“Water Quality Analysis of Ramgarh Tal, Gorakhpur for various purposes”

A report submitted
In Partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the degree of
Batchelor of Technology

Submitted by:
Aman Saini (2018011012) (Group Leader)
Mayank Singh Gailakoti (2018011064)
Parth Chaturvedi (2018011073)
Anish Mall (2018011019)
Priyesh Sharma (2018011084)
Dheeraj Kumar (2018011041)

Under the supervision of

Er. S.N. Chaudhary
Professor, CED
MMMUT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur (U.P.)
India
June 2022
© M. M. M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur, (U.P.) – 273010, INDIA ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED
 i

Candidate’s Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our work and ideas in
our own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, we have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have
adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our
submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the University and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission
has not been taken when needed.

Aman Saini (2018011012)

Mayank Singh Gailakoti (2018011064)
Parth Chaturvedi (2018011073)
Anish Mall (2018011019)
Priyesh Sharma (2018011084)
Dheeraj Kumar (2018011041)

Civil Engineering
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology Gorakhpur

Date: 21 / June / 2022

 ii

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Aman Saini, Mayank Singh Gailakoti, Parth Chaturvedi, Anish Mall,
Priyesh Sharma and Dheeraj Kumar has carried out the research work presented in this thesis
entitled “Water quality analysis of Ramgarh Tal, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh for Various
Purposes” for the award of Batchelor of Technology from Madan Mohan Malaviya University
of Technology, Gorakhpur under my supervision. The Reports embodies result of original work
and studies carried out by Students himself and the contents of the report do not form the basis
for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Er. S.N. Chaudhary

Professor, CED,
MMMUT,
GORAKHPUR

21 / June / 2022
 iii

Approval Sheet

This report entitled “Water Quality Analysis of Ramgarh Tal for Various
Purposes” by Aman Saini, Mayank Singh Gailakoti, Parth Chaturvedi,
Anish Mall, Priyesh Sharma and Dheeraj Kumar is approved for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology.

Examiner
________________________
________________________
________________________

Supervisor
Er. S.N. Chaudhary
CED, MMMUT

Head of Department
Prof. Shri Ram Chaurasia
HOD, CED, MMMUT

Dean, Research & Development

or Other Dean/Professor to be nominated
by the Vice Chancellor in his absence
________________________

Date: ____________
Place: ____________
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the very outset of this report, we would like to extend our profound gratitude and
indebtedness to Er. S N Chaudhary, Department of Civil Engineering, MMMUT,
Gorakhpur, under whose constant support and guidance, we are working on this project.
His inspiring intellectual guidance, constructive criticism and valuable suggestion help us
a lot.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Shri Ram
Chaurasia (Head of Department, Civil Engineering, MMMUT) for his cordial support,
valuable information and guidance which helped me in completing this task through
various stages.

Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents and my classmates for their constant encouragement
withoutwhich this assignment would not have been possible

Aman Saini(2018011012)
Mayank Singh Gailakoti(2018011064)
Parth Chaturvedi(2018011073)
Anish Mall(2018011019)
Priyesh Sharma(2018011084)
Dheeraj Kumar(2018011041)
 v

List of Figures

Fig.1 Water Sample from Ramgarh Tal, Dated:26/04/2022

Fig.2 Crucibles containing sample for TDS test
Fig.3 pH Chart
Fig.4 Pink color of alkalinity titration end point
Fig.5 Alkalinity chart
Fig.6 Acidity chart
Fig.7 TDS chart
Fig.8 Turbidity Chart
Fig.9 Chloride Chart
Fig.10 Hardness Chart
Fig.11 Machine Mixing the Blank Sample for BOD
Fig.12 Distilled water Blank aerated samples
Fig.13 DO Chart
Fig.14 BOD bottles
Fig.15 Samples before keeping in incubation Chamber
Fig.16 Samples after Incubation and addition of chemicals
Fig.17 Observation Table of SAMPLE A
Fig.18 Observation Table of SAMPLE B
Fig.19 Observation Table of SAMPLE C
Fig.20 Floating Treatment wetland method
Fig.21 Working of Floating Wetland
 vi

Table of Content

Contents
Candidate’s Declaration ......................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATE .....................................................................................................ii
Approval Sheet .................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................iv
List of Figures ....................................................................................................... v
Table of Content...................................................................................................vi
1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 1
2. Objective of Project ........................................................................................ 1
3. Project Location: Ramgarh Tal, Gorakhpur ................................................... 2
4. Sampling ......................................................................................................... 2
Types of samples: ................................................................................................................... 2
Sampling Methods: ................................................................................................................ 2
Sampling method adopted in this project ............................................................................... 3
5. Literature: Parameters to be tested ................................................................. 4
5.1 pH ................................................................................................................................ 4
5.2 Alkalinity..................................................................................................................... 5
5.3 Acidity ......................................................................................................................... 5
5.4 Total Dissolved Solids ................................................................................................ 6
5.5 Turbidity ...................................................................................................................... 7
5.6 Chloride Content ......................................................................................................... 8
5.7 Hardness ...................................................................................................................... 9
5.8 Dissolved Oxygen ....................................................................................................... 9
5.9 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand ................................................................................... 9
6. Experimental Procedures .............................................................................. 10
6.1 pH .............................................................................................................................. 10
6.2 Alkalinity................................................................................................................... 11
6.3 Acidity ....................................................................................................................... 12
6.4 Total Dissolved Solids .............................................................................................. 13
 vii

