Concept Paper Alaman

COLEUS BLUMEI (MAYANA) AS MOSQUITO COIL REPELLENT
A Thesis Presented to the

Basic Education Department
San Ildefonso College
Tanay, Rizal
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to the Subject

Practical Research II
Alaman, Dodgie Mar U.

John Seth B. Regalado
December, 2022
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SAN ILDEFONSO COLLEGE
M.H. DEL PILAR ST., TANAY, RIZAL 1980 PHILIPPINES
“Envision itself as faith community, globally competitive, excellent, certified and accredited”
I. Background of the Study
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites
in human populations. Every year more than one billion people are infected
and more than one million people die from vector-borne diseases including
malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow
fever, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. One-sixth of the illness and
disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases, with more than
half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases.
The poorest segments of society and least-developed countries are the most
affected. Environmental changes are causing an increase in the number and
spread of many vectors worldwide (Dr. Chan M., 2014). While the mosquito
may not be affected, these mosquito-borne diseases can cause immense
suffering for humans. Roughly 390 million people are infected eachyear with
dengue, and hundreds of thousands more are affected by Zika, chikungunya
and yellow fever (worldmosquitoprogram.org).
In the Philippines, numerous mosquito-borne diseases like dengue,
malaria, and filariasis continue to affect each individual. Newer reports
present that mosquito likewise transmit diseases like the Chikungunya and
2
Zika viruses. The burden of mosquito-borne diseases on the general public
may bring about morbidity and or death. Among the mosquito-borne
diseases, dengue is considered to be the most important disease in the
world and in the country. Millions of lives worldwide are at risk of viral
infection transmitted by mosquito vectors. All the regions of the country
appear to be vulnerable to the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases
Dengue infections are one of the important mosquito-borne diseases, as
186,416 cases and 59 deaths were reported in 2012
(actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph).
The research locale is located at the University of Rizal System Tanay,
Rizal. The general problem is because this is a forested school and there are
also many canals here that are inhabited by mosquitoes, many mosquito-
borne diseases are a threat to the people in this place.
3
II. Preliminary Literature Review
Coleus blumei (Mayana)
Houseflies (Musca domestica) is a disease-carrying insect that plays an
important role in the spread of disease in humans and animals. One way to
control houseflies is by using mayana leaves (Coleus blumei) as a botanical
pesticide. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical
compounds contained in mayana leaf as well as determine the optimal
concentration of mayana leaf extract in causing a knockdown effect in
houseflies. mayana leaf fine powder was soaked with methanol (maceration)
for 3 days followed by phytochemical screening (chemical reagents and Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) and anti-houseflies
toxicity tests. Testing of methanolic extract of Miana leaves was made in the
form of spray using the knockdown method at concentrations of 5%, 10%,
20%, 30% and 40% and observed in 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The results of
phytochemical screening with chemical reagents showed that the extract
contained alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids; while the
results of GCMS analysis showed 8 bioactive compounds. The results of the
study revealed that at a concentration of 30% and 40%, methanolic extract of
mayana leaves could result in a knockdown effect that was accompanied by

