the
magnitude of the electric field and the rate of work done by it at 𝑃.

Solution
Work done on the particle by magnetic force, 𝑊𝑚 = 0

Work done on the particle by electric force, 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 ∙ 2𝑎𝑖Ƹ = 2𝑞𝐸𝑎

Apply Work-Energy theorem from 𝑃 to 𝑄 :

1 1
𝑊𝑒 + 𝑊𝑚 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣𝑄2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑃2
2 2
1
2𝑞𝐸𝑎 + 0 = 𝑚 4𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2
2
The rate of work done by electric field at 𝑃 :
2
3𝑚𝑣
𝐸= 𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑑𝑊𝑒 3 𝑚𝑣 3
4𝑞𝑎 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 ⋅ 𝑣Ԧ𝑃 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑖Ƹ ⋅ 𝑣𝑖Ƹ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑎
 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
Electromagnetic Field

𝐸, 𝑣, and 𝐵 are Collinear 𝐸, 𝑣, and 𝐵 are Mutually Perpendicular

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞 𝐸 − 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ 𝐵 Conditions:
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 𝐸, 𝑣, and 𝐵 are mutually
Special Case:
perpendicular
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 = 0 𝐹Ԧ = 0 ⇒ 𝑞𝐸 − 𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 0
𝐸 and 𝐵 are uniform

𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 𝐸
⇒𝑣=
𝐵
 Velocity Selector

𝐸 𝐸
If 𝑣 > 𝐵 , the charged particle will move If 𝑣 < 𝐵 , the charged particle will Selects charged particles of a particular velocity
out of a beam containing charges moving with
downward. move upward. different velocities.
Selection is irrespective of their charge and mass.
𝐹𝑚 > 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑚 < 𝐹𝑒
𝐸
𝐹𝑚 = 𝐹𝑒 ⇒ 𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑞𝐸 ⇒ 𝑣 =
⇒ 𝑞𝑣𝐵 > 𝑞𝐸 ⇒ 𝑞𝑣𝐵 < 𝑞𝐸 𝐵
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
⇒𝑣> ⇒𝑣< If 𝑣 = , the charged particle will move
𝐵
𝐵 𝐵 undeflected in the electromagnetic field.
 The figure shows a velocity selector whose electric field is produced by a potential
difference of 150 𝑉 across the two large parallel metal plates that are 4.5 𝑐𝑚 apart.
Find the magnetic field 𝐵, so that a positively charged particle having a velocity of 3.25 𝑘𝑚
/𝑠 perpendicular to the fields will pass through the plates undeflected.

Calculate the magnitude of 𝐵:

𝑦 150 𝑉
𝐸 𝐸 𝑉/𝑑
𝑣= ⇒𝐵= =
𝐵 𝑣 𝑣 𝑥 A ෠
1.02 (−𝑘)
150/0.045 𝑧 + + + +
= ×𝐵
3250
𝐹𝑚 B 1.02 𝑘෠
⇒ 𝐵 = 1.02 𝑇 𝑣Ԧ = 3.25 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
+ 4.5 𝑐𝑚
C 1.20 𝑘෠
Calculate the direction of 𝐵: 𝐹𝑒
𝐹𝑚 ∥ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 𝐸 ෠
D 1.20 (−𝑘)
− − − −
𝑗Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ −𝑘෠

𝑖Ƹ × −𝑘෠ = 𝑗Ƹ
 Cyclotron

A machine that uses both electric and magnetic fields in combination to accelerate charged
particles or ions to high energies

Cyclotron frequency Kinetic energy imparted to charged particle

2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵 Radius of the trajectory at exit = 𝑅

𝑇= ⟹ 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚 We have, 𝑅 =
𝑞𝐵

∴ Kinetic energy,
𝑓𝑐 is independent of
speed and radius of 1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
charged particle. 2
2
𝑚 𝑞𝐵𝑅
=
2 𝑚

𝑞 2 𝐵 2 𝑅2
𝐾=
2𝑚
A proton is accelerating in a cyclotron where the applied magnetic field is 2 𝑇. If
the potential gap is effectively 100 𝑘𝑉, then find the number of revolutions made
by the proton between the “dees” to acquire kinetic energy of 20 𝑀𝑒𝑉.

Potential gap, 𝑉 = 100 𝑘𝑉 ; Acquired kinetic energy, 𝐾 = 20 𝑀𝑒𝑉

Energy acquired by the proton in one revolution,
𝐸 = 2 × 𝑞𝑉
∴ No. of revolutions,
𝐾 20 × 106 × 𝑒
𝑁= =
𝐸 2 × 𝑒 × 105

⇒ 𝑁 = 100 A 100 C 200

B 150 150 D 300

 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
Electromagnetic Field
𝐸 ∥ 𝐵 and 𝜃 ≠ 180𝑜 , 0𝑜 Along the 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:
Force along 𝑥 axis,

𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑞𝐸
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚

∴ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡

Magnetic force results in a helical motion. ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡

Electric force accelerates the particle along the 𝑥 - direction.

∴ particle will undergo helical motion with variable pitch.

 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
Electromagnetic Field

𝐸 ∥ 𝐵 and 𝜃 ≠ 180𝑜 , 0𝑜 𝐸 ∥ 𝐵 and 𝜃 = 90𝑜 Along the 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:

Force along 𝑥 axis,
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑞𝐸
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚
∴ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡

⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡

In the 𝑦𝑧 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒: In the 𝑦𝑧 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒:

Acceleration,
𝑚𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 𝑚𝑣𝑜
Radius, 𝑅 = 𝑎Ԧ𝑦 = 𝜔2 𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 −𝑗Ƹ Radius, 𝑅=
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
2𝜋𝑚
Time period, 𝑇= 𝑎Ԧ𝑧 = 𝜔2 𝑅 cos 𝜔𝑡 −𝑘෠ 2𝜋𝑚
𝑞𝐵 Time period, 𝑇 =
𝑞𝐵
A particle of mass m and charge q has an initial velocity 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑜 𝑗.Ƹ If an electric
field 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑖Ƹ and magnetic field 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑜 𝑖Ƹ act on the particle, its speed will double
after a time

Initial velocity: After time t, But,

𝑢𝑥 = 0 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
𝑣= 𝑣𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑣𝑧 2 )
𝑞𝐸𝑜
Magnetic field do not ⇒ 3𝑣𝑜 = 0 + 𝑡
+ ⇒ 2𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑜 2 𝑚
change the magnitude
of velocity. ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑣𝑜 3𝑚𝑣𝑜
⇒𝑡=
𝑞𝐸𝑜

2𝑚𝑣𝑜 3𝑚𝑣𝑜
A 𝑞𝐸0 C
𝑞𝐸0

3𝑚𝑣𝑜 2𝑚𝑣𝑜
B D
𝑞𝐸0 𝑞𝐸0
 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Element