6.5 Turbidity .................................................................................................................... 14

6.6 Chloride content ........................................................................................................ 15
6.7 Hardness .................................................................................................................... 16
6.8 Dissolved Oxygen ..................................................................................................... 17
6.9 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand ................................................................................. 19
7. Observation Table ........................................................................................... 21
7.1 Sample location A: Near the major Inlet of the water-water from Treatment plant
under the Mohhadipur bridge. .............................................................................................. 21
7.2 Sample location B: Near the middle of the lake which was accessible via Boat. ..... 22
7.3 Sample location C: On the Opposite shore of the lake near Nauka Vihar. ............... 22
8. Recommendations for Improving the water quality of Ramgarh Tal ............. 23
9. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 25
10. Bibliography.................................................................................................. 26
 1

1. Introduction
The project is based on the water quality assessment of Ramgarh Tal, Gorakhpur.
Water Quality Assesment
The purpose of this Water Sample Testing Civil Project is to find out, how the water sample
can test. Water quality assessment provides the base line information on water safety. Since
water quality in anysource of water and at the point of use, can change with time and other
factors, continuous monitoring of water is essential.
WHO guidelines provide values for 96 substances (out of 128 chemicals initially reviewed).
It is very expensive, time consuming, difficult and largely unnecessary to test for all these
parameters. The list ofparameters to be selected from the guidelines and included in any
water assessment and monitoring program will vary according to the local conditions.

The following parameters are included in the report:

1. Physical Water Quality Parameters
Turbidity, TDS, Total Volatile solids, Total Non-volatile solids that might cause
rejection of water.
2. Chemical Water Quality Parameters
DO, Alkalinity, Acidity pH, Hardness, Chloride Content are to be obtained via
experiments to know the current condition of the water in the lake
3. Pollution Parameter
BOD has to be determined to know the extent of pollution in the lake.

2. Objective of Project
• To Study how water quality parameters are determined.
• To test the quality of water of Ramgarh Tal, Gorakhpur.
• To check whether the water parameters are in range as per IS:10500.
• To suggest affective and affordable practical measures for improvement
of the quality which is not in range as per the IS code.
 2

3. Project Location: Ramgarh Tal, Gorakhpur

Ramgarh Tal is a lake located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. In 1970, at its largest
size, the lake covered an area of 723 hectares (1,790 acres) with a circumference of 18
kilometres (11 mi). Today, it covers about 678 hectares (1,680 acres).

In 1985, Vir Bahadur Singh became Chief Minister and formulated a plan to develop
Ramgarh Tal as a tourist centre. This plan was later abandoned following his death in 1989.
When Yogi Adityanath took over the role of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 2017, he
unveiled plans to develop the lake into an 'international-level' tourist spot. The UP
government also unveiled plans to notify the lake under the Wetland Management Rules.
At present, the NGT (National Green Tribunal) manages upkeep and protection of the lake.
Due to the activism of the NGT, construction work has been banned within a radius of 500
meters.
The water quality of Ramgarh Tal Lake has decreased over time due to it being used as a
dumping ground for sewage by nearby residential colonies.
"THE MARINE DRIVE OF PURVANCHAL": Due to its latest development and
construction of driveway across the lake, it is also being popularized as marine drive along
with Nauka Vihar.
The new name is certainly attracting tourists.

4. Sampling
The physical and chemical characteristics of water vary from top to bottom of depth of
land, as well as with time as from morning to evening. It therefore becomes difficult to
obtain a truly representative sample.

Types of samples:
a) Spot sample: Spot samples are single samples collected at a specific spot at a site over a
short period of time (typically seconds or minutes).
b) Composite samples: Composite samples should provide a more representative sampling of
heterogeneous matrices in which the concentration of the analysis of interest may vary over
short periods of time and/ or space. Composite samples can be obtained by combining portions
of multiple grab samples or by using specially designed automatic sampling devices.

Sampling Methods:
a) Manual sampling: Manual sampling involves minimal equipment but may be costly and
time-consuming for routine or large-scale sampling programs
b) Automatic sampling: Automatic samplers can eliminate can reduce labor costs, may
provide the means for frequent sampling and are used increasingly.
 3

c) Sorbent sampling: Use of solids sorbent s, particularly membrane type disks, is becoming
more frequent. These methods offer advantages of rabid, inexpensive sampling if the analytes
of interest can be adsorbed and desorbed efficiently and the water matrix is free of particulates
that plug the sorbent.

