WEEK 7: PRINCIPLES OF ART -This is used to draw attention – a

focal point – or accentuate a feature

BALANCE
VARIETY
-refers to the weight of objects and
their placement in relation to each -is a sense of the difference between
other. elements of an artwork – the opposite
of unity, or harmony.
-It’s a sense of stability you might feel
from elements in alignment. This can -Variety adds a sense of chaos to a
take three forms: symmetrical, work, and this is often used to
asymmetrical, and radial. highlight certain powerful emotions.
Salvador Dali is one of the artists who
-Symmetrical balance refers to the
experimented with chaos and variety
exact mirroring of objects across an
in his paintings, yet achieved a great
axis.
sense of perfection.
-This is often done to highlight an
-When unity is used instead, it
object in relation to another. Radial
immediately calms – though this can
balance is when objects are
also lead to being boring!
distributed all around a central point.

HARMONY
PROPORTION
-In follow-on from variety, harmony is
-is the size of objects about each
the use of related elements.
other, or within a larger whole.
-This might be similar colors, shapes,
-This could be natural (a nose that fits
sizes of objects, etc. It’s about
onto a face the way you would expect
repetition and a relationship between
it), exaggerated (a nose that is vastly
elements. This creates a sense of
over or undersized), and idealized, in
connection between the objects,
which parts have the kind of perfect
creating a sense of flow.
proportion that you just don’t see
occurring naturally. -Harmony is one of the most
important aspects when it comes to
principles of art
EMPHASIS

-is an extension of these first two

MOVEMENT
principles: it is when contrast,
placement, size, color, or other
features are used to highlight one
object, area, or other elements of the
artwork.
-This indicates the direction your eye
takes as you view the work – in what
order does your eye travel? If the
emphasis is used, this often means
you start with this element first and
travel away from it
-The movement inherent in the image
is important, as it tells you a story
through the use of lines (whether they
are literal or implied).
RHYTHM
-This can also be thought of as a kind
of relationship between patterned
objects.
-Rhythm often uses regular, evenly
distributed elements – they could
occur in slow, fast, smooth, or jerky
intervals, and this tells you something
about the feelings invoked.
-Like listening to an upbeat pop song
versus a slow ballad, the arrangement
of notes creates a kind of pattern you
naturally respond to. The important
part is recognizing the relationship
between the objects.
SCALE
-It might sound similar to proportion,
but they differ slightly: scale is about
the size of objects but in relation to
what you’d expect them to be in
reality.
-If an object occurs on a natural scale,
then the object is the size we would
expect to find it.
-Diminutive refers to an object being
smaller than expected, and
monumental is when the object is
much larger.
UNITY
-Not to be confused with harmony,
unity is the overall cohesion of the
work.
-You might achieve this through any
kind of grouping of objects.
-Any kind of similarity will help to
strengthen the sense of unity you feel
when looking at a series of objects.
REPETITION
-This is the pattern itself.
-A combination of shapes, colors, or
other elements recurring across the
composition.
-Objects might be repeated such that
they slowly get smaller, or slowly
change color – where the pattern
starts and stops is important! Patterns
usually evoke feelings of security and
calm.
-In all, these ten principles of art
combine and contrast to create the
effects we respond to visually. By
breaking down the elements, we begin
to understand more about the
intention or meaning of art.

WEEK 8: ART IN EARLY
CIVILIZATION
STONE AGE
-Is a term used to describe a period of
history when stones were used to
make tools for survival.
-The term conjures an image of men
and women dressed in skin, huddling
before a fire in a cave.
-The stone Age roughly span the
14,000-2,000 BCE.
-In unearthing of archeological
artifacts and remains provides modern
society a glimpse of the beliefs,
practices, and activities of early
civilization. The motives and reasons
behind the creation of ancient
materials such as sculptures,
paintings, and architectural structures
may not be clearly defined.
Nevertheless, the early people
produced such material that reflect
their attitudes and belief system on
spiritual, social, political, and
economic matters.
-As the early humans started to
transition from being nomads to
permanent settlers, their everyday
activities also had some changes,
which is evident through the materials
and even the works of art they
created. Despite changes as a result
of adapting to their environment,
there are central themes in their
artworks. Most ancient artworks depict
religious symbols, a wide array of
organisms from nature, and activities
of everyday life.

