W12 - Prelude To American Regime

LESSON IX
PRELUDE TO
AMERICAN REGIME
DR. ARNOLD O. ADANTE
OUTLINE
I. The First Philippine Republic
1. The Malolos Congress
2. The Drafting of the Historic Malolos Constitution
3. The First Philippine Republic
4. The Malolos Republic at Work
5. Newspapers of the Revolution
6. Diplomatic Activities of the First Philippine Republic

OUTLINE
II. The Filipino-American War
1. Roots of the Conflict

2. The Outbreak of the War
3. The Filipino-American War Escalates
4. The War in Visayas

5. On to Central and Southern Luzon
6. Disunity among Filipinos
7. On to Mindanao and Sulu

OUTLINE
8. The Capture of Aguinaldo
9. Brutalities During the War

10. The Balangiga Massacre
11. The Resistance Continues
12. The End of the Filipino-American War

THE PRELUDE TO
AMERICAN
REGIME
PRELUDE TO AMERICAN REGIME
▸ Being successful in winning their freedom from the Spanish
colonizers, Philippines became more motivated to defend
and protect their freedom at all costs.
▸ Their desire is manifested when they established the Malls
Republic
▸ This chapter centers on the developments of the first
republic right after the overthrow of the Spanish regime.
THE FIRST
PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
THE MALOLOS
CONGRESS
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

▸ June 18, 1898 (by virtue of decree), Aguinaldo called for the
election of delegates to the revolutionary Congress.
▸ Mabini envisioned for the Congress to be a mere advisory body of
the president.
▸ Sept. 16, 1898, Malolos Congress was convened by Aguinaldo at
Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan
▸ One of the most significant events of the Congress was the
ratification of Philippine Independence proclaimed in Cavite El
Viejo in June 12, 1898.
THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

▸ Sept. 16, 1898, the election of the officers:
(1) President - Pedro Paterno (the very man who mediated the betrayal of
the revolution at Biak-na-Bato)
(2) Vice President - Benito Legarda
(3) First Secretary - Gregorio Araneta
(4) Second Secretary - Pablo Ocampo

PEDRO PATERNO
BENITO LEGARDA
GREGORIO
ARANETA
PABLO OCAMPO
THE DRAFTING OF
THE HISTORIC
MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION
THE DRAFTING OF THE HISTORIC MALOLOS

CONSTITION
▸ Mabini metiriously argued that the consitution had to be framed under
peaceful conditions, but was outvoted by the majority under Paterno.
▸ Mabini’s proposed constitutions:
1. Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic (Rejected)
2. The Paterno Plan; based on the Spanish Constitutions (Rejected)
3. Calderon Plan; based on the consititutions of France, Belgium,
Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Brazil (Approved)
APOLINARIO
MABINI
THE DRAFTING OF THE HISTORIC MALOLOS

CONSTITUTION
▸ The union of the Church and State - the most controversial
provision in the draft.
^delegates in the Congress opposed the proposal of making
Catholicism a state religion
‣ Nov. 29, 1898, the Malolos Congress approved the constitution
^however, Aguinaldo refused to sign it due to Mabini’s objections;
when Mabini’s objections were satisfied, the Malolos Constitution
promulgated on Jan. 21, 1899.
THE FIRST
PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC

▸ Jan. 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic, or the Malolos Republic
was inaugurated in Malolos, with Aguinaldo as its first president.
▸ The government of the Republic consists of three branches:
(1) Executive:
> vested in the President elected by the legislative
> Cabinet - assists the President and later came known as the
‘Council of the Government’

(2) Legislative
> exercised by the unicameral ‘Assembly of Representatives’,whose members are
directly elected by the people.
> when the law-making body is not in session, legislative powers of the gov’t were
exercised by a ‘Permanent Commission’, consisting of 7 assemblymen
(3) Judicial
> vested in the Supreme Court of Justice and such other courts as may be created
by law
> Chief Justice is selected by the Assembly of Representatives heads this branch
of gov’t.