Sampling method adopted in this project

The Manual and Spot Sampling method is adopted in this project. Three sampling locations
were selected for the analysis of Ramgarh Tal.
1. Sample Location A: Near the major Inlet of the water-water from Treatment plant under
the Mohhadipur bridge.
2. Sample Location B: Near the middle of the lake which was accessible via Boat.
3. Sample Location C: On the Opposite shore of the lake near Nauka Vihar.

Fig.1
 4

5. Literature: Parameters to be tested

5.1 pH

pH is basically a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions

having pH less equal to 7.Primary pH standard values are found out by using a concentration
cell with transference, simply by measuring the potential difference between a standard
electrode such as the silver chloride electrode & hydrogen electrode. Measurement of pH for
aqueous solutions can be done with a pH meter or a glass electrode. We can also find the value
of pH by using indicators.
pH measurements have significant importance in the field of biology, environmental science,
chemistry, medicine, oceanography, food science, agriculture, nutrition ,civil engineering,
chemical engineering, forestry, water treatment & water purification and many other
applications.
Mathematically, it can be said that pH is the negative logarithm of the activity of the
hydrogen ion.
Importance of pH
The solubility (amount that can be dissolved in the water) and biological availability
(amountthat can be utilized by aquatic life) of chemical constituents such as nutrients
(phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon) and heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium, etc.) can
be determined by pHof water. For example, in addition to affecting how much and what
form of phosphorus is most abundant in the water, pH also determines whether aquatic
life can use it. Metals are generally more toxic at lower pH as they are more soluble.

Extremely low and high pH can be significant for the use of water. High pH causes a
bitter taste, water pipes and water-using appliances become encrusted with deposits, and
it also depresses the effectiveness of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby generating the
need for additional chlorine when pH is a bit high. Low-pH water might corrode or
dissolve metals and other substances.

Effect on Humans
If human beings are exposed to extreme pH values, it might cause irritation to the eyes,
skin, andmucous membranes. Eye irritation and exacerbation of skin disorders have been
associated with pH values greater than 11. In addition, solutions of pH 10–12.5 are said
to cause hair fibers to swell. In sensitive individuals, gastrointestinal irritation may also
occur. Exposure to low pH values can also result in similar effect.

Effect on Animals
If pH is more than 10, skin irritation might be observed in some of the animals. For rabbit,
this can be observed at a pH of about 9 as well. And if the pH is more than 10, it might
behave as an irritant for the eyes of rabbit . But for a pH less than 5, no significant effects
 5

on eyes were observed.

5.2 Alkalinity

Alkalinity is primarily a way of measuring the acid neutralizing capacity of

water. In other words, its ability to maintain a relatively constant pH. The possibility to
3
maintain constant pH is due to the hydroxyl, carbonate andbicarbonate ions present in
water. The ability of natural water to act as a buffer is controlled in part by the amount of
calcium and carbonate ions in solution. Carbonate ion and calcium ion both come from calcium
carbonate or limestone. So water that comes in contact with limestone will contain high levels
of bothCa++ and CO 2- ions and have elevated hardness and alkalinity.
Environmental Significance
Alkalinity as carbonate and bicarbonate of saline water is very important intertiary recovery
processes for recovering petroleum. Alkaline water offers better wetting to the formation rock
and improve oil release. As an additional benefit, ions that provide alkalinity absorb on rock
surfaces occupying adsorption sites and decrease the loss of recovery chemical by adsorption.
The alkalinity value is necessary in the calculation of carbonate scaling
tendencies of saline waters. The alkalinity acts as a pH buffer in coagulation and
lime-soda softening of water.
In wastewater treatment, alkalinity is an important parameter in determining the amenability
of wastes to the treatment process and control of processes such as anaerobic digestion, where
bicarbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, and any fraction contributed by volatile acid salts
become considerations.

5.3 Acidity
Acidity of water is the ability of water to neutralize a base. We can name it as the base
neutralizing capacity of water. It also gives how much of a standard base that we need to add
to water in order to raise the pH of water to a specific value. The major basic chemical species
in water are hydroxide ions. Hence, the term acidity can also be given as the water’s capacity
to neutralize hydroxide ions, though it is not very accurate because there can be some other
basic chemical species as well.

The acidity of water arises due to the dissolution of mineral acids such as sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid. Or else, the acidity of water can be a result of the dissolution of carbon
dioxide gas. In drinking water sources, carbon dioxide is the major contributor to the acidity of
water. If water has high acidity, the corrosiveness of water is also high. Therefore, it can harm
water pipes made of copper. Hence, high levels of copper and lead may exist in acidic drinking
water.