Force on one electron, Force on a small element,

𝑑𝐹 = 𝑖(𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵)
𝑑𝐹𝑒 = −𝑒 𝑣𝑑 × 𝐵
Integrating,
Total force on n electrons,
𝐹Ԧ = න 𝑑𝐹
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑛𝐴𝑑𝑙 −𝑒 𝑣𝑑 × 𝐵
= න 𝑖(𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵)
= −𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑑𝑙 𝑣𝑑 × 𝐵

⇒ 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖 𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵
[∵ 𝑖 = −𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑣𝑑 ]
[∵ 𝐵 is uniform]
On a smooth inclined plane at 30° with the horizontal, a thin current carrying
metallic rod is placed parallel to the horizontal ground. The plane is located in
a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 of 0.15 𝑇 in the vertical direction. For what value of
current can the rod remain stationary? The mass per unit length of the rod is
0.30 𝑘𝑔/𝑚. (Take 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

For equilibrium of the rod,

𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 = 𝐹𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑜
𝑁
𝐹𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑜 𝐵 1 3
⇒ 𝑚𝑔 × = 𝑖𝑙𝐵 ×
𝑖 2 2
𝐹𝑚
𝑚 1
𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 ° ⇒𝑖= ×𝑔×
30 𝑙 3𝐵
𝑚𝑔 0.3 × 9.8
30° =
3 × 0.15
⇒ 𝑖 = 11.3 𝐴
Two long metal rails placed horizontally and parallel to each other are at a separation 𝑙. A uniform
magnetic field 𝐵 exists in the vertically downward direction. A wire of mass 𝑚 can slide on the
rails. The rails are connected to a constant current source which drives a current 𝑖 in the circuit.
The friction coefficient between the rails and the wire is 𝜇.
What should be the minimum value of 𝜇 which can prevent the wire from sliding on the rails?

Magnetic force: Condition for no sliding:

𝑑𝐹𝑚 = 𝑖(𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵)
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑓𝑠
⇒ 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑖(𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵)
⇒ 𝐹𝑚 ≤ 𝜇𝑚𝑔
⇒ 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛90𝑜
⇒ 𝑖𝑙𝐵 ≤ 𝜇𝑚𝑔
⇒ 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵
𝑖𝑙𝐵 𝑖𝑙𝐵
Static friction: ⇒𝜇≥ ⇒ 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑚𝑔
 A charged particle with charge 𝑞 enters a region of constant, uniform and
mutually orthogonal fields 𝐸 and 𝐵 with a velocity perpendicular to both 𝐸 and
𝐵, and comes out without any change in magnitude or direction of 𝑣. Ԧ Then,

𝐽𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝐴𝐼𝑁 2007

For undeflected motion of the charge particle,

the required condition of velocity of the charge
particle is,
𝐸
𝑣=
𝐵
The direction of velocity 𝑣Ԧ should also be
parallel to 𝐸 × 𝐵 . So,

𝐸×𝐵
𝑣=
𝐵2
𝐸𝐵 sin 90°
𝑣= [Since 𝐸 ⊥ 𝐵] A C
𝐵2
𝐸 𝐸×𝐵
𝑣= B 𝑣Ԧ = D
𝐵 𝐵2
 Find the magnetic force on a current carrying semi-circular wire.

Consider a small element of length 𝑑𝑙.

The magnetic force on the element : 𝐵 ⨂

𝑑 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑖 𝑅𝑑𝜃 𝐵 𝑖
𝑑𝐹
The horizontal component of 𝑑𝐹 from symmetrical wire
elements get cancelled out in pair and hence, net force on
the wire will be due to vertical component only. 𝑅 𝑑𝑙
So, net magnetic force on the current carrying semi-
circular wire, 𝜃
𝐹 = න 𝑑𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑅𝐵 − cos 𝜃 0
𝐹 = න 𝑖 𝑅𝑑𝜃 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝐹 = 2𝑖𝑅𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑅𝐵 න sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 Net force on the wire will be in the upward direction.
 Magnetic Force on arbitrary shaped wire

• The magnetic force on any arbitrary shaped current carrying

wire is:

Magnetic field should be

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖 𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵
uniform

Where 𝑙Ԧ is the vectorial length of the wire obtained from

the coordinates of two ends of the wire and its direction is
same as the current.

𝐵 ⨂
• Since the current carrying loop is a closed loop, the vectorial
length of the wire : 𝑙Ԧ = 0.
• Therefore, the magnetic force on a closed current carrying loop
placed in a uniform magnetic field is:

𝐹Ԧ = 0
 A wire, carrying a current 𝑖, is bent and kept in the 𝑥-𝑦 plane along the curve 𝑦
2𝜋
= 𝐴 sin 𝑥 . A uniform magnetic field 𝐵 exists in the 𝑧-direction. Find the
𝜆
magnitude of the magnetic force on the portion of the wire between 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 𝜆.

The magnetic force on any arbitrary shaped current

carrying wire placed in a uniform magnetic field is :

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖 𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵

The vectorial length of the portion of the wire

between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜆 is :
𝑙Ԧ = 𝜆𝑖Ƹ
The magnetic field : 𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑘෠
So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is :

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖 𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑖 𝜆𝑖Ƹ × 𝐵 𝑘෠ = 𝑖 𝜆𝐵(−𝑗)Ƹ = 𝑖𝜆𝐵

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖𝜆𝐵
 Current carrying loop in Magnetic Field

• If we rotate the loop in its own plane by

some angle, it will remain in that new
orientation and this configuration of the
loop is its neutral equilibrium position.
• At this orientation of the loop, all the
opposite pair of forces act along the same
line, opposite in direction and equal in
magnitude.
• So, net magnetic force and the net torque
on the loop are zero.

• When the loop is rotated by an angle 𝜃, as

shown, the pair of forces each having
magnitude 𝑖𝑏𝐵 forms a couple, and a torque
is produced in the loop.
 Current carrying loop in Magnetic Field

Magnetic dipole moment of the current

Magnetic dipole moment of the
Torque on the loop : carrying loop :
current carrying loop :
Magnitude of magnetic dipole moment :
𝜏 = 𝑖 𝑙𝑏 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝜏 = 𝑖𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝜇Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴Ԧ 𝜇 = 𝑖𝐴 = 𝑖𝜋𝑟 2
Right hand thumb rule gives the
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 Torque on the loop : direction of magnetic dipole moment
along 𝑦-axis.

𝜏Ԧ = 𝜇Ԧ × 𝐵 Magnetic dipole moment : 𝜇Ԧ = 𝑖𝜋𝑟 2 𝑗Ƹ

𝑦
𝜇Ԧ

𝑟 𝑥
𝑖
𝑧
 Find the magnitude of magnetic moment of the current carrying loop 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐴.
Each side of the loop is 10 𝑐𝑚 long and current in the loop is 𝑖 = 2 𝐴.