▸ The law-making was more powerful than the executive
department, because they are responsible for electing the
President and selecting the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court.
▸ Cabinet secretaries of the President were accountable to
the legislative and not to the Chief Executive of the land.
THE MALOLOS
REPUBLIC AT
WORK
THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC AT WORK

▸ The officials started running its affairs right after its inauguration.
▸ Problems they tried to address:
(1) Education:
> many schools in the country were closed due to the revolution, so
Aguinaldo ordered the opening of the schools.
> P35,000 was set aside by the government to finance the
educational needs
> Primary schools were established

> Secondary education was provided by the government,
through the Burgos Institution in Malolos.
> Higher education was also promoted by the government
with the establishment of the Literary University of the
Philippines in October 1898.
BURGOS INSTITUTION IN
MALOLOS

(2) Taxes:
> the officials retained many taxes that had been imposed by
the colonial government, to support the operations of the
government.
> War Tax was imposed on all Filipinos from the ages 18-60.
> the government solicited donations from rich Filipinos and

Chinese.

(3) Armed Forces:
> armed forces were organized on a regional basis
> each province had its own brigade, regiment, or battalion.

> before the Filipino-American war, the strength of the Philippine Army
was about 50,000 men.
> the army was ill-equipped and ill-trained; there was no military training
and moreover its commanders and field officers lacked adequate knowledge
of military tactics and strategies (these weaknesses had a telling effect for
the Philippine Army in the Filipino-American war).
NEWSPAPERS OF
THE
REVOLUTION
NEWSPAPERS OF THE REVOLUTION

▸ El Heraldo de la Revolucion:
> The Malolos Republic published its own newspaper to sustain the
spirit of Filipino nationalism on Sept. 1898.
> the name was later changed to ‘Heraldo Filipino’, ‘Indie Official’,
and ‘Gaceta Filipina’.
> the newspaper kept people posted on all announcements of the
government, the decrees and proclamations of President Emilio
Aguinaldo, and the activities of the Revolutionary Congress.
NEWSPAPERS OF THE REVOLUTION

▸ Privately owned newspapers were also circulated in the public
▸ Most famous was La Independencia:
> edited by Antonio Luna
> its maiden issue came out on Sept. 3, 1898.
> some of the writers and columnists who promoted the spirit of the Filipino
nationalism in their journalistic contribution: Cecilio Apostol, Jose Palma, Rafael
Palma, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,Epifanio de los Santos, Rosa Sevilla, Florentina
Arellano.
CECILIO APOSTOL
JOSE PALMA
RAFAEL PALMA
FERNANDO
GUERRERO
EPIFANIO DELOS
SANTOS
ROSA SEVILLA
FLORENTINA
ARELLANO
DIPLOMATIC
ACTIVITIES OF THE
FIRST PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC
▸ Philippines did not become a member of the family of nations

despite its proclaimed independence and the establishment of the
Malolos Republic.
^because no country in the world recognized Philippines despite
the diplomatic efforts.
‣ Felipe Agoncillo was tasked in persuading the U.S. government to
recognize the Malolos Republic.
^his efforts proved futile as the U.S. decided to make Philippines

an American territory.
FELIPE AGONCILLO
DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC
▸ With the outbreak of the Philippine-American War, the

Malolos Republic was destined to die its natural death.
THE FILIPINO-
AMERICAN WAR
ROOTS OF THE
CONFLICT
THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT

▸ Filipinos were suspicious of the American’s motives in their
arrival in the Philippines.
▸ Americans prevented them from entering Manila after its fall.
▸ Suspicions were confirmed by the Treaty of Paris in which Spain
ceded the Philippines to U.S.
▸ Felipe Agoncillo (Aguinaldo’s special envoy) was not given the
chance to speak the wishes of the Filipinos by Spain and U.S.
during the Paris Peace talks.
TREATY OF
PARIS