Generally, we can determine the acidity of water via titration with sodium hydroxide to
 6

any acceptable pH value. Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that we use in this

titration. Since this indicator gives its color change at pH 8.3, we can titrate our water
sample to this pH value. However, before starting the experiment, we should observe the
color of the indicator before adding any sodium hydroxide because our water sample may
have the alkaline color of the indicator if the water is alkaline. Then there is no use of
determining the acidity of water since the acidity is zero.

Effect on Humans
Elevated levels of metal contaminants found in acidic water can cause plenty of health
issues that could prove fatal or debilitating for children. Vomiting, diarrhea, kidney
disease, liver disease, stomach cramps, and nausea are among the leading health issues
caused by the consumption of acidic water

5.4 Total Dissolved Solids

A measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained
in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form is called Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS). The solids should be small enough to survive filtration through a filter which
has two- micrometer (nominal size or smaller) pores. We generally discuss TDS for freshwater
systems only, as salinity consists of some of the ions contributing in the definition of TDS. The
Study of water quality for streams, rivers and lakes is the most important application of TDS,
although TDS is not a primary pollutant, but TDS is used as an indication of aesthetic
characteristics of drinking water and as an indicator of the presence of a broad array of chemical
contaminants.
Gravimetry and conductivity are the two important methods of measuring total dissolved
solids. Gravimetric methods are the more accurate methods and they involve evaporating the
liquid solvent and taking the mass of residues left. This is the best method generally, but it is
time-consuming. If inorganic salts are there as the great majority of TDS, gravimetric methods
are more appropriate.
Hard water has high TDS levels, which might be the reason for scale buildup in filters, pipes,
and valves, reducing performance and adding to the cost of system maintenance.
TDS is generally monitored in order to create a water quality environment which is favorable
for organism productivity in the case of hydroponics and aquaculture. For
freshwater oysters, trout, and other high value seafood, highest productivity and economic
returns are achieved by mimicking the pH and TDS levels of native environment of each &
every species. Total dissolved solids is considered one of the best indices of nutrient availability
for the aquatic plants being grown for hydroponic uses.
Significance of TDS
The total dissolved solids concentration of good & palatable drinking water should not be
more than 500 mg/L according to general belief. However, higher concentrations might
be consumed without harmful physiological effects and might be even more beneficial
 7

indeed. This limit was set on the basis of taste thresholds. Wildlife and livestock might
get injured by drinking waterthat contains total dissolved solids exceeding this limit.
Continuous use of such water mightcause weakness, scouring, reduced production, bone
degeneration and death. However,temporarily, animals can drink high saline waters, but
that will be harmful if used continuously.

Fig.2

5.5 Turbidity

The haziness or cloudiness of a fluid due to various individual particles ( TSS or TDS)
that can be seen with naked eyes (like smoke in air) is known as turbidity. The determination
of value of turbidity might be termed as one of the most important tests of water quality.
Fluids may have suspended solid matter comprising of particles of various different sizes.
While some will be big enough settle down quickly at the bottom of the container if a liquid
sample is left to stand, the smaller ones might settle very slowly or might not settle at all if the
sample is agitated consistently or if the colloidal particles are present. These solid particles,
which are smaller in size are the reason for any liquid to look like turbid.
Turbidity (or haze) is considered in the case of transparent solids such as glass as well. In plastic
production, the percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5 from the incoming light
direction is known as haze.

Turbidity can also be termed as the measure of a liquid’s relative clarity. Turbidity is an optical
characteristic of water and is also an expression of the amount of light scattered by material in
the water when a light shines through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered
light, the higher the turbidity. Material causing water to be turbid include silt, clay, finely
divided inorganic and organic matter, soluble colored organic compounds, algae, plankton and
various other microscopic organism.
 8

Turbidity and Water quality

High concentrations of particulate matter affect light penetration and productivity,
recreational values, and habitat quality, and cause lakes to fill in faster. In streams,
increased sedimentation and siltation can take place, which might result in harming the
habitat areas for fish and other aquatic life. Particles also provide attachment places for
some other pollutants, especially bacteria and metals. That’s why, turbidity readings are
used as an indicator of potential pollution in a water body
Turbidity and Human Health
Excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing, and may
also represent a health concern. Turbidity can provide shelter and food for pathogens.
Regrowth of pathogens in the distribution system is promoted if the turbidity is not
removed, leading to waterborne disease outbreaks, which have caused significant cases
of gastroenteritis throughout the world. Although turbidity is not a direct indicator of
health risk, numerous studies show a strong relationship between removal of turbidity and
removal of protozoa. The particles of turbidity provide "shelter" for microbes by reducing
their exposure to attack by disinfectants. Microbial attachment to particulate material has
been considered to aid in microbe survival. Fortunately, traditional water treatment
processes have the ability to effectively remove turbidity when operated properly.