Magnitude of magnetic moment of the loop 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐴

= Magnitude of magnetic moment of the loop 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐵
𝐶 𝑖
Magnetic dipole moment each loop : 𝐷
2 𝜇Ԧ
2
10 2 1
𝜇 = 𝑖𝑙 = 2 × = = 𝐴𝑚2
100 100 50 𝐵 𝑖

Net magnetic dipole moment : 𝑖

𝐴 𝐸
2
𝜇𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜇2 + 𝜇2 = 2𝜇 = 𝐴𝑚2
50
1 𝐹
2
𝜇𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚
25 2 𝜇Ԧ
 A loop carrying current 𝐼 lies in the 𝑥-𝑦 plane as shown in the figure. The unit
vector 𝑘෠ is coming out of the plane of the paper. The magnetic moment of
the current loop is
𝐽𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝐴𝐼𝑁 2012

Area of the loop is :

𝑎
Area of two circles of radius + Area of a
2
square of side length 𝑎 A 𝑎2 𝐼 𝑘෠
𝑎 2
𝐴 =2×𝜋 + 𝑎2
2 𝜋
𝜋𝑎2 𝜋 B − + 1 𝑎2 𝐼 𝑘෠
𝐴= + 𝑎2 = + 1 𝑎2 2
2 2
Magnitude of the magnetic moment of the 𝜋
loop is : C + 1 𝑎2 𝐼 𝑘෠
2
𝜋
𝜇 = 𝐼𝐴 = + 1 𝑎2 𝐼
2 − 2𝜋 + 1 𝑎2 𝐼 𝑘෠
D
Direction of current suggests the direction
of magnetic moment should be along 𝑘. ෠
𝜋
𝜇Ԧ = + 1 𝑎2 𝐼 𝑘෠
2
 A uniform, constant magnetic field 𝐵 is directed at an angle of 45𝑜 to the 𝑥-axis
in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a rigid, square wire frame carrying a steady current 𝐼0 ,
with its centre at the origin 𝑂. At time 𝑡 = 0, the frame is at rest in the position
shown, with its sides parallel to the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes. Each side of the frame is of
mass 𝑀 and length 𝐿.
What is the torque 𝜏Ԧ about 𝑂 acting on the frame due to the magnetic field ?

• Magnetic field :
𝐵 = 𝐵 cos 45° 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵 sin 45° 𝑗Ƹ
𝐵
𝐵= 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ
2
• Magnetic moment :

𝜇Ԧ = 𝐼0 𝐿2 ⨀ = 𝐼0 𝐿2 𝑘෠
𝐼0 𝐿2 𝐵
• Torque : 𝜏Ԧ = 𝜇Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑘෠ × 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ
2
𝐼0 𝐿2 𝐵
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑖Ƹ
2
 A rectangular coil of size 3.0 𝑐𝑚 x 4.0 𝑐𝑚 and having 100 turns, is pivoted
about the 𝑧-axis as shown. The coil carries an electric current of 2.0 𝐴 and a
magnetic field of 1.0 𝑇 is present along the 𝑦-axis, Find the torque acting on
the coil if the side in the x-y plane makes an angle 𝜃 = 37𝑜 with the 𝑥-axis.

Solution : The magnetic moment in vector form :

Magnitude of the magnetic
moment : 𝜇Ԧ = 𝜇 cos 53° 𝑖Ƹ − 𝜇 sin 53° 𝑗Ƹ
3𝜇 4𝜇
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑖𝐴 𝜇Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ
3 4 5 5
𝜇 = 100 × 2 × × 𝐴𝑚2
6 100 100 Magnetic field : 𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑗Ƹ = 1 𝑗Ƹ
𝜇= 𝐴𝑚2
25 The torque is :
3𝜇 4𝜇
𝜏Ԧ = 𝜇Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗 Ƹ × 1𝑗 Ƹ
5 5
3𝜇 3 6
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑘෠ = × 𝑘෠
5 5 25
18 𝜏Ԧ = 0.14 𝑁𝑚
𝜏Ԧ = = 0.14 𝑁𝑚
125
 Revolving Charged Particles

• Revolution of charged particle constitutes a current. 𝑚 𝑄

+
𝑄 𝑄𝜔
• Current : 𝑖 = =
𝑇 2𝜋
𝑄𝜔 𝑅
• Magnetic moment : 𝜇Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴Ԧ =
2𝜋
𝜋𝑅2 ⨂
𝑖
𝜔
• Angular momentum : 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑅2 𝜔 ⨂

𝑄
𝜇Ԧ = 𝐿
2𝑚
 Gyromagnetic Ratio

Magnetic Moment of Gyromagnetic Ratio

rotating charged particle
𝑞𝑣𝑟 𝑀 𝑞 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑀= 𝛾= = =
2 𝐿 2𝑚 2 × 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Angular Momentum of
𝑂 rotating charged particle
𝑟
𝑚
𝑞 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑣𝑟
Note:
𝑣Ԧ
This ratio is a constant for all rotating uniformly charged
bodies.

This result is used for calculating 𝛾 for various charge

configurations.
 Magnetic Moment of Rotating Charged shapes

For any rotating charge For any rotating

For any rotating charge charge distribution
distribution
distribution 𝑀 𝑞
𝑀 𝑞
𝑀 𝑞 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿 2𝑚 𝐿 2𝑚
𝐿 2𝑚 𝑞 𝑞
𝑞 ⇒𝑀=𝐿 ⇒𝑀=𝐿
⇒𝑀=𝐿 2𝑚 2𝑚
2𝑚
For given configuration, For given configuration,
For given configuration,
𝐿 = 𝑚𝑅2 𝜔 𝑚𝑅2 𝑞𝜔𝐿2
𝑚𝑙 2 2 𝑞𝜔𝐿2 𝐿= 𝜔
𝑞𝜔𝐿 𝑀= 2 𝑀=
𝐿= 𝜔 𝑀= 2 4
3 6
 Magnetic Field due to Moving Charge

Scalar Form Vector Form

𝜇0 𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝜇0 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑟Ԧ
𝐵 = 𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 2 4𝜋 𝑟3

Direction of Magnetic Field:

𝜇0 is magnetic permeability of
free space . • If 𝑞 is positive 𝑣ො × 𝑟Ƹ
For free space,
𝜇0
= 10−7
𝑇−𝑚 • If 𝑞 is negative opposite of 𝑣ො × 𝑟Ƹ
4𝜋 𝐴
 BIOT-SAVART LAW

Biot-Savart’s law is the fundamental law of the The magnetic field due to current element
magnetics.
It gives the magnetic field by a small current 𝜇0 𝑞 𝑖𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
Scalar Form: 𝑑𝐵 =
element and is based on the experimental facts. 4𝜋 𝑟2

Vector Form: 𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ԧ

𝜃 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟3
𝑃
𝑑𝑙Ԧ
Note:
Direction of 𝐵 is given by 𝑑𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ԧ using
𝑖 Right hand rule.
 Steps to calculate Magnetic Field

Step: 1 Step: 2 Step: 3

Find out magnetic field Convert the expression Finally integrate the
due to small current of the magnetic field expression
element of wire into one single variable
Magnetic field due to Straight Finite Current Carrying Wire

The value of magnetic field, 𝐵 is Magnetic field lines of Force

given by: due to Straight Current Wire

Right hand thumb rule

𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵= sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽
4𝜋 𝑑

Note:
Only the magnitude of 𝛼 and 𝛽
should be put in the above
formula.
 Consider a square loop 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐶 with edge-length 𝑎. The resistance of
the wire ABD is 𝑟 and that of ACD is 2𝑟. Find the magnetic field 𝐵 at
the centre of the loop assuming uniform wires.