▸ Suspicions turned to hostility, as the Filipinos were outraged
when they learned that Spain, which no longer controlled the
Philippines, ceded the country to U.S.
▸ Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
> On Dec. 21, 1898, President William Mckinley announced his
decision to keep the Philippines as an American colonial
possession.
> this was announced to the Philippines on Jan. 4, 1899.
WILLIAM
MCKINLEY

> this proclamation made it clear that the U.S. intends to impose its
sovereignty over Philippines.
> General Elwell Otis was named the commander of the American ground
forces in Philippines, which was to extend by force American Sovereignty over
the country.
‣ Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation (Jan. 5, 1899); he warned that his
government was prepared to fight any American attempt to forcibly take
over the country.
^despite its proclamation sounded like a declaration of war, Aguinaldo had
no wish to get into one because the war would only cause suffering to the
Filipinos.

^he was still hopeful for peaceful negotiations; he wrote to
Gen. Otis for one, but was ignored.
‣ The U.S. wanted to use the Philippines to develop business in
Asia, to provide naval and military bases and to open it to
Protestant missionaries.
ELWELL OTIS
OUTBREAK OF
THE WAR
OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

▸ On Feb. 4, 1899, an American sentry, Private William W. Grayson, with
another soldier, encountered three armed Filipinos on a bridge in San
Juan del Monte near Manila.
> the Filipino troops fired back at the American lines and before the
night was over, the fight had broken out between Filipino and American
forces.
‣ When war finally came, Aguinaldo still tried to stop it by sending an
emissary to Gen. Otis to appeal for an end to the fighting.
Ôtis responds, “Fighting, having begun, most go on to the grim end.”
WILLIAM
GRAYSON
OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

▸ The Americans, however, received a different version of how the
war started - newspapers made it look like that Filipinos had
started it.
^this was the time when the Treaty of Paris was pending
ratification in the U.S. senate. Because of the strong public opinion
against the U.S. annexation of the Philippines, ratification of the
treaty was uncertain.
‣ The distorted news reached the U.S., that the Filipinos were the
ones who started being hostile, it changed the several minds of the
U.S. senators who voted for ratification.
THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

▸ On Feb. 6, 1899, the U.S. senate ratified the Treat of Paris.
THE FILIPINO-
AMERICAN WAR
ESCALATES
THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR ESCALATES

▸ After the refusal of Gen. Otis to end hostilities following the
San Juan bridge incidence, Gen. Arthur MacArthur ordered the
advancement of the American troops towards Filipino
positions in Manila.
▸ Regiments from Kansas and California captured Santa Ana
and Makati; troops from Nebraska and Utah occupied the San
Juan bridge.
▸ Volunteers from Idaho and Washington massacred hundred of
Filipinos who were trying to cross the Pasig River.
ARTHUR
MACARTHUR

▸ The coastlines were pounded continuously by Admiral Dewey’s naval
guns capturing Manila.
▸ The Americans pushed towards the suburbs of Manila. Major Jose
Torres Bugallon, one of the bravest Filipino officers was killed in the
Battle of the La Loma, near the Chinese cemetery.
▸ After capturing La Loma, Gen. MacArthur pushed toward Caloocan.
^General Antonio Luna and his troops were detailed in this area to
repulse in the Americans in the Battle of the Caloocan.
JOSE TORRES BUGALLON
ANTONIO LUNA
BATTLE OF THE LA
LOMA
BATTLE OF THE
CALOOCAN

▸ Caloocan fell, due to the American’s superiority in arms -
but Gen. Luna didn’t give up.
▸ Feb. 22. 1899, Gen. Luna marched towards Manila to try to
capture it; he even ordered the burning of houses in the
suburbs to create confusion to the American troops.
▸ He fought afterwards the enemy of Azcarraga; Gen. Luna and
his troops suffered heavy losses so he then retreated to Polo,
Bulacan.