4
death with a percentage value of 100% in the first 5 minutes of observation.
This research shows that the methanolic extract of mayana leaves can be
used as an alternative to botanical pesticides in controlling houseflies (Musca
domestica) (Surahmaida S., et al. 2019).
From time immemorial, plants have been an inexhaustible source of
healing extracts for suffering mankind. Modern drug research has made it
possible to isolate and identify the active principles of these extracts and to
specify their dose-response relationships. In this way, it has become
possibleto verify the Phyto therapeutic action of ancient drugs. Nowadays
large screening programs are running in many pharmaceutical companies
in order to select new active principles from thousands of plant species. But
only a few companies have realized that plant cell culture is also a rich
source of new active substances and a potent technique to produce natural
compounds like shikonin and rosmarinic acid. Its chemical structure was
determined in 1958 and its isolation from plant cell lines of Coleus blumei
Benth was reported in 1977. Today we are able to present a procedure of
unparalleled high production of rosmarinic acid with our cell line CBL 2B of
Coleus blumei Benth (Ulbrich B. et al, 1977).
5
Mosquito Coil Repellent
The aim of this research was to see whether the essential oil from
Mayana (Coleus blumei) could be used as a mosquito coil. The mosquito
coil appears to be successful, as half of the mosquitos died in less than 30
minutes, according to the study's findings. The mosquito coil has a better
chance of working when used indoors. The mosquito coil's effects in terms
of the range are very strong, as seen in table 2. In terms of range, Table 2
indicateshow intense the mosquito coil's effects are. The coil is identical to
the mosquito coils we normally use. The only difference is that the structure
and shape of the mayana mosquito coil are more delicate than that of
commercial coils. The coil is easily broken into pieces, but its characteristics
are the sameas consumer coils. The hypothesis is that the mayana mosquito
repellant will fail to repel mosquitos and that the commercial mosquito coil
will out perform the oregano mosquito coil. Mayana, a mosquito repellent,
will not be recognized as either. (Esguerra N. et.al, 2021).
Mosquito coils, vaporizer mats and emanators confer protection
against mosquito bites through the spatial action of emanated vapor or
airborne pyrethroid particles. These products dominate the pest control
6
market; therefore, it is vital to characterize mosquito responses elicited by the
chemical actives and their potential for disease prevention. The aim of this
review was to determine the effects of mosquito coils and emanators on
mosquito responses that reduce human-vector contact and to propose
scientific consensus on terminologies and methodologies used for the
evaluation of product formats that could contain spatial chemical actives,
including indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticide-treated nets
(LLINs) and insecticide-treated materials (ITMs). PubMed, (National Centre
for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine,
NIH), MEDLINE, LILAC, Cochrane library, IBECS and Armed Forces Pest
Management Board Literature Retrieval System search engines were used
to identify studies of pyrethroid based coils and emanators with key-words
“Mosquito coils” “Mosquito emanators” and “Spatial repellents”. It was
concluded that there is a need to improve statistical reporting of studies and
reach a consensus on the methodologies and terminologies used through
standardized testing guidelines. Despite differing evaluation methodologies,
data showed that coils and emanators induce mortality, deterrence, and
repellency as well as reduce the ability of mosquitoes to feed on humans.
Available data on efficacy outdoors, dose–response relationships and
effective distance of coils and emanators are inadequate for developing a
7
target product profile (TPP), which will be required for such chemicals before
optimized implementation can occur for maximum benefits in disease control
(Ogama S.,2012).
Synthesis
The utilization of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a mosquito coil repellent
is the main focus of this study. The researchers gathered all relevant literature
they could find on the Coleus blumei. It was up to the researchers to gather
and assemble all pertinent literature and studies on these themes, even
though the primary question of the study is whether mayana can be as
effective as commercial mosquito coil repellant. The possibility of using the
mayana as a mosquito repellent was determined by the researchers.
8
III. Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “Coleus blumei (Mayana) as Mosquito Repellent”
aimed to answer the following problems:
1.) Determine the profile of the students in terms of.
a. Age
b. Grade Level
c. Section
d. Health condition
- asthmatic
- normal
- allergic (mosquito coil or mayana)
e. Environment (having plenty of mosquitoes in an area).
- Extremely plenty
- Very plenty
- Moderately plenty
9
- Slightly plenty
- There are no mosquitoes
2.) Determine the level of acceptability of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a
mosquito coil repellent.
a. Scent
- unpleasant
- exact or odorless
- pleasant
b. Texture
- brittle
- soft
- hard
c. Effectiveness
- Not at all effective
10
- Slightly effective
- Moderately effective
- Very effective
- Extremely effective
3.) Identify the significance of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a mosquito coil