Solution: 𝜇0 𝑖 𝑎
From current division rule 𝐵= sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 𝛼 = 45° ; 𝛽 = 45° ; 𝑑 =
4𝜋 𝑑 2
2𝑟 2
𝑖𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 𝑖 × = 𝑖
2𝑟 + 𝑟 3
𝑟 1 2𝑖
𝑖𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝑖 × = 𝑖 𝜇0 3 4 2 𝜇0 𝑖
2𝑟 + 𝑟 3 ° °
𝐵𝐴𝐵 = sin 45 + sin 45 =
4𝜋 𝑎 3 4𝜋 𝑎
𝐵𝑂 = 𝐵𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐵𝐷 + 𝐵𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶𝐷 2
𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐴𝐵 𝑖
𝜇0 3 ° °
2 2 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝐴𝐶 = sin 45 + sin 45 =
𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐴𝐶 4𝜋 𝑎 3 4𝜋 𝑎
2
𝐵𝑂 = 2(𝐵𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴𝐶 )
2 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝑂 =
3 𝜋𝑎
 Special Cases

On perpendicular Semi-infinite wire Infinite wire

bisector

𝜇0 𝑖𝑎 𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵= 𝐵= 𝐵=
2𝜋𝑑 𝑎+ 4𝑑 2 4𝜋 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑑
 On Perpendicular Bisector

The 𝐵 due to finite wire at For given configuration,

perpendicular distance, 𝑑 from the
wire is:

𝑎 𝑎
𝜇0 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = =
𝐵= sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 𝑎2 4𝑑 2 + 𝑎2
4𝜋 𝑑 2 𝑑2 + 4

For given case

Substitute the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, we get
𝑃 is on the perpendicular
bisector
𝜇0 𝑖𝑎
𝐵=
𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝜃 (assume) 2𝜋𝑑 𝑎 + 4𝑑 2
 Semi-Infinite wire and Infinite wire

Infinite
Semi-Infinite The 𝐵 due to a finite For infinite wire:
wire at a distance 𝑑 is:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝛼= ; 𝛽 = ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1
𝜇0 𝑖 2 2 2
𝐵= sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽
4𝜋 𝑑
Therefore, the magnetic
field at point 𝑃 :
For semi-infinite wire:
𝜋 𝜇0 𝑖
𝛼= ;𝛽 = 0 𝐵= 1+1
2 4𝜋 𝑑

Therefore,
𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵=
𝜇0 𝑖 2𝜋 𝑑
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑑
 A long, straight wire carries a current 𝑖. A particle having a positive
charge 𝑞 and mass 𝑚, kept at a distance 𝑥0 from the wire is projected
towards it with a velocity 𝑣.
Ԧ Find the minimum separation between
the wire and the particle.

Particle move in 𝑥𝑦 plane

At 𝑡 = 0𝑠 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣(−𝑖)Ƹ 𝑥 = 𝑥0
At 𝑡 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣(−𝑗)Ƹ 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛
Magnetic field and velocity at any 𝑥 will be:
𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝑥 = −𝑘෠ 𝑣Ԧ = −𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ
2𝜋𝑥
Therefore, the magnetic force on the charged
particle at the instant of time 𝑡 will be
𝜇0 𝑖
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑞 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ × −𝑘෠
2𝜋𝑥

𝜇0 𝑖𝑞
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = [𝑣 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑣𝑥 𝑗]Ƹ
2𝜋𝑥 𝑦
 𝑦
𝜇0 𝑖𝑞 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = [𝑣 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑣𝑥 𝑗]Ƹ −𝑘෠
2𝜋𝑥 𝑦 𝐵𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑥
𝑖
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝜇0 𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝜇0 𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 =− 𝑥0
𝑑𝑥 2𝜋𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝜋𝑚 𝑥
𝑞, 𝑚

𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑥 = −𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑣Ԧ 𝑃 𝑥

𝑥
𝐹Ԧ𝑀
𝑣 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇0 𝑖𝑞 𝑑𝑥 𝑣Ԧ𝑥
න 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = − න
0 2𝜋𝑚 𝑥0 𝑥
𝑣Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ𝑦

𝑣Ԧ = −𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ
2𝜋𝑚𝑣
−
𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝜇0 𝑞𝑖
 Force between two parallel current-carrying
straight conductors

Magnetic field at a distance 𝑑 from current

carrying wire 𝑖1 :
𝜇0 𝑖1
𝐵1 𝑑 =
2𝜋𝑑
×

Force on element 𝑑𝑙 in the current carrying

wire 𝑖2 :
𝑑 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖2 𝑑𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵1

𝜇0 𝑖1
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑖2 𝑑𝑙
2𝜋𝑑

𝑑𝐹 𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2
=
𝑑𝑙 2𝜋𝑑
 Two long, straight wires 𝑎 and 𝑏 are 2.0 𝑚 apart, perpendicular to the plane of the
paper. The wire 𝑎 carries a current of 9.6 𝐴 directed into the plane of the figure.
10
The magnetic field at the point 𝑃 at a distance of 𝑚 from the wire 𝑏 is zero.
11
(a) The magnitude and direction of the current in 𝑏.
(b) The force per unit length on the wire 𝑏.

(a) the magnitude and direction of the current in 𝑏

9.6 𝐴
𝑎 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐵𝑎 + 𝐵𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵𝑎 = −𝐵𝑏

𝜇0 𝑖𝑎 𝜇0 𝑖𝑏 11 11
𝐵𝑎 = 𝐵𝑏 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖 𝑖𝑏 = 3 𝐴
2𝑚
2𝜋 2 +
10
2𝜋
10 32 10 𝑏
11 11
(b) The force per unit length on the wire 𝑏.
𝑏
𝑑𝐹 𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2
10 =
𝑑𝑙 2𝜋𝑑
𝑚
11
𝐵=0
𝑑𝐹 4𝜋 10−7 𝑑𝐹
𝐵𝑎 𝑃 𝐵𝑏 = (9.6 × 3) ≈ 2.9 × 10−6 𝑁/𝑚
𝑑𝑙 2𝜋(2) 𝑑𝑙
 Two long wires, carrying currents 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 are placed perpendicular to
each other in such a way that they just avoid a contact. Find the
magnetic force on a small length 𝑑𝑙 of the second wire situated at a
distance 𝑙 from the first wire.