▸ American cruelty was clearly demonstrated in their siege of
Malabon as every men, women, and children in the are were
killed by the Americans.
▸ Reinforcements from the U.S. arrived in late February and
early March 1899; assured of the military strength, Americans
advanced towards Polo, Bulacan, capturing towns along the
Manila-Dagupan Railway.
THE WAR IN
VISAYAS
THE WAR IN VISAYAS

▸ Gen. Otis directed General Miller to invade and capture
Iloilo Province.
▸ The Filipinos, headed by General Martin Delgado, did not
surrender as demanded by Miller; instead, he decided to
fight the Americans.
▸ The Filipino soldiers burned Iloilo City to prevent the
Americans from making it as the enemy’s base of operations.
GENERAL MILLER
MARTIN DELGADO
THE WAR IN VISAYAS

▸ Feb. 14, 1899, the town of Santa Barbara was captured by the
Americans
▸ Next, they captured Oton, Manduriao, and Jaro, Iloilo.
▸ Feb. 22, 1899, Cebu was surrendered to the Americans.
▸ After the surrender of Cebu, the American flag was hoisted
in Negros on Feb. 23. Prominent Negrenses voluntarily
offered their services for the maintenance of peace in the
island.
THE WAR IN VISAYAS

▸ Negrenses were permitted to draft their constitution which
was submitted to President Mckinley on July 20. The
constitution came to be called the Constitution of Negros,
which was not even approved by the U.S. President.
Nonetheless, it served as basis for the administration of the
island’s civil affairs.
ON TO CENTRAL
AND SOUTHERN
LUZON
ON TO CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LUZON

▸ March 30, the Americans were already near Malolos,
Bulacan, where the Philippine government was
headquartered.
▸ General Aguinaldo evacuated Malolos and moved the
headquarters to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
▸ Gen. Otis ordered Gen. MacArthur not to pursue Aguinaldo,
but to temporarily stay in Malolos.

▸ Meanwhile, Americans immediately captured Bacoor, Zapote,
and Dasmarinas, all in Cavite; Paranaque and Las Pinas, in
Morong, and Paete, Santa Cruz, and other towns in Laguna.
▸ April 23, General Gregorio del Pilar, known as “boy general”,
defeated the American cavalry under Major Bell in a stiff
bacttle in Quinqua (Plaridel), Bulacan.
> the enemy suffered heavy losses, including Colonel
Stotsenberg who was killed in action.
GREGORIO DEL
PILAR

▸ On the other hand, General Licerio Geronimo overpowered the Americans
under General Lawton in San Mateo, Morong, in which battle Lawton was
killed.
▸ Gen. MacArthur moved towards Calumpit, Bulacan, where Gen. Luna was
waiting for him.
> When the Americans were about to attack, Gen. Luna, together with his foot
soldiers, cavalry, and artillery, left Kalumpit to punish General Tomas
Mascardo (who was in a province in Pampanga) for his insubordination.
> It was too late when Gen. Luna and his soldiers came back at nightfall; the
Americans had already broken through the Filipino defensive lines and lost the
fight.
LUCERIO
GERONIMO
TOMAS MASCARDO

▸ The Filipino army gradually broke up with one defeat after another
on the battlefields.
▸ By the closing months of 1899, the army of the Philippine Republic
was no longer a regular fighting force, and on Nov. 12, 1899, the
army was dissolved by Aguinaldo.
ît was formed into guerrilla units that would carry on the war.
‣ One by one, towns and provinces throughout the archipelago fell to
the U.S. forces.

▸ Many of the civilian and military officials surrendered or
were captured, by the Americans.
^many of them, including Mabini (captured in Dec. 1899),

were deported to Guam in Jan. 1901.
DISUNITY
AMONG THE
FILIPINOS
DISUNITY AMONG THE FILIPINOS

▸ Lack of Unity among the political and military leaders - very
crucial factor that led to numerous Filipino reverses during
the Filipino-American hostilities.
âmong Aguinaldo’s top officials, there was a serious rivalry
between Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno and Felipe
Buencamino. This power struggle led to the resignation of Mabini
(May 7, 1899)
^the rivalry weakened their unity at the time that they were
fighting a life and death struggle against the Americans.