PREHISTORIC ART

-The Stone Age witnessed how

humans were able to lead more stable
THREE PERIODS OF THE STONE
lives and eventually come up with
AGE
permanent shelters and tools for
PALEOLITHIC survival to complement this stability
and sense of Permanence, early
– the late years of the old Stone Age.
humans also turned to the Creation of
MESOLITHIC paintings and sculptures that depict
humans, animals, and their natural
– Middle Stone Age. habitats.
NEOLITHIC -Paleolithic Art is a product of climate
- New Stone Age. change. As the climate got colder, part
of the early humans’ instinct is to look
for shelters that would provide them
will warmth. Caves became protective
havens for early humans and these
caves paved the way for the birth of
their first attempt to create art.
MESOLITHIC ART
The “Venus of Willendorf.”
This figure is a highly abstracted
woman from highlighted body parts
associated with fertility.
•The representation may show the
importance of taking care of these
body parts for procreation and
consequently the survival of species.
NEOLITHIC ART STONEHENGE IN
ENGLAND
The purpose of this fascinating edifice
remains a mystery up to this day age.
Some regard it as a temple while
others see it as a complex calendar
that tracked the movements of both
the Sun and Moon. Others ascribe
some magical element to it by
associating it with Merlin the Magician
from King Arthurs’s story.
EGYPTIAN ART
The Egyptian civilization can be
divided into three periods: Old,
Middle, and New Kingdoms. Looking at
the three periods, it can be noticed
that for the Egyptians, art should be
something religious and spiritual.
There may have been differences in
the techniques used and style
emphasized, but common
denominators among the artworks
created during their respective periods
exist.
NARMER PALETTE
-it was a palette that utilized and
applied dark colors around king
Narmer’s eyes.

KING TUTANKHAMEN

He became king at a very young age

and died at the age of eighteen.
Howard Carter discovered his tomb
in 1922. They were astonished to find
THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA
gold artwork and that the coffin was
-during the old kingdom, one of the made out of solid gold.
architectural wonders was also
The body of the young king was
constructed. the pyramids in Giza
ordered in linen and a gold mask
served as tombs since their main
covered his face.
purpose was to provide a resting place
for the pharaohs

QUEEN NEFERTITI

There is an emphasis on life-like

features of the face like an elongated
jaw and thick-lidded eyes. Most artists
created artworks that are natural and
seemingly real, highlighting the
features of their subjects.

Naturalism was used not only to depict

the pharaoh but also for members of
the royal family.

The bust of Queen Nefertiti has a long

and sensuous neck.
WEEK 9: ART OF EMERGING NATURE:
EUROPE
-Greeks were notably passionate
about natural phenomena and
believed that nature should be in
INTEGRAL PART OF EUROPEAN
perfect order.
HISTORY
POLITICAL VIEWS:
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS:
-the framework for the democratic
-GREEK
form of government in modern times.
-ROMAN

-In modern times art has been used to

communicate ideologists and belief
systems prevalent within their context
Greek and Romans Civilizations were
also known as the Classical World
because both cultures aimed to
embody, the highest possible standard
of quality in all aspects of their
societies.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK ART
GEOMETRIC PERIOD
-the time when Greece started to get
back from the onslaught of what
seemed to be their dark ages.
-a period when geometric shapes and
patterns have taken the spotlight in
most of the artworks.

ARCHAIC PERIOD
IN ANCIENT GREECE
-The period placed importance on the
THEY VALUED:
human figure.
-POETRY
-this was primarily a result of Greece’s
-DRAMA trading activities with other
civilizations.
-PHILOSOPHY
CLASSICAL PERIOD
ART INVOLVED:
-The peak of Greek sculpture and
-PAINTINGS
architecture
-SCULPTURES
-the time when the Greeks found
-ARCHITECTURE themselves rebuilding their temples
and focusing on creating artwork.
-one is required to have certain skill
sets and a body of knowledge. HELLENISTIC PERIOD