The magnetic field at the location of 𝑑𝑙 due to

the first wire is,
𝜇0 𝑖1
𝐵1 𝑙 = 𝑖1
2𝜋𝑙
Therefore, the magnetic force on a small length
𝐵1
𝑑𝑙 of the second wire situated at a distance 𝑙
×
𝑖2
from the first wire is given by,
𝑙 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖2 𝑑𝑙Ԧ × 𝐵1
𝜇0 𝑖1
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑖2 𝑑𝑙
2𝜋𝑙

𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐹 =
2𝜋𝑙
 (b) If the central wire is displaced along the z direction by a small
amount and released, show that it will execute simple harmonic
motion. If the linear density of the wire is 𝜆, find the frequency of
oscillation.
𝑑 𝑑
Magnetic force between two current 𝑑𝐹 𝜇0 𝑖 2
carrying parallel wire per unit length (𝐹𝑙 ) 𝐹𝑙 = = 𝑥
𝑑𝑙 2𝜋𝑟 𝐴 𝐶
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
Net force on wire 𝐵 is (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) ( ∴ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2𝐹𝑙 cos 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑧 𝑟
2
𝜇0 𝑖 𝐹𝑙 𝜃 𝜃 𝐹𝑙
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑧 Restoring in nature
𝜋(𝑑 2 + 𝑧 2 )

𝑧≪𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑2 + 𝑧 2 ≈ 𝑑2 𝐵

𝜇0 𝑖 2 𝑧
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≈ 𝑧 𝑖 𝜇0 𝜔
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜔= ∴𝑓=
𝑑 𝜋𝜆 2𝜋
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑚 𝑎 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑙 𝑎

𝜇0 𝑖 2 𝑖 𝜇0
𝑎= 𝑧 2
(∴ 𝑎 = −𝜔 𝑧) 𝑓=
𝜋𝜆𝑑 2 2𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝜆
(−𝑉𝑒 indicate restoring)
 Two long conductors, separated by a distance 𝑑 carry current 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 in the
same direction. They exert a force 𝐹 on each other. Now the current in one of
them is increased to two times and its direction is reversed. The distance is also
increased to 3𝑑. The new value of the force between them is

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
Initially 𝐹= 𝐿
2𝜋 𝑑

𝜇0 𝐼1 (−2𝐼2 ) 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹′ 𝐹′
Finally 𝐹′ = 𝐿
2𝜋 3𝑑

𝑑 3𝑑
𝐹′ 2
∴ =−
𝐹 3
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼1 2𝐼2

2𝐹
𝐹′ = −
3
 Magnetic Field due to a Circular Loop of Current

• The current in the coil is in • Magnetic field at 𝑃 due to • Due to circular symmetry of
clockwise direction. an element 𝑑𝑙 : the coil, magnetic field at 𝑃
• The plane of the screen is axial plane 𝜇0 𝑖𝑑𝑙 sin 90° is,
of the circular loop. 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
• At the top most point of the loop, 𝐵 = න 𝑑𝐵 sin 𝛼
current goes into the axial plane.
𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 𝑎
• At the bottom most point of the 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝐵=න
loop, current comes out of the axial 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟
plane. • Net magnetic field at 𝑃 :
𝐵=
𝜇0 𝑖𝑎2
2𝑟 3
𝐵 = න 𝑑𝐵 sin 𝛼
𝜇0 𝑖𝑎2
𝐵=
2 𝑑2 + 𝑎2 3/2

Magnetic field at the centre of current carrying circular loop:

𝜇0 𝑖𝑎2 𝑑=0 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵= 𝐵=
2 𝑑2 + 𝑎2 3/2
2𝑎
 Magnetic Field due to a Circular Loop of Current

The magnitude of magnetic field at 𝜇0

𝑖 𝜋𝑎2
𝜇0 𝑖𝑎2 2
4𝜋
an axial point far off the centre of a 𝐵= 𝐵=
uniformly charged circular loop : 2𝑑 3 𝑑3

The magnitude of electric field at an axial point far off the 2𝐾𝑝
𝐸=
centre of a uniformly charged circular loop : 𝑑3

1 𝜇0
“𝐾 =
4𝜋𝜀0
” of electric field ≡ 4𝜋
of magnetic field

𝑝 = Electric dipole moment ≡ 𝑖 𝜋𝑎2 = Magnetic dipole moment

of the circular loop
 A circular coil of 200 turns has a radius of 10 𝑐𝑚 and carries a current of 2.0 𝐴.
Find the distance 𝑑 from the centre along the axis of the coil where the field 𝐵
drop to half its value at the centre. (∛4 = 1.5874 …)

𝜇0 𝑖𝑁𝑎2
The field at point 𝑃 due to the coil: 𝐵𝑝 =
2 𝑑 2 + 𝑎2 3/2
𝜇0 𝑁𝑖 𝑃
The field at the centre of the coil: 𝐵𝑐 =
2𝑎
According to question :
𝐵𝐶 𝑑
𝐵𝑝 = 𝑑 2 = 1.5874 − 1 × 100 𝑐𝑚2 2.0 𝐴
2
𝑎2 1 𝑑 2 = 58.74 𝑐𝑚2
= 𝐶 𝑎 = 10 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 2 + 𝑎2 3/2 2𝑎

𝑑 2 + 𝑎2 3
= 4𝑎6 𝑑 = 7.66 𝑐𝑚

3
𝑑 2 + 𝑎2 = 4𝑎2
3
𝑑2 = 4 − 1 𝑎2
 Two circular coils of radii 5.0 𝑐𝑚 and 10 𝑐𝑚 carry equal currents of 2.0 𝐴. The coils
have 50 and 100 turns respectively and are placed in such a way that their
planes as well as the centres coincide. Find the magnitude of the magnetic
field 𝐵 at the common centre of the coils if the currents in the coils are in the
same sense.