▸ General Antonia Luna
> Gen. Luna was the best military tactician of the Republic
> Some military officers refused to acknowledge his authority.
> When Gen. Luna ordered Gen. Mascardo to send him troops
from Pampanga at the time he was preparing for defense of
Calumpit, Mascardo refused to comply. Gen. Luna became angry
and left his post in the front lines that allowed the Americans to
gain victory.

> Gen. Luna was not diplomatic in the manner he dealt with
problems related to the war of independence against the
Americans.
> He slapped and disarmed soldiers who he considered as

cowards and undisciplined. He even arrested members of the
Paterno group, when he learned that they were about to
negotiate with the Americans. As a result, many became hostile
to him and plotted his downfall.

> Gen. Luna was invited by Aguinaldo to Cabanatuan. He
arrived at the place on June 5, 1899. To his dismay, Aguinaldo
had already left for Tarlac. The elite guard of Aguinaldo, the
Kawit Company, which stayed behind, assassinated Gen. Luna
and his aide-de-camp. This was a big blow to the war against the
Americans as the country was deprived of a great military
tactician at the great hour of need. And as a result, even the
army was demoralized by his sudden death.
ON TO
MINDANAO AND
SULU
ON TO MINDANAO AND SULU

▸ American military forces continued its offensive strategy in
Mindanao.
▸ May 19, 1899, two battalions of American soldiers landed in
Jolo and other parts of Mindanao for the purpose of bringing
Muslim Filipinos into the fold of American rule.
▸ Instead of using warfare with the Muslims, the Americans
resorted to the use of diplomacy in the process.

▸ The American authorities designated General John C. Bates
to win the Muslims to the American side and negotiate a
treaty with Sultan Jamalul Kiram II to ensure peaceful
coexistence between the Muslims and the Americans.
▸ After the negotiations by both parties, the treaty was
approved, which came to be known as the Bates Treaty.
JOHN C. BATES
SULTAN JAMALUL KIRAM II
ON TO MINDANAO TO SULU
▸ Bates Treaty and its significant provision of the agreement:
(1) The Sovereignty of U.S. over the whole archipelago and Jolo and
its dependencies is declared and acknowledged.
(2) The rights and dignities of His Highness, the Sultan and his datus
shall be fully respected.
(3) The Muslim shall be allowed to practice their religion, without

interference from the American government.

(4) No one shall be persecuted on account of his beliefs.
(5) The domestic products of the archipelago of Jolo, when

carried on by the Sultan and his people within any part of the
Philippine Islands and when conducted under the American
flag, shall be free, unlimited and free of duty.

▸ In addition to the foregoing provisions, the American
government agreed to pay the Sultan and his datus monthly
salaries in Mexican dollars.
▸ As a result of the forging of the agreements, the Muslim
resistance was neutralized, thereby allowing the Americans
to concentrate their efforts on pacifying Christian Filipinos
in the archipelago.
THE CAPTURE OF
AGUINALDO
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO

▸ The capture of Aguinaldo became the number one priority of the
Americans during the war of the Philippine Independence.
▸ Aguinaldo was able to escape captivity for quite sometime, due to
the loyalty of many townspeople in the different provinces, who
warned his party whenever the American troops were closing in.
▸ He was also able to buy some more time because of the heroic
sacrifice of Gen. del Pilar, in the famous Battle of Tirad Pass (Dec.
2, 1900) in Mountain Province.