MAN: -time of Alexander the Great

-the center of society and how they -art was primarily focused on
trained their minds could be the very showcasing emotions and depicting
foundation of how they lived their reality.
lives.
LAOCOON AND HIS SONS ROMAN ARTWORK

-Laocoon, a Trojan priest, and his
sons are being strangled by serpents.
Their position was a result of
Laocoon’s because he felt that the
wooden horse offered by the Greeks
as a gift to Athena was a trick.
Poseidon, the Greek God of the sea
was enlarged by such action which led
him to send serpents to strangle
Laocoon and his sons.
THE ORIGINS OF THEATER AND
DRAMA CAN BE TRACED BACK TO
THE GREEK CIVILIZATION
-look stem, harsh, and strong
-invoke the principles of realism
-highlighting the features of human
being
MASTER BUILDERS
-COLOSSEUM
EMPEROR VESPASIAN
-amphitheater was planned and
constructed during his reign
PLAUTUS AND TERENCE

The followers of Dionysus― the god of -writers of comedy have patterned

fertility – started the Greek theater. their works to those of Greek works.
People who were devoted to Dionysus PERSEUS AND MEDUSA
would dance during ceremonies while
giving their offerings to their god. -just like the Greeks, the Romans
eventually, the Dionysians devised a valued their gods and this was evident
more structured form of drama in their sculptures and artwork.
involving dances and choral songs,
which depicted Greek mythologies.
Eventually, the Greeks organized
theatrical contests where the
performance was held in front of large
citizens.

ANCIENT ROME:

Fusion Greek and Roman cultures can

be seen in most Roman artwork

HELLENISTIC PERIOD:

-Roman civilization came from this

age.

500 BCE

-the roman republic was established

-Western Europe’s strongest empire

WEEK 10: MIDDLE AGES ART TO
REALISM ART
MIDDLE AGES
-As the term denotes, it is the period
between the decline of the Roman
Empire and the Renaissance.
Since the Church was the most
important figure, the most important
products of the early Middle Ages
would have to be copied from the
Christian scriptures.
The printing press came later after the
Middle Ages, so copies of the
scriptures were done by hand.
Art during the Middle Ages was
different based on the location in
Europe as well as the period.
However, in general, Middle Age art
can be divided up into three main
periods and styles: Byzantine Art,
Romanesque Art, and Gothic Art.
Much of the art in Europe during the
Middle Ages was religious art with
Catholic subjects and themes.
The different types of art included
painting, sculpture, metalwork,
engraving, stained glass windows, and
manuscripts.
The end of the Middle Ages is often
signaled by a great change in art with
the start of the Renaissance Period.
DONATELLO
-An Italian sculptor is known for his
statues of David, Mary Magdalene,
and the Madonna.
GIOTTO DI BONDONE
-Italian artist from the 13th century
best known for his frescoes in Padua's
Scrovegni Chapel
BENVENUTO DI GIUSEPPE
-Italian artist from the 13th century
best known for his frescoes in Padua's
Scrovegni Chapel.
AMBROGIO LORENZETTI
-An Italian painter of the Gothic
movement, he is famous for his
frescoes, the Allegory of Good
Government and the Allegory of Bad
Government.
RENAISSANCE ART
Following the Middle Ages, the
Renaissance was a vigorous period of
European cultural, artistic, political,
and economic "rebirth." The
Renaissance, often defined as lasting
from the 14th to the 17th centuries,
promoted the rediscovery of classical
philosophy, literature, and art.
The influence of humanism shifted the
focus of some artworks during the
Renaissance Period to empower the
"individual."
Most artworks emphasized
NATURALISM, which was also an
influence of humanism since there
was a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body.
Most artworks remained religious in
their focus and themes
RENAISSANCE ART IS OFTEN GIOTTO’S ARTWORK
DIVIDED UP INTO TWO PERIODS:

Early Renaissance (1400-1479) -

Artists learned by trying to emulate
classical artists focusing on symmetry
and creating the perfect form. This era
featured such artists as Giotto,
Masaccio, and Donatello.