repellent in terms of the question above.
- Not at all significant
- Somewhat significant
- Significant
- Very significant
- Extremely significant
11
IV. METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents a brief description of the research design used
in the study including the research design, the respondents of the study, the
research locale, the instrument of the study, the data gathering procedure,
and the treatment of data needed in analyzing the data.
Research Design
This study entitled Coleus Blumei (Mayana) As Mosquito Coil
Repellent will use a Quantitative research study. The study will use
experimental research since it is suited to determine the effectiveness of
Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a Mosquito Coil Repellent. This will also assure
the veracity of the results.
Quantitative research is defined as social research that employs
empirical methods and empirical statements. He states that an empirical
statement is defined as a descriptive statement about what “is” the case in
the “real world” rather than what “ought” to be the case. Typically, empirical
statements are expressed in numerical terms, another factor in quantitative
research is that empirical evaluations are applied. Empirical evaluations are
12
defined as a form that seeks to determine the degree to which a specific
program or policy empirically fulfills or does not fulfill a particular standard or
norm (Cohen, 1980).
Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an
objective and controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific
conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement. Generally, the
purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent variable has on
a dependent variable (S. Bell, 2009).
Research Locale
The study will be conducted at the University of Rizal System Tanay
Rizal. The University of Rizal System is committed to nurture and produce
upright and competent graduates and empowered community through
relevant and sustainable higher professional and technical instruction,
research, extension and production services. The respondents will be drawn
from a junior high laboratory school.
13
Vision
The leading University in human resource development, knowledge and
technology generation and environmental stewardship.
Mission
The University of Rizal System is committed to nurture and produce upright
and competent graduates and empowered community through relevant and
sustainable higher professional and technical instruction, research, extension
and production services. It is located at JP Rizal Street, Barangay Sampaloc,
Tanay, Rizal
CORE VALUES
R – Responsiveness
I – Integrity
S – Service
E – Excellence
14
S – Social Responsibility
Figure 1: Map of the University of Rizal System
15
Subject of the Study
The primary subject of the study is mayana (Coleus blumei)
specifically its effectiveness as mosquito coil. This organic mosquito repellent
was made from pure mayana leaves that will be used to repel disease-
causing insects. The researchers chose mosquito as their test subjects for
their experiment because nowadays mosquitoes are one of the legitimate
causes of health concern in humans such as malaria, dengue and ecephalitis.
The researcher wanted to go natural by using mayana as coil. The result of
the experiment can help the society in preventing diseases caused by
mosquitoes with the use of simple and natural materials available in our
community.
Extraction Process
The extraction process of mayana leaves is based from the study of
(Surahmaida et.al, 2019) titled “Toxicity of Miana Leaf (Coleus blumei) Extract
Against Houseflies (Musca domestica).
Extraction was done by maceration method. Mayana leaves were
washed, then dried, cut into smaller pieces and blended until became a fine
16
powder. As many as 20 grams of fine powder of mayana leaves were put in
a glass jar, then added with 600ml of methanol solvent. Soaking (maceration)
was carried out for 3 days, then the solution was filtered using filter paper and
funnel. During maceration, stirring was carried out every day to avoid the
compacting of the fine powder.
Materials
The material used in making the mosquito coils are bowl, alcohol,
blender, mayana (fresh), oven, grater, measuring materials, cooking pots,
foil, corn starch, water, charcoal, cement, olive oil.
A. Conduct of the Study
The researchers were able to create their study by gathering
information in libraries and the internet, and studying other research to
acquire more knowledge and ideas about their research papers.
17
B. Conduct of the Experiment
After being approved the research title, “Coleus blumei (Mayana) as
Mosquito Coil Repellent”, the researchers will proceed with the finalization of
their title. The complete sequences of steps in the study are the following:
B.1.Collection/ Harvesting of Mayana Leaves
Picking 1kg of young mayana leaves without damage from the herd
and put it in the bowl.
B.2.Collection of Crushed Mayana Leaves
Put the 1kg mayana leaves on the blender and crushed, the finer the
better then put into clean bowl.
B.3 Collection of Mayana Essential Oil
Put the 1kg of crushed mayana leaves on the cooking pot and add 1
cup of olive oil bring them to boil for 1hour and collect the boiled oil.
18
B.4.Collection of Dried Mayana Leaves
Collect the boiled mayana leaves and dried it on the oven.
B.5.Making the mosquito coil mold
The regular mosquito coil will be the pattern to create the maya
mosquito coil, put the water on the cement until the cement hardens with the
mosquito coil pattern, then mold the mosquito coil on the cement.
B.6.Production of Mayana as Mosquito Coil