▸ Battle of Tirad Pass
> Dec. 2, 1900, Mountain Province
> Narrow, 2,800 meter high pass, Gen. del Pilar, with a handpicked
force of only 60 men, held off for more than five hours a battalion of
Texans of the U.S. 33rd Volunteers led by Major Peyton C. March
(they had been pursuing Aguinaldo and his party)
> out of the sixty, fifty two were killed and wounded; one of the last
to be killed was Gen. del Pilar.
BATTLE OF TIRAD
PASS

▸ Aguinaldo was finally captured on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabella
Province, by means of a trick planned by Brigadier General Frederick
Funston.
â party of pro-American Macabebe scouts marched into Palanan
pretending to be reinforcements that Aguinaldo was waiting for. With the
Macabebes were two former Filipino army officers. Tal Placido and Lazaro
Segovia (who had surrendered to the Americans), and five Americans,
including Gen. Funston, who pretended to be captives. Caught by surprise,
Aguinaldo’s guards were easily overpowered by the Macabebes after a
rief exchange of shots.
FREDERICK
FUNSTON
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT -TAL
PLACIDO, LAZARO SEGOVIA

▸ Aguinaldo was seized by Tal Placido and placed under arrest
by Gen. Funston.
▸ He was brought to Manila and kept a prisoner at
Malacanang.
^there, he was treated more as a guest rather than a
prisoner by Gen. MacArthur.
‣ April 1, 1901, convinced by the futility of continuing the war,
Aguinaldo swore allegiance to the U.S.

▸ April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation calling on
the Filipino people to lay down their arms and accept the
American rule. His capture signaled the death of the First
Philippine Republic, but the war continued.
BRUTALITIES
DURING THE WAR
BRUTALITIES DURING THE WAR

▸ During the war, torture was resorted by the American troops to
obtain information and confessions.
▸ The water cure was given to those merely suspected of being
rebels.
▸ Some were hanged by thumbs, others were dragged by galloping
horses, or fires lit beneath others while they were hanging.
▸ Another form of torture was tying to a tree and then shooting the
suspect through the legs.

▸ If a confession was not obtained, he was again shot, the dat
after.
▸ Villages were burned, town folks massacred and their
possessions looted.
▸ In Samar and Batangas, Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith and
General Franklin Bell, respectively, ordered the mass
murders in answer to the mass resistance.
JACOB H. SMITH
FRANKLIN BELL

▸ The Filipino guerrillas on the other hand, chopped off the
noses and ears of captured Americans in violation of
Aguinaldo’s orders.
▸ There were some reports that some Americans were buried
alive by angry Filipino guerrillas.
▸ Brutalities were perpetrated by both Filipino and American
contingents.
THE BALANGIGA
MASSACRE
THE BALANGIGA MASSACRE

▸ Took place in 1901, a few weeks after a company of American
soldiers arrived in Balangiga, Samar, upon the request of the
town mayor to protect the inhabitants from the Muslim and
rebel raids.
▸ Brief summary of what happened:
> On the night of Sept 27, the sentries on the guard posts
about the plaza were surprised by the unusual amount of
women hurrying to church.

> The women were heavily clothed, which was unusual, and
many of them carried small coffins.
> Sergeant Scharer (sergeant of the guard), suspicious of the
women, stopped one of them and pried open her coffin with his
bayonet and inside, he found a body of a dead child. The woman
criedEl“ calenturon! El colera! ”
> the sergeant was shocked at the sight of the child, nailed
the coffin back and let the woman pass.

> the sergeant concluded that the cholera and fever were in
epidemic stage and it was killing children in great numbers, but
found it strange that no news of such epidemic had reached the
garrison.
> but if the sergeant focused less on the dead body of a child
and searched the coffin further, he would have found the keen
blades and cane-cutting knives. All the coffins were loaded
with them.

> the night passed and morning came, at about 6:20 in the
morning, a sergeant was in the door of his squad hut, and at
that time, the unarmed Americans were going to breakfast.
Some of them, of course, had finished their breakfast.