High Renaissance (1475-1525) - A

rising interest in perspective and
space gave the art even more realism.
Great artists such as Michelangelo,
Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael ISSAC LESSING JACOB
flourished during this period.
(1290 – 1295)
EARLY RENAISSANCE

CRUCIFIX (1288 – 1289)

GIOTTO DI BONDONE

(ITALIAN PROTO-RENAISSANCE
PAINTER)

Giotto inaugurated a new period in a

painting by fusing religious antiquity
with the nascent concept of
Renaissance Humanism. His figures
acquired an emotional intensity
hitherto unseen in great art. Giotto is
well renowned for his explorations of CELEBRATION OF CHRISTMAS AT
perspective and pictorial space, which GRECCIO (1300)
gave his religious tales a fresh feeling
of realism.
MASACCIO’S ARTWORK
SAN GIONVENALE TRIPTYCH
(1422)
MADONNA AND CHILD WITH ST.
ANNE (1424 – 1425)
PAYMENT OF THE TRIBUTE MONEY
(1425 – 1427)
EARLY RENAISSANCE
DONATELLO
(ITALIAN SCULPTOR)
Donatello was one of the most
influential Italian artists of the 15th
century and a forerunner of the Italian
Renaissance. He pioneered new
aesthetics in response to the
flourishing Renaissance Humanism
movement of the time. Donatello's
lifelike and intensely emotional works
established him as one of Italy's most
prominent artists.
MASACCIO
(FLORENTINE PAINTER)
Masaccio is considered by many to be
the first truly Renaissance painter. He
adopted a rational approach that
would come to define the Renaissance
as a whole. Masaccio's life was
tragically cut short, but his exceptional
achievement impacted the trajectory
of Western art.

DONATELLO’S ARTWORK

BUST OF NICCOLO DA UZZANO

(1433)

HIGH RENAISSANCE

MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI

(ITALIAN PAINTER, SCULPTOR,

POET, AND ARCHITECT)

SAINT JOHN THE EVANGELIST

(1408 – 1415)

Michelangelo is considered to be one

ST. GEORGE (1415 – 1417)
of the greatest artists of the Italian
Renaissance period even while
acquiring a reputation for being
temper driven, fickle, and difficult. He
was part of the revival of classical
Greek and Roman art, yet his unique
contributions went beyond mere
mimicry of antiquity. His work was
infused with a psychological intensity
and emotional realism that had never HIGH RENAISSANCE
been seen before.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
MICHELANGELO’S ARTWORK
(ITALIAN PAINTER, DESIGNER,
SCULPTOR, INVENTOR,
SCIENTIST, ARCHITECT, AND
ENGINEER)

BACCHUS (1496 – 1497)

Throughout the Italian High

Renaissance, the ethos of Humanism
prevailed, in which artists were
profoundly rooted in the study of the
humanities to continually improve
themselves as world citizens. A person
absorbed in the study and
accomplishment of such disparate
hobbies would subsequently be
dubbed a "Renaissance man."
Leonardo da Vinci was the term's first
DAVID (1501 – 1504) prime exemplar. Even though his
extensive personal interests resulted
in his mastery of several professions,
he is largely regarded as one of the
finest painters of all time. His
enduring works are still studied and
admired today.

THE CREATION OF ADAM (1508 –

1512)
LEONARDO DA VINCI’S ARTWORK HIGH RENAISSANCE

RAPHAEL

(ITALIAN PAINTER, PRINTMAKER,

AND ARCHITECT)

THE VITRUVIAN MAN (1485)

Raphael forged a comet's trail of

painting during the height of the
Italian High Renaissance while only
being alive for 37 prolific and
passionate years. His genuine
enthusiasm for life spilled out onto the
THE LAST SUPPER (1498)
canvas, where his mastery at
conveying the Renaissance Humanist
era's ideas of beauty was astounding.
He is considered an equal member of
the holy trinity of master artists of his
day with Leonardo Da Vinci and
Michelangelo.