Add ¼ cup of mayana essential oil on the bowl and add ½ cup dried
mayana, ¼ cup cornstarch, 3 tablespoon water, and ½ cup charcoal.
C. Data Gathering and Procedure
To collect the data, first the experiment will be done in each classroom
of the laboratory junior high school in University of Rizal System Tanay, Rizal,
then the data will be collected through the questionnaire made by the
researchers.
19
Participants/Sampling
This study will find out the acceptability of Coleus blumei (Mayana) As
Mosquito Coil Repellent.
In this research, the fishbowl method will be used, and the respondents
will be the laboratory high school students of the University of Rizal System
Tanay. The respondents will be given questionnaires in order for their
responses to offer important information about the acceptability of Coleus
blumei (Mayana) As a Mosquito Coil Repellent.
100% of Students Sample of the respondents
20% of Students
Figure 2: Sampling Method (Fishbowl Method)
20
Instrumentations
The study utilized a researcher-made questionnaire checklist
administered for the conduct of the study. This determined the acceptability
of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as Mosquito Coil Repellent. The questionnaire
checklist is composed of 3 questions. The respondents were asked to rate
each item on the Effectiveness of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as Mosquito Coil
Repellent.
Part 1. Determine the profile of the students in terms of.
a. Age
b. Grade Level
c. Section
d. Health condition
- asthmatic
21
-normal
e. Environment (having plenty of mosquitoes in an area).
- Extremely plenty
- Very plenty
- Moderately plenty
- Slightly plenty
Part 2. Determine the level of acceptability of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a
mosquito coil repellent.
a. Scent
- unpleasant
- exact or odorless
22
- pleasant
b. Texture
- brittle
- soft
- hard
c. Effectiveness
- Very effective
23
Part 3. Identify the significance of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a mosquito coil
repellent in terms of the question above.
- Significant
- Very significant
Validation of instrument
To check the content validity of the items in the researcher-made
questionnaire- checklist, it was validated by the experts in the field of reading
in San Ildefonso College. The researchers asked the knowledgeable persons
in the field of research for some suggestions for content of the instrument.
Comments and suggestions were considered in the revision of the said
questionnaire. The internal validity was approved, thus indicating that the
questionnaire was valid.
24
For the interpretation of data, the researcher categorized, manipulate, and
summarize the information in order to answer critical questions.
Descriptive interpretation
Part 1.
Health condition
- asthmatic
-normal
Environment (having plenty of mosquitoes in an area).
- Extremely plenty
- Very plenty
- Moderately plenty
25
- Slightly plenty
Part 2.
Scent
- unpleasant
- exact or odorless
- pleasant
Texture
- brittle
- soft
- hard
Effectiveness
26
- Very effective
Part 3.
Significance of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a mosquito coil repellent.
- Significant
- Very significant
27
Procedure/Statistical Statement
The procedure was done using survey forms that was distributed fairly in
the laboratory junior high school of the University of Rizal System Tanay. Using
this weighted mean, frequency and percentage, and one-way ANOVA is used to
determine the acceptability of Coleus blumei (Mayana) as a mosquito coil
repellent.
In order to obtain the answer for each question stated in the objective
of the study, statistical tools were utilized.
Weighted Mean
W=weighted average
n=number of terms to be averaged
wi=weights applied to x values
Xi=data values to be averaged
28
One-Way ANOVA
29
V. Timeline
November 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Creating title
Chapter 1
Consultation
Chapter 2
November 26 27 28 29 30
Chapter 2
Power Point for Colloquium
December 1 2 3 4 5
Colloquium
Revision of Chapter 1 and 2
December 6 7 8 9 10
Consultation
January 6 7 8 9 10
30
Chapter 3
January 15 16 20 25 29
Consultation
Revision of Chapter 3
Chapter 4
February 6 17 20 25 29
Consultation
Revision of Chapter 4
Checking of the Whole Manuscript
March 3 9 14 20 27
Preparation for the Final Defense
Final Defense
April 1 5 15 20 25
Revision of the Whole Manuscript
Hard Binding
31
VI. References
 https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/
 Dr. Chan M., 2014 (https://memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br/recent-posts/item/11-
zika-is-not-a-reason-for-missing-the-olympic-games-in-rio-de-janeiro-
response-to-the-open-letter-of-dr-attaran-and-colleagues-to-dr-margaret-
chan-director-general-who-on-the-zika-threat-to-the-olympic-and-
paralympic-games)
 https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/
 Surahmaida S., et al. 2019 (Toxicity of Miana Leaf (Coleus blumei) Extract
Against Houseflies (Musca domestica) (https://www.researchgate.net/)
 Ulbrich B. et al, 1977 (Comparative Culture Response of Three Coleus
Blumei Benth. Varieties As Basis for Explant Selection for Callus
Induction) (https://www.journalofnaturestudies.org/)
 Esguerra N. et.al, 2021
(file:///C:/Users/Angelo/Downloads/MAYANA%20(COLEUS%20BLUMEI)
%20AS%20MOSQUITO%20COIL%20(1).pdf)
 Ogama S.,2012 (Phytochemical screening and Partial Characterization
through GC-MS of Leaf Crude Extract of Plectranthus scutellarioides
(Mayana), and Plectranthus amboinicus (Oregano) and their Larvicidal
Activity Against 2nd – 3rd Instar Larvae of Aedes aegypti in Comparison to

