I.

TOPIC: BIOENERGETICS: UTILIZATION OF ENERGY

II. LEARNING GOAL: The students should be able to:

a. enumerate the stages of cellular respiration;
b. identify the requirements and products of each stage in the process of
breakdown of molecules from glucose to carbon dioxide and water;
c. explain the major stages of cellular respiration;
d. discuss how ATP is used by cells;
e. describe the relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

III. CONCEPTS

A. Definition of terms
 Living cells require energy from outside sources.
 Some animals, such as the chimpanzee, obtain energy by eating plants, and
some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants.
 Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat.
 Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in
cellular respiration.
 Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP,
which powers work.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION is a process of releasing energy stored in sugar in the presence

of oxygen.

 Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic but is often used to
refer to aerobic respiration.
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION consumed organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP.
 Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds
other than O2.

EQUATION OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION:

Reactants: C6H12O6 + 6O2

Product: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

 Principle of Redox
Process

 During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as glucose (C 6H12O6) is oxidized, and
O2 is reduced.

Oxidation - loses electron

Reduction - gains electron

THE STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Harvesting of energy from glucose has three stages:

1. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate where small amounts of ATP are
produced. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
2. The Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide, water, ATP
and reducing power in the form of NADH, H+. This stage happens in the matrix of
the mitochondria.

3. Oxidative Phosphorylation which includes electron transport chain and

chemiosmosis generates high amount of ATP, because it is powered by redox
reaction. This stage occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
 SUMMARY (DIAGRAM) OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

TYPES OF FERMENTATION

 Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which

can be reused by glycolysis.

Two Common Types are:

1. ALCOHOL FERMENTATION – pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with

the first releasing CO2.
 alcohol fermentation by yeast us used in brewing, winemaking, and baking.
2. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION – pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as
an end product, with no releasing of CO2.
 lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese
and yogurt.
  Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O 2 is
scarce.

IV. ACTIVITY/EXERCISES

Direction: Fill up the portion of the summary of cellular respiration according to its
process.
V. ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read and analyze the questions below. Identify the correct answer and
write it before the number.
1) Is a process of releasing energy stored in sugar in the presence of oxygen?
2) The Principle of Redox Process where the electron loses.
3) A type of fermentation that is used to make cheese and yogurt.
4) The Citric Acid Cycle happens on ___________.
5) The Principle of Redox Process where the electron gains.
6) The maximum ATP form after the process of Cellular Respiration is _____.
7) Second Stage of Cellular Respiration that degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide,
water, ATP and reducing power in the form of NADH, H+.
8) A type of Cellular respiration that consumes organic molecules and O 2 and yields
ATP.
9) The products from the Equation of cellular respiration.
10) The reactants from the Equation of cellular respiration.