▸ The sergeant saw Pedro Sanchez, chief of police of the town,
line up prisoners for work. Then Sanchez sent all the workers
to work in the plaza and in the streets.
▸ He was seen talking with a corporal who knew pidgin Spanish
and Visayan, after speaking with the corporal, Sanchez
walked behind Private Adolph Gamlin, the sentry on the area.
▸ All of a sudden, Sanchez grabbed Gamilin’s riffle and
smashed the rifle’s butt on the American soldier’s head.
ADOLPH GAMLIN
THE CHURCH
BELLS
CURRENT
BALANGIGA

▸ The Filipino fired a shot and shouted a signal, then
pandemonium broke loose.
▸ The church bell ran crazily and conch shell whistles blew
shrilly from the edge of the jungle. The doors of the church
burst open and out streamed the mob of bolo men who had
been waiting inside.
▸ The native laborers working about the plaza suddenly turned
on the soldiers and began chopping at them with bolos, picks,
and shovels.

▸ As the church bells were being rung, Sanchez fired upon the
Americans at the breakfast table; he then led the Filipinos in
attacking the American soldiers.
▸ The members of the C Company were almost all massacred during
the first few minutes of attack.
▸ The main action took place around the plaza and tribunal building.
There, Filipino bolomen attacked the soldiers.
▸ They boloed to death the Americans who tried to escape, and other
soldiers were hacked from nose to throat.

▸ Due to the public demand in the U.S. for retaliation,
President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the pacification of
Samar.
▸ Within six months, General ‘Jake' Smith transformed
Balangiga into a ‘howling wilderness’.
▸ Gen. Jake ordered his men to kill anybody capable of carrying
arms, including ten years old boys. Smith particularly
ordered Major Littleton Waller to punish the people of
Samar for the deaths of the American troops.
THEODORE
ROOSEVELT
LITTLETON WALLER

▸ Gen. Jake’s exact orders were, “I want no prisoners. I wish you
to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn, the better you
will please me.”
THE RESISTANCE
CONTINUES
THE RESISTANCE CONTINUES

▸ After taking over the leadership of Aguinaldo, General
Miguel Malvar of Batangas, continued the fight.
▸ Gen. Malvar the commanding general of all forces south of
the Pasig River.
▸ The Americans committed barbaric acts because of the
population’s support to the guerrillas.
MIGUEL MALVAR

▸ All men, women, and children of the towns of Batangas and
Laguna, were herded into small areas within the poblacion on
Dec. 25, 1901, of their respective towns and were kept
prisoners for a month.
▸ The American troops burned their houses, carts, poultry,
animals, etc.
▸ These acts paralleled the early version o the concentration
camps used by American soldiers in the Vietnam War.

▸ The same tactics were perpetrated by the American army
against non-combatants from March to October 1903 in the
province of Albay and in 1905 in the provinces of Cavite and
Batangas.
▸ Many Filipino soldiers and military officers surrendered to the
Americans, but there were some who refused to give up the fight.
▸ Feb. 27, 1902, General Vicente Lukban, who resorted to
ambushign American troops in Samar, was captured in Samar.

▸ Gen. Malvar surrendered to Gen. Bell in Lipa, Batangas, on
April 16, 1902.
▸ Luciano San Miguel, who revived the Katipunan in 1886 in
Zambales, sustained the guerrilla war against the Americans
in 1902. He died in a battle with Philippine Constabulary and
Philippine scouts in the District of Pugad-Baboy in Morong.
LUCIANO SAN
MIGUEL

▸ Faustino Guillermo, took over the leadership of the new
Katipunan movement when San Miguel was killed.
▸ Others who took part in the guerrilla warfare were Macario
Sakay, who had been with Bonifacio and Jacinto during the
initial struggles of the Katipunan, and Julian Montalan and
Cornelio Felizardo.
FAUSTINO
GUILLERMO
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT -
JULIAN MONTALAN,
MACARIO SAKAY