32
Azadirachta indica)
 Cohen, 1980 (Fundamentals of quantitative research)
(http://carinadizonmaellt.com/)
 S. Bell, 2009 (Definition of Experimental Design; In International
Encyclopedia of Human Geography) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/)
33
34

Concept Paper Alaman

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Concept Paper Alaman

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COLEUS BLUMEI (MAYANA) AS MOSQUITO COIL REPELLENT

A Thesis Presented to the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to the Subject

Alaman, Dodgie Mar U.

I. Background of the Study

Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites

malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow

fever, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. One-sixth of the illness and

disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases, with more than

half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases.

affected. Environmental changes are causing an increase in the number and

may not be affected, these mosquito-borne diseases can cause immense

dengue, and hundreds of thousands more are affected by Zika, chikungunya

and yellow fever (worldmosquitoprogram.org).

In the Philippines, numerous mosquito-borne diseases like dengue,

malaria, and filariasis continue to affect each individual. Newer reports

Zika viruses. The burden of mosquito-borne diseases on the general public

may bring about morbidity and or death. Among the mosquito-borne

diseases, dengue is considered to be the most important disease in the

infection transmitted by mosquito vectors. All the regions of the country

appear to be vulnerable to the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases

Dengue infections are one of the important mosquito-borne diseases, as

186,416 cases and 59 deaths were reported in 2012

The research locale is located at the University of Rizal System Tanay,

borne diseases are a threat to the people in this place.

II. Preliminary Literature Review

Coleus blumei (Mayana)

Houseflies (Musca domestica) is a disease-carrying insect that plays an

control houseflies is by using mayana leaves (Coleus blumei) as a botanical

pesticide. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical

compounds contained in mayana leaf as well as determine the optimal

concentration of mayana leaf extract in causing a knockdown effect in

for 3 days followed by phytochemical screening (chemical reagents and Gas

Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) and anti-houseflies

form of spray using the knockdown method at concentrations of 5%, 10%,

phytochemical screening with chemical reagents showed that the extract

contained alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids; while the

results of GCMS analysis showed 8 bioactive compounds. The results of the

study revealed that at a concentration of 30% and 40%, methanolic extract of

mayana leaves could result in a knockdown effect that was accompanied by

death with a percentage value of 100% in the first 5 minutes of observation.

used as an alternative to botanical pesticides in controlling houseflies (Musca

domestica) (Surahmaida S., et al. 2019).

From time immemorial, plants have been an inexhaustible source of

specify their dose-response relationships. In this way, it has become

possibleto verify the Phyto therapeutic action of ancient drugs. Nowadays

large screening programs are running in many pharmaceutical companies

source of new active substances and a potent technique to produce natural

Benth was reported in 1977. Today we are able to present a procedure of

Coleus blumei Benth (Ulbrich B. et al, 1977).

Mosquito Coil Repellent

Mayana (Coleus blumei) could be used as a mosquito coil. The mosquito

coil appears to be successful, as half of the mosquitos died in less than 30

will not be recognized as either. (Esguerra N. et.al, 2021).

Mosquito coils, vaporizer mats and emanators confer protection

against mosquito bites through the spatial action of emanated vapor or

airborne pyrethroid particles. These products dominate the pest control

market; therefore, it is vital to characterize mosquito responses elicited by the

review was to determine the effects of mosquito coils and emanators on

mosquito responses that reduce human-vector contact and to propose

scientific consensus on terminologies and methodologies used for the

evaluation of product formats that could contain spatial chemical actives,

including indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticide-treated nets