Solution :
Net magnetic field at the centre :
Magnetic field at the centre of a coil of radius 𝑎
having 𝑁 turns and 𝑖 current is : 𝐵 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2
𝜇0 𝑁𝑖 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝜇0 2𝑛 𝑖
𝐵= 𝐵= −𝑘෠ + −𝑘෠
2𝑎 2𝑎 2 2𝑎
The sense of current through the coil gives the 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝜇0 2𝑛 𝑖
direction of magnetic field along −𝑣𝑒 𝑧-axis i.e., along 𝐵= −𝑘෠ + −𝑘෠
− 𝑘෠ for both the coils.
2𝑎 2 2𝑎
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
Magnetic field due to coil 1 : 𝐵 =2× −𝑘෠
2𝑎
𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑖1
𝐵1 = −𝑘෠ 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝐵 = 8𝜋 × 10−4 −𝑘෠ 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎
2𝑎1 𝐵= −𝑘෠
𝑎
Magnetic field due to coil 2 : 4𝜋 × 10−7 × 50 × 2
𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑖2 𝐵= −𝑘෠
𝐵2 = −𝑘෠ 5 × 10−2
2𝑎2
 A circular loop of radius 𝑅 carries a current 𝐼. Another circular loop of radius
𝑟 (<< 𝑅) carries a current 𝑖 and is placed at the centre of the larger loop. The
planes of the two circles are at right angle to each other. Find the torque
acting on the smaller loop.

The radius of the smaller loop is so small compared to bigger loop that the
magnetic field through the smaller loop due to the bigger loop is assumed
as uniform.

Torque acting on the smaller loop :

𝜇0 𝐼
𝜏Ԧ = 𝜇Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑖 𝜋𝑟 2 −𝑖Ƹ × −𝑘෠
2𝑅

𝜇0 𝜋𝑖𝐼𝑟 2
𝜏Ԧ = −𝑗Ƹ
2𝑅
 Magnetic Field due to an Arc at its Centre

Magnetic field at the centre of a current

carrying circular loop :

𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵=
2𝑅
𝜙
A circle makes an angle 2𝜋 at its centre. 𝑅
𝐶
Apply unitary method :
𝜇0 𝑖
𝜃 = 2𝜋 𝐵=
2𝑅
1 𝜇0 𝑖
𝜃=1 𝐵=
2𝜋 2𝑅 𝜙 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝐶 =
𝜙 𝜇0 𝑖 2𝜋 2𝑅
𝜃=𝜙 𝐵=
2𝜋 2𝑅
 Figure shows a current loop having two circular arcs joined by two
radial lines. Find the magnetic field 𝐵 at the centre 𝑂.

The point 𝑂 lies on the straight line extending from wire

𝐷𝐴 and 𝐶𝐵.

Magnetic field at point 𝑂 due to wire 𝐷𝐴 and 𝐶𝐵 is

zero.

Magnetic field at point 𝑂

𝜃 𝜇0 𝑖
Due to arc 𝐷𝐶 𝐵𝐷𝐶 = ⨂
2𝜋 2𝑏
𝜃 𝜇0 𝑖
Due to arc 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐴 = ⨀
2𝜋 2𝑎
1 1 𝜇0 𝑖𝜃 1 1
• 𝑎<𝑏 >
𝑎 𝑏
Net magnetic field at point 𝑂 : 𝐵𝑜 =
4𝜋 𝑎 𝑏
− ⨀
 A wire loop carrying a current 𝑖 is placed in the 𝑥𝑦 plane as shown. If a particle
with charge + 𝑄 and mass 𝑚 is placed at the centre 𝑃 and given a velocity 𝑣Ԧ
along 𝑁𝑃, find its instantaneous acceleration.

𝐹Ԧ𝑚 𝑄 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵
• The acceleration of the particle : 𝑎Ԧ = =
𝑚 𝑚
• 2𝜋
The circular arc 𝑀𝑁 subtends an angle 120° ≡ 3 at point 𝑃 . So,
magnetic field at 𝑃 due to arc :
𝜇0 𝑖ൗ
2𝑅 2𝜋 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑐 = × ⨀ = 𝑘෠
2𝜋 3 6𝑅
• Magnetic field at 𝑃 due to the straight wire 𝑁𝑀 :
𝜇0 𝑖 3𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = ∘
sin 60∘ + sin 60∘ ⨂ ⇒ 𝐵𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 = −𝑘෠
4𝜋 𝑅 cos 60 2𝜋𝑅

• The net magnetic field at 𝑃 : • The velocity of the particle at 𝑃 : • The acceleration of the particle at 𝑃 :
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣 cos 60° 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 sin 60° 𝑗Ƹ 𝑄 𝑄 𝑣 𝜇0 𝑖 1 3
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ × − 𝑘෠
𝑚 𝑚 2 𝑅 6 2𝜋
𝑣
𝜇0 𝑖 1 3 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ
𝐵= − 𝑘෠ 2 𝑄𝑣 𝜇0 𝑖 3 3
𝑅 6 2𝜋 |𝑎|
Ԧ = 1−
𝑚 6𝑅 𝜋
 Moving Coil Galvanometer

• The moving coil galvanometer consists of a coil, with many turns, free
to rotate about a fixed axis, in a uniform radial magnetic field.

• A current carrying coil acts as a magnetic dipole. So, when it is

placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a torque and
hence, it will rotate.

• The coil is wrapped on a cylindrical soft iron core which enables the
field to remain radial in all position of the coil.
• The field remains parallel to the plane of the coil at all positions. So,
angle between area vector of the coil and the magnetic field vector
is, 𝜃 = 90°

• Torque on the coil :

𝜏Ԧ = 𝜇Ԧ × 𝐵 𝑛 = No. of turns in the coil

𝜏Ԧ = 𝑛𝑖𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 𝐴 = Area of the coil
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵 𝜃 = Angle between area vector of the coil and the
magnetic field vector
 Moving Coil Galvanometer

• An indicator is attached with the coil, and it gets deflected as the coil
rotates.
• The coil will keep on rotating as long as current exists through it and
indicator will not come back to its original position even if the current
is made zero.
• As a remedy to this problem, a spring 𝑆𝑝 is introduced.
• When the indicator turns, spring gets coiled and produces a restoring
torque.
• The spring 𝑆𝑝 provides the restoring torque 𝜏𝑅 = 𝐾𝜙 that balances the
torque due to magnetic field 𝜏 = 𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵 , resulting in a steady angular
deflection 𝜙 of the indicator.
• In equilibrium :

𝐾𝜙 = 𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵

𝐾
𝑖= 𝜙
𝑛𝐴𝐵
 Gauss’s Law

Statement :

The flux of the net electric field through a

+
closed surface is equal to the net charge 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
enclosed by the surface divided by 𝜀𝑜 .
+
Mathematical form of Gauss’s law : +
+
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝜙 = ර 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐸 is due to all charges.
𝜀0

• The closed surface or the periphery of a

+
volume on which Gauss's law is applied
is known as the
 Ampere’s Circuital Law and Sign Convention

• Line integral or circulation of

𝐵 along a closed loop :

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

𝑦
𝜇0 = permeability of free space

Fold your right-hand’s fingers

along the integration path, then
𝑥
the erect thumb gives the
positive current direction.
𝑧
Find out line integral of 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 for the given loop?

𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑤

𝑖1 𝑖1
𝑖4
𝑖2 𝑖3 𝑖5
𝑖5 𝑖2 𝑖3

𝑖4 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝑑𝑙Ԧ

ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (𝑖2 + 𝑖3 − 𝑖1 )
 Validity of Ampere’s Law

Ampere’s law is useful in cases of highly symmetrical current distribution.

Examples:

Infinite long wire Ring Solenoid Toroid

(Thin & Thick)
 Application of Ampere's Law

Magnetic field due to long straight

current carrying wire

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)

⇒ 𝐵 2𝜋𝑑 = 𝜇0 𝑖

𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵 =
2𝜋𝑑
A long, cylindrical wire of radius 𝑏 carries a current 𝑖0 distributed uniformly
over its cross section. Find the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point
inside the wire at a distance 𝑎 from the axis.

Applying Ampere’s Law

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)

𝑖
⇒ 𝐵 2𝜋𝑎 = 𝜇0 2
× 𝜋𝑎2
𝜋𝑏

𝜇0 𝑖𝑎
⇒𝐵 𝑎<𝑏 =
2𝜋𝑏 2
A thin but long, hollow, cylindrical tube of radius 𝑟 carries a current 𝑖 along its
𝑟
length. Find the magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance from the
2
surface.
(a) inside the tube (b) outside the tube

(a) Inside the tube (b) Outside the tube

Applying Ampere’s Law Applying Ampere’s Law

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼) ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)

2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 × 3𝑟
⇒𝐵 = 𝜇0 0 ⇒𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑖
2 2

⇒ 𝐵 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 0 𝜇0 𝑖
⇒𝐵=
3𝜋𝑟
 Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an inner wire of radius 𝑎 surrounded
by an outer shell of inner and outer radii 𝑏 and 𝑐 respectively. The inner wire
carries an electric current 𝑖0 and the outer shell carries an equal current in
opposite direction. Find the magnetic field at a distance 𝑥 from the axis where,
(a) 𝑥 < 𝑎 ( Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and
also uniform in the outer shell )
(b) 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 ( Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner wire
and also uniform in the outer shell )

(a) 𝑥 < a
Applying Ampere’s Law (b) 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 Applying Ampere’s Law

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼) ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)

𝑖0 ⇒ 𝐵 2𝜋𝑥 = 𝜇0 𝑖0
⇒ 𝐵 2𝜋𝑥 = 𝜇0 2
× 𝜋𝑥 2
𝜋𝑎
𝜇0 𝑖0
𝜇0 𝑖0 ⇒𝐵 𝑎<𝑥<𝑏 =
𝐵 𝑥<𝑎 = 𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
2𝜋𝑎2
 Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an inner wire of radius 𝑎 surrounded by
an outer shell of inner and outer radii 𝑏 and 𝑐 respectively. The inner wire carries an
electric current 𝑖0 and the outer shell carries an equal current in opposite direction.
Find the magnetic field at a distance 𝑥 from the axis where,
(c) 𝑏 < 𝑥 < 𝑐( Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and also
uniform in the outer shell )
(d) 𝑥 > 𝑐 ( Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and also
uniform in the outer shell )

(c) 𝑏 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 (d) 𝑥 > c

Applying Ampere’s Law

Applying Ampere’s Law

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)
ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)

⇒ 𝐵 2𝜋𝑥 = 𝜇0 (0)

𝑖0
⇒ 𝐵 2𝜋𝑥 = 𝜇0 𝑖0 − × 𝜋(𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 ) 𝐵 𝑥>𝑐 =0
𝜋(𝑐 −𝑏2 )
2

𝜇0 𝑖0 (𝑐 2 − 𝑥 2 )
⇒𝐵 𝑏<𝑥<𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑥(𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 )
Cross section of a large metal sheet is carrying an electric current along
its surface. The current in a strip of width 𝑑𝑙 is 𝐾𝑑𝑙 where 𝐾 is a constant.
Find the magnetic field at a point at a distance 𝑥 from the metal sheet.

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ + ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ + ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ + ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)

12 23 34 41

⇒ 𝐵𝑙 + 0 + 𝐵𝑙 + 0 = 𝜇0 (∑𝐾 𝑑𝑙)

⇒ 2𝐵𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐾(∑𝑑𝑙)

𝜇0 𝐾
𝐵=
2
Two large metal sheets carry surface currents as shown. The current
through a strip of width 𝑑𝑙 is 𝐾𝑑𝑙 where 𝐾 is a constant. Find the
magnetic field 𝐵 at the point 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅.

𝑃 𝜇0 𝐾
𝐵1 𝐵2 |𝐵1 | = |𝐵2 | =
2
At point P

𝑄 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝐵1
𝐵2 At point R

𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0

𝑅 At point Q
𝐵2 𝐵1
|𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 | = 𝜇0 𝐾
A long, straight wire of radius 𝑎 carries a current distributed uniformly
over its cross section. The ratio of the magnetic fields due to the wire at
𝑎
distance and 2𝑎, respectively from the axis of the wire is
3

JEE Main

(a) Inside the tube 2

A
𝑟 3
Suppose current density is 𝐽

Applying Ampere’s Law 3

𝑖 B
2
𝑟 ර 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 (∑𝐼)
3
C 1
2
2𝜋𝑎 𝜋𝑎 2
⇒𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 ×
3 9

𝜇0 𝐽𝑎 D 2
𝐵 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 =
6
 Solenoid

The solenoid is a composition of infinite number of rings

provided the distance between each ring is very small.
It is used to produce uniform magnetic field.
𝑃 is a point on the axis of the solenoid.

Magnetic field at P due to elemental ring

𝜇0 𝑖0 𝑅2
𝐵= 3
2 𝑅2 2
+𝑥 2
Let 𝑛 = number of turns per unit length

𝑑𝑁
𝑛=
𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑅2
𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝐵 =
𝑙0 = 𝑁 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 = (𝑛 𝑑𝑥) 𝑖 3
𝑑𝑙 2 𝑅2 + 2
𝑥 2
Ideal Solonoid and Magnetic Field at an axial point 𝑷

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵= cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1
2

A solenoid can be called as an ideal

solenoid if the following conditions are
satisfied:
• 𝑙 ≫ 𝑅 ⇒ long solenoid

• 𝑛 = 𝑁/𝑙 is a very large number

⇒ wire is very closely wound.
 Ideal Solenoid

A solenoid can be called as an ideal solenoid if the following

conditions are satisfied:
• 𝑙 ≫ 𝑅 ⇒ long solenoid

• 𝑛 = 𝑁/𝑙 is a very large number

⇒ wire is very closely wound.