MONALISA (1503)
RAPHAEL’S ARTWORK
THE MARRIAGE OF THE VIRGIN
(1504)
DISPUTATION OF THE HOLY
SACRAMENT (1510)
THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS (1509 –
1511)
PERSPECTIVE OF DEPTH
This technique provided a three-
dimensional perspective
REVIVAL OF ROMAN THEATRICALS
PLAYS
performed during special occasions at
the courts of an Italian princess
done in such a way that showcased
grand and lavish entertainment for the
audience
Aside from the song and dance
numbers, their interest in elaborate
has greatly influenced their tradition
of popular theater.
MANNERISM
The word Mannerism has been derived
from the Italian word “Maniera.” It
means style or manner.
Mannerism is also known as Late
Renaissance or Mannerism, and it is a
European art style that emerged in
1520. It is not an exact definition, and
still a subject of debate, because this
term is used for two things such as
literature and music. The artwork of
this art style is very fantastic and
shows harmonious ideals such as
Madonna and Laocoön and His Sons.
Historians and artists differ as to
whether Mannerism is a movement, a
style, or a period because this term
remains controversial due to its use.
Carl Jacob Christoph Burckhardt was a
Swiss historian who popularized this
term in the western world. But by the
end of the High Renaissance, many
artists experienced difficulty in the
pertinence of this art style.
ARTISTS OF MANNERISM
EL GRECO

THE HOLY TRINITY (1577 – 1579)

Born: 1 October 1541, Heraklion,
Greece

Died: 7 April 1614, Toledo, Spain

view: Museo Nacional del Prado,
National Gallery of Art, MORE

Full name: Doménikos

Theotokópoulos

Nickname: El Greco

His body of work is powerfully

evocative of the Divine and widely
recognized for expressing the THE NOBLEMAN WITH HIS HAND
spirituality that lies behind all beings. ON HIS CHEST (EL CABALLERO DE
He became enthralled by the new LA MANO EN EL PECHO) (1580)
Mannerism, which rejected the mere
reproduction of nature in art in favor
of expressing the work's underlying
psychological characteristics beyond
mythical or religious themes.

EL GRECO’S ARTWORKS

CHRIST BLESSING (THE SAVIOUR

OF THE WORLD) (1600)
TINTORETTO

SELF-PORTRAIT (1548)
Born: 1518, Venice, Italy

Died: 31 May 1594, Republic of

Venice Venetian school

Full name: Jacopo Comin

Standing in front of one of Tintoretto's

epic works is to be immersed in a
whirlwind of activity, with muscular
figures interlaced into rhythmic
patterns of emotional anguish and
THE MIRACLE OF THE SLAVE
dramatic conflicts. The sceneries
(1548)
hover, threatening to break through
the borders between pictorial space
and the practical world. They were
created to embellish the enormous
interiors of great halls and expansive
ceilings. Even his one-of-a-kind self-
portraits reveal the artist's soul rather
than simply displaying his style.

TINTORETTO’S ARTWORK

THE ORIGIN OF THE MILKY WAY

(1575)
PONTORMO PONTORMO’S ARTWORK

Born: 24 May 1494, Empoli, Italy VISITATION OF THE VIRGIN AND

ST. ELIZABETH (1514-1516)
Died: 1 January 1557, Florence,
Italy

This artist is known for his

commercial illustration.

Full name: Jacopo da Pontormo

Pontormo was one of the most

influential Italian painters of the High
Renaissance. He rubbed shoulders
with some of the greatest artists of
the time, including Michelangelo, and
found inspiration in northern European
engravings and woodcuts. Pontormo JOSEPH IN EGYPT (1517-1518)
became increasingly reclusive and
unhappy in the last decade of his life,
refusing even the company of
Bronzino.

MADONNA WITH CLIND AND

SAINTS (1518)
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO BAROQUE ART:

THE MOVEMENT:

BAROQUE – dramatic response to

Protestantism 1600 and 1750.

ROCOCO – shortly after baroque

WORD DERIVATION:

BAROQUE – Portuguese: “baroro”

-irregularly or misshaped

-contorted idea

ROCOCO – French: “rocaille”

-tiny pebbles or shell decoration in the THE ENTOMBMENT OF CHRIST

16th century. CARAVAGGIO, 1603 – 1604

THEME: ART ROCOCO ART:

BAROQUE – intense, dramatic

motion, tension, use of chiaroscuro

-masculinity

ROCOCO – delicate features, subjects

wore aesthetic clothing, romantic
visuals

-use of pastel colors

-femininity

THEME: ARCHITECTURAL

BAROQUE: church altars, religious,

bronze. THE SWING, JEAN-HONORÉ
FRAGONARD CIRCA, 1767.
ROCOCO – secular, love stories,
mythology, leisurely times.
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE:

His best-known piece was “The four

Seasons”, it is a set of four violin
concertos composed in 1723. It is the
CHURCH OF SAINT IGNATIUS OF world’s most popular and recognized
LOYOLA, ROME. piece of Baroque music. The four-
violin concerto broke new ground with
ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE: its programmatic depiction of the
changing seasons and its technical
innovations.