5.6 Chloride Content

Naturally, chlorides are found as salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium
chloride (KCl),and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Chlorides are leached from different rocks
into soil and water due to weathering. The chloride ion is generally mobile and is shifted
to oceans or closed basins. It is found that chloride concentration in groundwater and
drinking-water is consistently increasing, but there have been a few exceptions. Chloride
levels in unpolluted waters are generally below
10 mg/liter and sometimes even below 1 mg/liter. Chloride in water may be significantly
increased by treatment processes in which chlorine or chloride is used
Effect on Humans
Chloride toxicity has not been observed in humans except in the exceptional case of impaired
sodium chloride metabolism. Healthy human beings can tolerate the intake of large quantities
of chloride if there is a sufficient intake of fresh water. Chloride increases the electrical
conductivity of water and also its corrosivity. Chloride concentrations in excess of about 250
mg/liter can give rise to detectable taste in water, but the threshold depends upon the associated
cations. Consumers can, however, become accustomed to concentrations in excess of 250
mg/liter. No health-based guideline.
 9

5.7 Hardness

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard
water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum which
are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulphates.
Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits. It can pose critical problems in
industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns
in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard
water is often indicated by a lack of foam formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the
formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a
concern, water softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects.
5.8 Dissolved Oxygen

DO is considered an important measure of water quality as it is a direct indicator of an

aquatic resoe’s ability to support aquatic life. For the National Aquatic Resource Surveys
(NARS), levels of DO are measured with a calibrated water quality probe meter, usually in
conjunction with measurements for temperature and pH. While each organism has its own
DO tolerance range, generally, DO levels below 3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) are of concern
and waters with levels below 1 mg/L are considered hypoxic and usually devoid of life.

5.9 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) needed
(i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a
given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most
commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of
incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.
BOD reduction is used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants. BOD of
wastewater effluents is used to indicate the short-term impact on the oxygen levels of the
receiving water.
BOD analysis is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, in that both
measure the amount of organic compounds in water. However, COD analysis is less specific,
since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of
biologically oxidized organic matter.
 10

6. Experimental Procedures
6.1 pH
Chemicals and Apparatus Required
• Universal Indicator
• Test tube
• Color matching chart for pH
Procedure
• Take 10 ml of water sample in a test tube.
• Add 0.3 ml of universal indicator to the test tube containing sample.
• Match the color from the chart table and find the pH.
Reading and Variation Chart

pH
12

10

0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 8 9 7 7
SAMPLE B 9 8.5 9.5 9.5
SAMPLE C 9.5 8.5 10 11
LOWER LIMIT 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
UPPER LIMIT 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT

Fig.3
 11

6.2 Alkalinity
Chemicals and Apparatus Required
• Phenolphthalein Indicator
• Methyl orange Indicator
• N/50 Sulphuric Acid
• Conical flask
• Pipette
• Burette
• Water sample
Procedure Fig.4
• Take 100 ml of water sample in a conical flask.
• Add one drop of methyl orange indicator using pipette.
• Mix it well and titrate the sample against N/50 sulphuric acid present in beaker.
• Note the reading for which the sample color changes from yellow to oranges red.
• Take minimum 3 readings for each sample and consider the concordant reading and
the alkalinity for the water sample.
• To another 100 ml sample of water add 2-3 drops phenolphthalein indicator, it there
is no color change, then P-alkalinity is absent, and if the color changes to pink, then
titrate it against N/50 sulphuric acid until it becomes colorless.
Result
• P-alkalinity is absent in all the three water samples.
Reading and Variation Chart

ALKALINITY
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 250 230 334 196
SAMPLE B 135 165 110 72
SAMPLE C 155 170 108 74
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 200 200 200 200
REJECTION LIMIT 600 600 600 600

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT REJECTION LIMIT

Fig.5
 12

6.3 Acidity
Chemicals and Apparatus Required
• Phenolphthalein Indicator
• Methyl orange Indicator
• N/50 Sodium Hydroxide solution
• Conical flask
• Pipette
• Burette
• Water sample
Procedure
• Take 100 ml of water sample in a conical flask.
• Add 0.5ml of phenolphthalein indicator using pipette.
• Mix it well and titrate the sample against N/50 sodium hydroxide present in beaker.
• Note the reading for which the sample color changes from colorless to pink.
• Take minimum 3 readings for each sample and consider the concordant reading and
the alkalinity for the water sample.
• To another 100 ml sample of water add 1 drop methyl orange indicator, if the color
changes to oranges red, mineral acidity is present, then titrate it until the color
changes to yellow. Else mineral acidity is absent.
Result
• Mineral acidity is absent in all the three water samples.
Reading and Variation Chart

ACIDITY
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 205 240 155 245
SAMPLE B 80 92 35 133
SAMPLE C 89 112 24 117
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 50 50 50 50