Magnetic field on the axis of ⇒ For any point 𝑃 on axis,

a solenoid:
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝜃1 ≈ 0° and 𝜃2 ≈ 0°
𝐵= cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1
2 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
⇒𝐵= cos 0° + cos 0°
For ideal solenoid, 𝑙 ≫ 𝑅. 2

𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
 Ideal Solenoid: Field at the end point on axis

Magnetic field on the axis of a solenoid:

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵= cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1
2
𝑙

𝜃1 = 90° At the end point on axis,

𝑅 𝜃2 ≈ 0°
𝑃 ⇒ 𝜃1 = 90° and 𝜃2 ≈ 0°

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
⇒𝐵= cos 0° + cos 90°
2

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵=
2
 Ideal Solenoid-Ampere’s law

• Consider 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 as Amperian loop.

• Divide the loop in parts to write

field individually.

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 =0 Ԧ
[∵ 𝐵 ⊥ 𝑑𝑙]

•
𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐶
Using Ampere’s law,

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 Ԧ
= 𝐵𝑙 [∵ 𝐵 ∥ 𝑑𝑙]
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴

⇒ 0 + 0 + 𝐵𝑙 + 0 = 𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 =0 [∵ 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 0]
𝐴𝐷 𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
𝐵= = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝑙
 A copper wire having resistance 0.01 𝑜ℎ𝑚 in each meter is used to
wind 400 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 solenoid of a radius of 1.0 𝑐𝑚 and length 20 𝑐𝑚. Find
the emf of a battery which when connected across the solenoid will
cause a magnetic field of 1.0 × 10−2 𝑇 near the centre of the solenoid.

𝑙 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑅 𝜀
Solution: 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑁 2𝜋𝑟 𝑖= 𝑟 = 1 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑙 𝑅𝑠
𝑁 𝜀
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 = 𝜇0
𝑙 𝑑𝑅
2𝜋𝑟 𝑁
𝑑𝑙

−2
4𝜋 × 10−7 𝜀 10
⇒ 10 =
(10−2 )(2𝜋)(10−2 )(2)
𝜀
⇒𝜀 =1𝑉
A tightly-wound solenoid of a radius 𝑎 and length 𝑙 has 𝑛 turns per unit length. It carries
an electric current 𝑖. Consider a length 𝑑𝑥 of the solenoid at a distance 𝑥 from one end.
This contains 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 turns and may be approximated as a circular current 𝑖𝑛(𝑑𝑥).
(a) Write the magnetic field at the centre of the solenoid due to this circular current.
Integrate this expression under proper limits to find the magnetic field at the centre of
the solenoid.

Here, Elementary magnetic field is

𝑙
−𝑥
2 𝜇0 (𝑛𝑖)(𝑑𝑥)𝑎2
𝑑𝐵 = 3
𝑖𝑛(𝑑𝑥) 2 2
𝑙
𝑐 2 𝑎2 + −𝑥
2

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 (𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝐵 = 3
2 2
𝑙 − 2𝑥
2𝑎 1 +
2𝑎
 Let’s integrate both side
⇒ 𝐼 = −𝑎 sin𝜃 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑙
⇒𝐵=
𝑙
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 (𝑑𝑥) 𝑙 2 + 4𝑎2
⇒𝐵=න 3
0 2 2 𝑎 𝑙 − 2𝑥 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝑙 − 2𝑥 ⇒𝐼=− 𝐵=
2𝑎 1 + 2
2𝑎 𝑙 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑎2 2𝑎 2
1+
Let- 𝑙
𝑙
𝑙 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑎 tan𝜃 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝑎 2𝑥 − 𝑙
⇒ 𝐵=
2𝑎 𝑙 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 (𝑑𝜃) 0

𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝑎𝑙 (−𝑎𝑙)
𝐼 = න− 3 ⇒ 𝐵= −
1 + tan2 𝜃 2 2𝑎 𝑙2 + 4𝑎2 𝑙2 + 4𝑎2

= −𝑎∫ cos𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 2𝑎𝑙

⇒ 𝐵=
2𝑎 𝑙 2 + 4𝑎2
 A tightly-wound solenoid of a radius 𝑎 and length 𝑙 has 𝑛 turns per unit length. It carries an
electric current 𝑖. Consider a length 𝑑𝑥 of the solenoid at a distance 𝑥 from one end. This
contains 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 turns and may be approximated as a circular current 𝑖𝑛(𝑑𝑥).
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑙
(b) Verify that if 𝑙 ≫ 𝑎, the field tends to 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 and if 𝑙 ≪ 𝑎, the field tends to 𝐵 = 2𝑎
.

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑙
𝐵= =
2 2
2𝑎 𝑙
1+ 2𝑎 +1
𝑙 2𝑎

2𝑎
Case: 𝑙 ≫ 𝑎 →0 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝑙
𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑙
Case: 𝑎 ≫ 𝑙 →0 𝐵=
2𝑎 2𝑎
 Magnetic Field due to a Toroid

• Using Ampere’s circuital law,

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑖𝑛

𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
⇒𝐵= = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
2𝜋𝑟

• Here,

𝑁 = Total number of turns

𝑁
𝑛=
2𝜋𝑟
𝜀
A toroid has inner radius 25 𝑐𝑚 and outer radius 26 c𝑚, with the 3500
turns and 11 𝐴 current flowing through it. Find the magnetic field in
the regions 𝐼 , (𝐼𝐼) and (𝐼𝐼𝐼).

𝐵𝐼𝐼 = 𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 0
3500 25 + 26
𝑅= = 25.5 𝑐𝑚
2
(𝐼𝐼) For exact calculation use 25.5 𝑐𝑚
25 𝑐𝑚
(𝐼)
For approx. calculation use 25 𝑐𝑚
(𝐼𝐼𝐼)
26 𝑐𝑚
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 4𝜋 × 10−7 (3500)(11)(100)
𝐵= =
11𝐴 2𝜋R 2𝜋(25)

⇒ 𝐵 = 30.8 × 10−3 𝑇 = 0.0308 𝑇

⇒ 𝐵 = 0.0308 𝑇
−𝜀 +
 A tightly-wound, long solenoid carries a current of 2.0 𝐴. An electron is
found to execute a uniform circular motion inside the solenoid with a
frequency of 1.0 × 108 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑠 −1 . Find the number of turns per meter in
the solenoid.

𝐵𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝑞𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 A 1360

𝑓=
2𝜋𝑚
𝑚𝑣 1.6 × 10−19 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑛 2
𝑅= 8
⇒ 10 =
𝑞𝐵 2𝜋 9.1 × 10−31 B 1420

2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑚
𝑇= = ⇒ 𝑛 ≃ 1.42 × 103
𝑣 𝑞𝐵 C 1580

1 𝑞𝐵 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑛 ≃ 1420 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑚−1

𝑓= = = 𝜇 𝑛𝑖
𝑇 2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚 0 D 1240