Water diseases

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated fresh water is consumed. Contaminated fresh water, used in the preparation of food, can be the source of food borne disease through consumption of the same microorganisms. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and is mostly concentrated in children in developing countries.[1] Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses, or bacteria, many of which are intestinal parasites.

Protozoal Infections Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms

Abdominal discomfort, Protozoan Sewage, non-treated Amoebiasis (handfatigue, weight (Endamoeba) (Cyst- drinking water, flies in water to-mouth) loss, diarrhea, like appearance) supply bloating, fever, abdominal pain Flu-like symptoms, Collects on water filters and watery diarrhea, membranes that cannot be loss of appetite, disinfected, animal manure, substantial loss of weight, bloating, seasonal runoff of water. increased gas, nausea cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, fever, and fatigue

Protozoan Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium (oral) parvum)

Cyclosporiasis

Protozoan parasite Sewage, non-treated (Cyclospora drinking water cayetanensis) Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater Protozoan (Giardia contamination, campgrounds where lamblia) Most common intestinal humans and wildlife use parasite same source of water. Beavers and muskrats create ponds that act as reservoirs for Giardia.

Giardiasis (oralfecal) (hand-tomouth)

Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, and flatulence

Disease and Sources of Agent in Microbial Agent Transmission Water Supply Bacteria can enter a wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract by consuming contaminated drinking water or (more commonly) food

General Symptoms Dry mouth, blurred and/or double vision, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, vomiting and sometimes diarrhea. Death is usually caused by respiratory failure. In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, nausea, cramps, nosebleed, rapid pulse, vomiting, and hypovolemic shock (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12-18 hours.

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

contaminated with the bacterium

Dysentery

Caused by a Water contaminated Frequent passage of number of feces with blood and/or species in the with the bacterium mucus and in some genera Shigella

and Salmonella with the most common being Shigella dysenteriae

cases vomiting of blood.

Caused by bacterium of Leptospirosis genus Leptospira

Begins with flu-like symptoms then resolves. The second Water contaminated phase then occurs by the animal urine involving meningitis, carrying the bacteria liver damage (causes jaundice), and renal failure Swimming in water Ear canal swells causing contaminated by the pain and tenderness to responsible the touch pathogens Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps

Caused by a Otitis Externa number of (swimmer s bacterial and ear) fungal species.

Drinking water Caused by many contaminated with bacteria of Salmonellosis the bacteria. More genus common as a food Salmonella borne illness.

Typhoid fever

Salmonella typhiI

Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person

Characterized by sustained fever up to 40C (104F), profuse sweating, diarrhea, less commonly a rash may occur.

Viral Infections Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply Manifests itself in improperly treated water General Symptoms

Adenovirus infection

Adenovirus

Symptoms include common cold symptoms, pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis

Astrovirus, Calicivirus, Enteric Gastroenteritis Adenovirus, and Parvovirus

Symptoms include Manifests diarrhea, nausea, itself in vomiting, fever, improperly malaise, and abdominal treated water pain Symptoms include Manifests fever, myalgia, lethargy, itself in gastrointestinal improperly treated water symptoms, cough, and sore throat Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage Can manifest to the virus) and itself in water include Fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, (and food) nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

Coronavirus

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

depression. 90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 48% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with Enters water delirium, headache, through the fever, and occasional feces of seizures, and spastic infected paralysis, 1% have symptoms of nonindividuals paralytic aseptic meningitis. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in paralysis or death

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

Poliovirus

BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can infect Very widespread, the kidneys of can manifest immunosuppressed Two of itself in water, transplant patients. JC Polyomavirus Polyomavirus: ~80% of the virus infects the infection JC virus and population respiratory system, BK virus has kidneys or can cause antibodies to progressive multifocal Polyomavirus leukoencephalopathy in the brain (which is fatal).

Drinking water hazards Large rivers may be polluted with sewage effluent, surface runoff, or industrial pollutants from sources far upstream. However even small streams, springs and wells may be contaminated by animal waste and pathogens. The presence of dead animals upstream is not uncommon. In most parts of the world, water may contain bacterial or protozoa contamination originating from human and animal waste or pathogens which use other organisms as an intermediate host. Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., both of which cause diarrhea (see giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis) are common pathogens. In backcountry areas of the United States and Canada they are sometimes present in sufficient quantity that water treatment is justified for backpackers,[1] although this has created some controversy.[2][3] (See Wilderness acquired diarrhea.) In Hawaii and other tropical areas, Leptospira spp. are another possible problem.[4] (See Leptospirosis.) Less commonly seen in developed countries are organisms such as Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera and various strains of Salmonella which cause typhoid and para-typhoid diseases. Pathogenic viruses may also be found in water. The larvae of flukes are particularly dangerous in area frequented by sheep, deer, or cattle. If such microscopic larvae are ingested, they can form potentially life threatening cysts in the brain or liver. This risk extends to plants grown in or near water including the commonly eaten watercress.

Prevention of water diseases

y y y y y Boiling Chemical disinfection Ultraviolet purification Solar water disinfection Solar distillation

Conclusion