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

Fig.6
 13

6.4 Total Dissolved Solids

Apparatus Required
• Conical Flask
• Petri dish
• Oven
• Weighing machine
Procedure
• TDS is measured in continuation to the procedure of finding TSS.
• A Petri dish is taken.
• Weight of the Petri dish is recorded.
• Filtered water from the TSS process is transferred into the Petri dish.
• Petri dish is then kept in the oven.
• The temperature of the oven is set at over 100° C.
• After sometime, water is evaporated.
• The Petri dish is then taken out.
• The weight of Petri dish is then recorded.
• The initial weight of the Petri dish is then subtracted from the final weight.
• The result which we get is the amount of dissolved solids in 10 ml of water.
• It is divided by 10 in order to get the amount of TDS per ml of water.

Reading and Variation Chart

Total Dissolved Solid Content

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 550 720 220 680
SAMPLE B 420 340 190 210
SAMPLE C 480 520 380 250
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 500 500 500 500
REJECTION LIMIT 2000 2000 2000 2000

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT REJECTION LIMIT

Fig.7
 14

6.5 Turbidity
Apparatus Required
• Turbidity meter
• Distilled Water
• Beaker

Procedure
• First, the beaker is taken & is washed properly.
• Then, distilled water is poured into the beaker.
• Turbidity of distilled water is measured by the turbidity meter.
• If the turbidity is not zero, then the settings are adjusted as to make it zero.
• Then, the beaker is again washed properly.
• Then, the sample is poured into the beaker.
• The turbidity of the beaker is measured using the turbidity meter.
• The same procedure is repeated for all the samples.

Reading and Variation Chart

TURBIDITY
25

20

15

10

0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 1 3 5 2
SAMPLE B 8 4 15 13
SAMPLE C 8 3 16 13
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 5 5 5 5
REJECTION LIMIT 20 20 20 20

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT REJECTION LIMIT

Fig.8
 15

6.6 Chloride content

Chemicals and Apparatus Required
• Potassium Chromate Indicator
• N/35.5 Silver Nitrate solution
• Conical flask
• Beaker
• Burette
• Pipette
• Water sample

Procedure
• Take 100 ml of water sample in a conical flask.
• Add one drop of potassium chromate indicator and mix the sample.
• Titrate the sample against N/35.5 silver nitrate solution until the color changes to
brick red.
• Take minimum 3 readings for each sample and consider the concordant reading and
the alkalinity for the water sample.

Reading and Variation Chart

CHLORIDE CONTENT
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
16/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 130 160 151 103
SAMPLE B 65 78 90 102
SAMPLE C 78 60 112 96
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 250 250 250 250

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

Fig.9
 16

6.7 Hardness
Chemicals and Apparatus Required
• Eriochrome Black-T
• Ammonia Buffer
• Standard EDTA Solution

Procedure
• Take 100 ml of water sample in a conical flask.
• Add one ml of ammonia buffer to bring its pH to 11.
• Add 3 drops of Eriochrome Black-T.
• Titrate with standard EDTA solution till the color changes from wine red to blue.

Calculations
Total Hardness (mg/l) (CaCO3 Scale) = ml of EDTA used (un-boiled sample) X 1000/
ml sample

Reading and Variation Chart

HARDNESS
700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 210 161 307 298
SAMPLE B 105 119 114 105
SAMPLE C 98 114 109 115
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 200 200 200 200
REJECTION LIMIT 600 600 600 600

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT REJECTION LIMIT

Fig.10
 17

6.8 Dissolved Oxygen

Chemicals and Apparatus Required

• Manganous sulphate solution
• Alkaline potassium iodide
• N/40 Sodium thiosulphate solution
• Conc. Sulphuric acid
• Starch indicator

Procedure

Alsterberg modification of Winkler's method:

Find out exact capacity of the bottle in ml. Collect the sample in a narrow mouth flat
stoppered reagent bottle of approximate 300ml capacity.

It is always preferable to collect the sample through D.O. sampler to avoid contact with
air. The bottle should be completely filled. Add 1.0 ml 'manganous sulphate solution by
a pipette. dipping the end blow the surface. Some water would overflow. Add 1.0 ml.
alkaline potassium iodide solution. Insert the stopper and mix thoroughly Let the
precipitate settle. Add 2.0 ml conc. Sulphuric acid. Dissolved the precipitate by vigorous
shaking. Take the calculated amount of aliquot as calculated below.

200 X (Exact capacity of bottle)/ (Exact capacity of bottle - 4) ml = 203 ml (approx.)

Titrate with N/40 sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as indicator. Record the ml
titrant used.

