UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:……………………………………… Date: ……….…………

Grade: 2do bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences

PART IV: Native resistance and consequences.

Commonly it is thought that the indigenous resistance was limited to Spanish

conquest process that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century.
Unforgettable are the descriptions of chroniclers and historians who narrate such
memorable episodes as the fall-capital city of the Aztec empire Tenochtitlan or
the disbanding of Cajamarca, where Francisco Pizarro managed to arrest the Sapa
Inca Atahualpa.
However, the resistance for the European people was an everyday thing
throughout the colonial period. As the Hispanic armies advanced and tried to
dominate the vast American territories, they faced many peoples who opposed
them a tough fight.
The rejection was manifested in various ways, ranging from simple passive
resistance incorporated into the daily work, to armed rebellion and widespread.
In many areas conquered by the Spanish, the natives continued their old rites and
beliefs, challenging the authority tried to impose their religion. Local outbreaks
and riots of varying intensity moved her from time to time to all provinces of
colonial America. Finally, in important regions far from major urban centers,
permanent war characterized the Spanish-Indian relations.
Uprisings sixteenth century must be understood in the context of the process of
conquest. In most of them he prevailed violence with all its excesses practiced by
both sides. To cite an example, in the war of Arauco in the kingdom of Chile, the
cruelties were a daily bread. Were numerous impalements affecting the
Mapuches, perhaps the best known being done to toqui the Caupolicán. On the
other hand, the Spanish soldiers
shook with the sound of flutes,
made by the Mapuches with the
bones from the quills of Hispanic
captured in combat.
Already from the second half of the sixteenth century, excessive intransigence of
Catholic missionaries about native customs and beliefs, triggered various local
movements that combined violence with millenarian features. Generally these
rebellions were encouraged by sorcerers who announced the arrival of new
times. The abandonment of Christianity and return to the pre-Columbian
traditions through the restoration of order interrupted by the conquest preached.
An example of this is the so-called war Mixton in northern Mexico (New Galicia),
between 1541 and 1542. There the cascanes tribes rose in the region Tlatenango
and Suchipila, burning churches and crosses, killing missionaries and punished
severely the Indians who persisted in the Catholic faith.
But evangelism was not always resisted violently. In many places millenarianism
acted quietly behind the Spanish, causing movements challenging the Spanish
domination in an ideological and cultural level. Perhaps the best known case was
that of TachyOngo in Peru in the last decades of the sixteenth century. This
movement advocated confronting indigenous gods with the Christian God, where
the triumph belonged to the former. That way, Europeans would be expelled
from the Andean world, starting a new cosmic cycle.
A violent rebellion and millenarianism must be added the partial incorporation of
some elements of Catholic doctrine, in order to hide the effect of the cult of the
ancient gods. Religious syncretism of today derives precisely from this reaction,
which allowed the indigenous keep some of their beliefs in the forms of Christian
worship.
While throughout the seventeenth century the Catholic religion was gradually
assimilated in urban areas dominated by the Spaniards, on the borders of
indigenous resistance colonial empire was a permanent phenomenon.
When we use the term "border", we mean what Céspedes del Castillo defined as
"a geographic area in which a people moving contact with one or more very
different from that culture. Frontera is both time, the process of interaction
between these peoples and their cultures, which are more or less influenced by
each other. ... the border ends or closes in a place open in another if the people
who started with movement continues to move until the moment when that
dynamism cease. "
Throughout the colonial period existed borders from the desert of northern
Mexico or the Amazon jungle, to the southern tip of the government of Chile. In
these vast regions inhabited by nomadic peoples or semi-nomadic delayed or
precluded the Spanish conquest of these territories.
How these cultures could deal with the European for so many years?
Undoubtedly, many factors can be listed to understand this situation. Leaving
aside purely local nature peculiarities, more or less similar features that are
typical of the border are seen resistance.
First it should be noted the difficult
geography of these disputed areas, whose
perfect knowledge by indigenous caused
more than a headache to the Spanish. For
example, the Chichimecas of northern New
Spain subsisted in very arid areas through
optimum use of the flora and fauna of the
desert, while Hispanics were moving with
huge bundles that remained to them
mobility.
The socio-cultural structure of these people, based on multiple local
headquarters, impossible to conclude agreements invader durable peace, as any
chief could transgress. Not only the Spaniards experienced this problem, but also
what the Aztecs and Incas lived in their expansive wars.
Moreover, the appropriation and assimilation of material elements unknown to
the Indians allowed them to more effectively confront the invader. One of the
best examples was the use that the natives gave the horse, which gave them
greater mobility, speed and surprise in the war and was incorporated into the
ritual world and your diet.
Military tactics employed by the natives were changing, adapting to a war of
ambushes or "guerrillas" who avoided open battle against Hispanic hosts.
These features will definitely help us better understand the long duration of the
resistance opposed Mapuches, chichimecas, chiriguanos, Guarani, Maya, Apaches
and Navajos, among many others.
In addition to the border wars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries many
indigenous rebellions within the colonial administrative units were recorded.
These conflicts were far more important than traditional historiography has
wanted to admit. Therefore, the case studies on this subject are very scarce. If we
omit the case of the famous uprising of Tupac Amaru in 1780 conflict which has a
vast bibliography, most other movements has remained almost in darkness.
Very little has been widespread uprisings Enriquillo in the Spanish, the Mayans of
Yucatan, the Acaxees in the state of Durango, the people of northern Mexico, the
natives of the Amazon rain forest led Indians by Juan Santos AtauHuallpa, of
northwestern Argentina calchaquíes or TúpacKatari in the Pool Hearing.
Indigenous rebellions of the colonial period are
produced by various motivations that can be included
in the imposition of an economic and social system
that had broken the old native structures. Resistance
germinates when the Aboriginal decides to reject
those impositions by force of arms.
The heavy personal service, mita, the encomienda,
where the indigenous labor institutions received
meager profits after big efforts, provoked
dissatisfaction. If we add to them the trauma of the
conquest and the emergence of leaders who extolled
millenarianism, we can understand the outbreak of riots numerous local and large
rebellions broader.Especially in the eighteenth century, the cry of the indigenous
was directed against tche figure of Corregidor. These officials, underpaid by the
crown, used to perform the "deliveries of goods". This system is forced the Indian
to purchase items that were not necessities (silk stockings, theology books, china,
etc.) and even forced him to borrow. In addition, many magistrates acted
despotically in their jurisdiction, tolerating abuses and disposing of indigenous
labor.
The rebellion led by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru) symbolizes the
most radical indigenous response to the situation described. It was no accident
early execution of the corregidor of Tinta, a fact that constituted the signal for the
uprising of thousands of Indians in the Viceroyalty of Peru in November 1780.
There was also convulsions product of native location in the social pyramid. The
colonial class society relegated Aboriginal one of the lowest strata, having little
chance of integration into society led by hispanocriollo stratum. Urban riots,
involving mestizos and castes, exploded precisely these inequalities.

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….…………………………….
Grade: 2do bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences
PART IV:Native resistance and consequences. WORKSHEET #5
1. Do you think it was fair for the Native people to give away most of what they
had and reestablish to this new kind of life?
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2. How was the resistance and rejection demonstrated?

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3. How could some of the native culture dealt with the Newcomers?
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4. What were the motives for the Indigenous rebellions?
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5. What do you think is a mayor consequence of the European Invasion?

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6. Does this Invasion have a bright side for the Native people?
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