▸ The Philippine Constabulary, Philippine scouts, and elements of the
U.S. army combined their forces to go after the guerrillas.
▸ In the provinces of Albay, General Simeon Ola launched guerrilla
raids on U.S. occupied towns until his surrender on Sept. 25, 1903. He
was the last Filipino General to surrender to the Americans.
▸ Sakay, leader of a band of patriotic Filipinos and whom the
Americans branded as a bandit, continued to fight. He even
established the Tagalog ‘Republic’. He surrendered on July 14, 1906.
Sakay and his men were tried and convicted as bandits. Sakay was
hanged on Sept. 13, 1907.
SIMEON OLA
THE END OF THE
FILIPINO-
AMERICAN WAR
THE END OF THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

▸ July 4, 1902, President Roosevelt declared that the Philippine-
American War, which Americans called the Philippine
Insurrection, was over.
^he made the declaration after the Philippine Commission
reported to Roosevelt that the recent ‘insurrection’ in the
Philippines was over and a general and complete state of peace
existed. With the end of the war, the U.S. started concentrating its
attention and efforts towards establishing the machinery for
governing the country as an American colony.

▸ It took the U.S. more than three years to defeat the army of
the first Philippine Republic.
▸ However, the outcome of the war was undoubtedly in the
favor of the Americans due to their tremendous military
advantages enjoyed by the U.S.
▸ U.S. was superior in terms of number of enlisted men and
officers it employed in the struggle, together with the
superior weapons it used against Aguinaldo and his men.

▸ Filipinos, on the other hand, were at disadvantage; their
cannons were captured from the Spaniards, many Filipino
soldiers did not even have guns, but used spears, lances and
bolos in battle.
▸ Filipino soldiers also lacked military training; they did
manage to win some small battle encounters, but these only
delayed the ultimate victory for the Americans.

▸ Nonetheless, the U.S. paid a very high price in winning the war as
more than four thousand American soldiers’ lives were sacrificed.
▸ One of them was Major General Henry C. Lawton, who was killed in
the Battle of San Mateo on Dec. 23, 1899. He was the highest-
ranking U.S. military officer to be killed in action in the Philippine-
American War.
▸ U.S. government likewise spent about six hundred million to quell
the Filipino resistance to the imposition of American sovereignty in
the archipelago.
HENRY LAWTON
THE END

W12 - Prelude To American Regime

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LESSON IX

1. The Malolos Congress

2. The Drafting of the Historic Malolos Constitution

3. The First Philippine Republic

4. The Malolos Republic at Work

5. Newspapers of the Revolution

6. Diplomatic Activities of the First Philippine Republic

1. Roots of the Conflict

4. The War in Visayas

7. On to Mindanao and Sulu

9. Brutalities During the War

12. The End of the Filipino-American War

THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

(2) Vice President - Benito Legarda

(3) First Secretary - Gregorio Araneta

(4) Second Secretary - Pablo Ocampo

THE DRAFTING OF THE HISTORIC MALOLOS

THE DRAFTING OF THE HISTORIC MALOLOS

THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC AT WORK

THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC AT WORK

> Primary schools were established

THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC AT WORK

> the government solicited donations from rich Filipinos and

THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC AT WORK

> armed forces were organized on a regional basis

> each province had its own brigade, regiment, or battalion.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE REVOLUTION

NEWSPAPERS OF THE REVOLUTION

▸ Most famous was La Independencia:

> edited by Antonio Luna

> its maiden issue came out on Sept. 3, 1898.

DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC

▸ Philippines did not become a member of the family of nations

^his efforts proved futile as the U.S. decided to make Philippines

DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC

▸ With the outbreak of the Philippine-American War, the

ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT

ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT

ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT

ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT

OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR ESCALATES

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR ESCALATES

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR ESCALATES

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR ESCALATES

THE WAR IN VISAYAS

THE WAR IN VISAYAS

THE WAR IN VISAYAS

ON TO CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LUZON

ON TO CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LUZON

ON TO CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LUZON

ON TO CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LUZON

ON TO CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LUZON

^many of them, including Mabini (captured in Dec. 1899),

DISUNITY AMONG THE FILIPINOS

DISUNITY AMONG THE FILIPINOS