Calculations
DO = ml of silver nitrate used

Fig.12
Fig.11
 18

Reading and Variation Chart

Dissolved Oxygen
7

0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 3.6 4.2 0.9 3.3
SAMPLE B 4.3 5.5 2.9 4.6
SAMPLE C 5.5 6.3 3.8 2.5
MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 4 4 4 4

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

Fig.13
 19

6.9 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand

Theory

The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of

oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing decomposable organic matter
under aerobic conditions. The quantity of oxygen required may be taken as a
measure of its content of decomposable organic matter. The rate of exertion is
governed by characteristics of sewage. its decomposable organic content,
bacterial population and temperature. The progressive BOD exertion takes place
in two stages.

(a) Carbonaceous

(b) Nitrification

It has been observed that a large percentage of total BOD is exerted in 5 days at
20 "C. The value of 5 days at 20 0C is to a reasonable extent comparable to 4
days at 30 oc.

The first stage BOD reaction is represented as:

Y= L(1-10-kt )
Where,
Y= BOD at anhy time t
L= Ultimate BOD
K= Reaction rate
t= time, days

Chemicals and Apparatus Required

• Phosphate buffer
• Magnesium sulphate solution
• Calcium chloride solution
• Ferric chloride solution
• Manganous sulphate solution
• Alkaline potassium iodide
• N/40 Sodium thiosulphate solution
• Conc. Sulphuric acid
• Starch indicator
• BOD bottles (3 for each sample)
• Water sample
• BOD incubator
• Distilled water
 20

Procedure
BOD Measurable with various dilutions

Range of BOD % mixture

200-700 1.00
100-350 2.00
40-140 5.00
20-70 10.00
10-35 20.00
4-40 50.00
Prepare dilution water by adding 1 .0 ml each of Phosphate buffer solution, Magnisium
sulphate solution. Calcium chloride solution, Ferric chloride solution to 1.0 litre of distilled
water. Add 2.0 ml settled sewage and aerate. Determine the exact capacity of three BOD
bottles. Find out the D.O. of undiluted sample as in 4.8 and designate DOs.
Prepare the desired percent mixture by adding sample in dilution water. Fill up one bottle
with the mixture and the other one with dilution water blank. Incubate at a fixed temperature
tor a definite time (200 C, 5 days: 300 C, 4 days and 350 C, 3 days). Find out DO in both the
bottles after incubation and designate:
Mixture as (DOi)
Blank (DOb)
Calculations
BOD mg/L = [(DOb – DOi ) x (100%) / (% mixture) – ( DOb -DOs )]

Fig.14

Fig.15
 21

Reading and Variation Chart

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

250

200

150

100

50

0
17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022
SAMPLE A 122.8 80.2 225.8 51.3
SAMPLE B 22.4 16.9 27.9 33
SAMPLE C 22 15.8 11.9 25
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT 30 30 30 30

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

Fig.16

7. Observation Table
7.1 Sample location A: Near the major Inlet of the water-water from Treatment
plant under the Mohhadipur bridge.
Property 16/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022 Permissible Rejection
limit Limit
pH 8 9 7 7 6.5-8.5 -
Turbidity 1 3 5 2 5 JTU 20 JTU
TDS 550 720 220 680 500 mg/L 2000 mg/L
Alkalinity 250 230 334 196 200 mg/L 600 mg/L
Acidity 205 240 155 245 <50mg/l -
Hardness 210 161 307 298 200 mg/L 600 mg/L
DO 3.6 4.2 0.9 3.3 >4mg/l -
Chloride 130 160 151 103 250 mg/L -
BOD 122.8 80.2 225.8 51.3 30 mg/l -

Fig.17
 22

7.2 Sample location B: Near the middle of the lake which was accessible via Boat.

Property 17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022 Permissible Rejection

limit Limit
pH 9 8.5 9.5 9.5 6.5-8.5 -
Turbidity 8 4 15 13 5 JTU 20 JTU
TDS 420 340 190 210 500 mg/L 2000 mg/L
Alkalinity 135 165 110 72 200 mg/L 600 mg/L
Acidity 80 92 35 133 <50mg/l -
Hardness 105 119 114 105 200 mg/L 600 mg/L
DO 4.3 5.5 2.9 4.6 >4mg/l -
Chloride 65 78 90 102 250 mg/L -
BOD 22.4 16.9 27.9 33 30 mg/l -
Fig.18
7.3 Sample location C: On the Opposite shore of the lake near Nauka Vihar.