ARCANGELO CORELLI

-An Italian violinist and composer

knowns chiefly for his influence on the
development of violin style and his
Sonatas and his 12 concerti grossi.

-His instrumental works established

the chamber music style and form of
GERMAN ROCOCO INTERIOR the late baroque era.

-The trio sonatas of Opus 1 and 3

were intended for church performance
ARTISTS OF THE BAROQUE
(da Chiesa) with a figured bass for
PERIOD (ITALY)
organ and those of Opus 2 and 4 were
ANTONIO LUCIO VIVALDI chamber music (da camera) with
harpsichord and/or archlute
-An Italian baroque composer,
accompaniment.
virtuoso violinist, teacher, impresario,
and Roman Catholic priest.

-Corelli’s famous work was Concerto
Grosso or Christmas Concerto (no.8),
this concerti grossi was not published
until the year of his death
-This piece is commonly called the
“Christmas Concerto” because it may
have been performed by Corelli on
Christmas Eve, 1690. The title page
bears the inscription, Fatto per la
notte di Natale (“made for the night of
Christmas”)
CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ANTONIO
MONTEVERDI
-The most important developer of the
new genre, the opera. He also did
much to bring a “modern” secular
spirit into church music. He was an
Italian composer, string player,
choirmaster, and priest in the late
renaissance.
The most famous work from hid
Mantuan Period is the Opera Orfeo
(1607). Although opera had been
invented in Florence around 1600,
Monteverdi’s Orfeo is the first
masterpiece in that genre.
ARTISTS OF THE BAROQUE
PERIOD (GERMANY)
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
-A German composer and musician of
the Baroque era and the most
celebrated member of a large family
of north German musicians. His
instrumental compositions are known
such as Celo Suites and Brandenburg
Cencertos.
Bach’s one of the famous works is the
Brandenburg Concertos. His
Brandenburg Concertos are a
collection of six, three-movement
orchestral works, completed by the
composer in around 1721 for the
Prussian royal, the Margrave Christian
Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.
GEORGE FREDERIC HANDEL
-A German-British Baroque composer
well known for his operas, oratorios,
anthems, concerti grossi, and organ
concertos.
-Though, Handel is working as a
violinist, it was his skill on the organ
and harpsichord that began to earn
him attention and landed him more
opportunities to perform in opera
-Neoclassical art pieces such as
PAINTING, SCULPTURE, and
ARCHITECTURE generally portrayed
Roman History which elevated the
Roman Heroes.

CHARACTERISTICS:

-Portrayal of Roman History

-Formal Composition

-The use of diagonals to show the

-George Fray Handel's Messiah (1741)
is one of the most famous pieces of
choral music in the world, written
during the Baroque era. He composed
it for modest vocal and instrumental
forces with optional settings for many
of the individual numbers. When
composing the celebrated Hallelujah
chorus, Handel said it was "as if I saw
God on his throne and all angels
around him".
NEOCLASSICISM
peak of emotion or moment
-Local color
-Overall lighting
-Classic Geo-Structure
NEOCLASSICAL PAINTING:
-Neoclassical artists embraced the
ideals of order and moderation.
-Neoclassical painters gave great
importance to the costumes, settings,
and details of classical subject matter.

-The word neoclassicism came from

the Greek word neos meaning "New"
and the Latin word Classicus which is
similar in meaning to the English
phrase "First Class."

-The western movement in decorative

and visual arts was called
Neoclassicism. It also applied to
Literature, Theater, Music, and
Architecture that was influenced by
the classical art and culture of ancient
Greece and ancient Rome.

-The Neoclassicism movement

coincided with the 18th-century Age of
Reason also known as the Age of
Enlightenment.