Property 17/01/2022 23/03/2022 26/04/2022 25/05/2022 Permissible Rejection

limit Limit
pH 9.5 8.5 10 11 6.5 8.5
Turbidity 8 3 16 13 5 JTU 20 JTU
TDS 480 520 380 250 500 mg/L 2000 mg/L
Alkalinity 155 170 108 74 200 mg/L 600 mg/L
Acidity 89 112 24 117 <50mg/l -
Hardness 98 114 109 115 200 mg/L 600 mg/L
DO 5.5 6.3 3.8 2.5 >4mg/l -
Chloride 78 60 112 96 250 mg/L -
BOD 22 15.8 11.9 25 30 mg/l -

Fig.19
 23

8. Recommendations for Improving the water quality of

Ramgarh Tal
FLOATING TREATMENT WETLANDS
About
Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) or islands are small artificial platforms that
allow these aquatic emergent plants to grow in water that is typically too deep for
them. Their roots spread through the floating islands and down into the water
creating dense columns of roots with lots of surface area.
Biological treatment is possible, by harnessing the natural ability of plants and
microbes to absorb nutrients (such as phosphorus and nitrogen) and break down
contaminants through biological processes known as bioremediation.
The use of wetlands for bioremediation to capture and remove contaminants and
nutrients is widely practiced around the world. Wetlands can improve improve
water quality of storm water runoff and manage watershed nutrients, as well as
treatment of wastewater and other industrial contaminants.
It includes plants such as reeds, but cattails, bulrushes, reed canary grass (Pharis
arundinacea) and managrass.

Fig.20
 24

Working
Wetlands rely on natural processes to biologically filter water as it passes through
shallow areas of dense aquatic vegetation and permeable bottom soils. The
primary mechanisms for nutrient removal is transformation and uptake by
microbes and plants, assimilation and absorption into organic and inorganic
sediments, and converted into gas through volatilization. Aquatic plants, both
above the water and submersed, take up and remove these elements from the
sediment and water column into their plant material or biomass.
Not only do the plants take up nutrients and contaminants themselves, the plant
roots and floating island material provide extensive surface area for microbes to
grow—forming a slimy layer of biofilm. The biofilm is where the majority of
nutrient uptake and degradation occurs in a FTW system.
The shelter provided by the floating mat also allows sediment and elements to
settle by reducing turbulence and mixing by wind and waves. The unique
ecosystem that develops creates the potential to capture nutrients and transform
common pollutants that would otherwise plague and harm our lakes into harmless
byproducts.

Summary
Given proper installation and maintenance, FTWs can enhance the aesthetics
and water quality benefits of stormwater ponds.

Fig.21
 25

9. Conclusion
Detailed analysis along various parameters of water sample shows the degradation of water
quality of Ramgarh Tal situated in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh. This is mainly related
to sewage drain from city flowing directly into the lake without any prior treatment. Other
causes of water quality degradation is linked to anthropogenic causes such as fuel leakage from
boats, garbage thrown by tourists, etc.
The collected water samples at various intervals as well as along various sites of lake shows
significant deviation from the permissible limits. There is variation along various locations of
the lake according to the distance from the sewage drain.
Water sample from site closer to the sewage drain (Sample A) shows larger variation as
compare to other two samples. It shows greater variation in TDS, Alkalinity, Acidity, Hardness,
DO and BOD which is beyond permissible limits but shows lower variation in pH, Turbidity
and chloride content.
Water sample from site at middle of the lake (Sample B) shows significant variations along
various parameters but lower as compared to Sample A. It shows greater variation from
permissible limits in pH, Turbidity and acidity but shows moderate variations in DO and BOD.
Other parameters such as TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness and Chloride are within permissible limits.
Water sample from site on the shore near Nauka Vihar (Sample C) shows variation lower than
Sample A but greater than Sample B. It shows greater variation from permissible limits in terms
of pH, Turbidity, TDS, Acidity and DO. Other parameters such as Alkalinity, Hardness,
Chloride and BOD are within permissible limits.
The above results shows the extent of water pollution in the lake and also alarms about the
need to improve its degraded water quality as it results in increased level of threat to freshwater
flora and fauna ecosystem in the lake, it also affects other ecosystems connected with it, it also
slows down water recycling process, etc.
There are various ways in which water treatment of Ramgarh Tal can be done based on the
outcome of the water quality analysis of its samples. It is to be done along various parameters
according to the the extent of variations which it shows along various sites of the lake. One of
the most effective and sustainable way is to introduce Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs)
along various locations over surface of the lake which will reduce the extent of water pollution
as well as stops the further increase in levels of pollution.
Other ways to tackle the water pollution in the lake is collaboration of various stakeholders
such as individual, society and government. Also by infrastructural upgradation such as sewage
treatment plants, water fountains and tree plantation over its perimeter. Also by periodic
cleanliness and awareness campaigns.
Natural resources are combined heritage of all living beings, therefore it is our responsibility
to keep it clean and pure which requires combined efforts of various stakeholders as well as by
using various modern scientific techniques. The healthy water bodies signifies health of its
surrounding ecosystems thus it needs to be preserved.
 26

10. Bibliography

• IS:10500- Drinking Water-Specifications.

• Methods of sampling and tests (physical and chemical) for water and waste water
(IS:3025)
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.nptel.ac.in
• http://www.iisd.org/story/floating-treatment-wetlands/
• Garg: Water Supply Engineering (Environmental Engineering Vol. – I)
• Garg: Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering (Environmental Engineering
Vol. II).