CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The samples of engine oils to be considered in this project work research are
shown in the table below. Such engine oil sample was subjected to an experimental
test as highlighted below

1 .Viscosity

2. Density

3. Pour Point

4. Flash Point
S/N Oil sample Manufacturers SAE Numbers Grade Cost/₦/Lists
1 A-Z SAE 20w/50 A-Z oil 20w/50 multigrade 1000/ 1 liter
2 Mobil SAE 20w/50 mobil oil 20w/50 multigrade 1200/ 1 liter
3 Visco 2000 SAE 20w/50 forte oil 20w/50 multigrade 1500/ 1 liter
4 Tonimas SAE 40 Tonimas oil 40 monograde 1000/ 1 liter
5 Ammasco SAE20w/50 Amasco oil 20w/50 multigrade 1000/ 1 liter
6 Jezco SAE 20w/50 Jezco oil 20w/50 multigrade 1000/ 1 liter
7 Total 500 SAE 20w/50 Total oil 20w/50 multigrade 1200/ 1 liter
8 Dozzy SAE 20w/50 Dozzy oil 20w/50 multigrade 1000/ 1 liter
9 Climax SAE 20w/50 Climax oil 20w/50 multigrade 1000/ 1 liter
10 Rico SAE 40 Rico oil 40 Monograde 1000/ 1 liter

1. VISCOSITY DETERMINATION
Viscosity is the measure of an oil or fluid resistance to deformation at a
given rate of flow (this may be the thickness of the fluid). In this project
work a Rotational viscometer apparatus was used to determine the viscosity
of the engine oil samples.
 Rotational viscometer

The required materials include

i. Rotational Viscometer
ii. Thermometer
iii. Hot plate
iv. Kettle
v. Beaker
vi. Engine oil sample

PROCEDURE
A little quantity of the sample was poured into a beaker and then the thermometer
was immerged. The average of the temperature read on the thermometer was taken
to be the sample room temperature.
The sample was position appropriately on the rotational viscometer and the spindle
lowered until the oil level was just at mark on the spindle.

The rotational viscometer was set to a speed of 75 rpm and switch on. The
viscometer was left at this speed to run until it oscillated. It was then stopped and
the reading on the dial gauge was taken.

The sample was placed on the hot plate and heated until the temperature rise to 100
0
C on the thermometer and the sample was quickly and carefully placed under the
viscometer for the viscosity to be measured and read at the dial gauge. This
procedure was undertaken for the entire ten samples and the results recorded.

2. DENSITY DETERMINATION
Density: it is the degree at compactness of a substance or fluid which is also the
ratio between the mass and the volume. In this project work a pycometer apparatus
was used to determined the density of the engine oil samples

The required materials includes

i. Pycometer bottle
ii. Digital balance
iii. Thermometer
iv. Beaker
v. Engine oil sample

PROCEDURE
The 50ml pycometer bottle was thoroughly washed with detergent, water and
petroleum ether and allows to dry.

The pycometer bottle was weigh. The pycometer bottle was fill with the oil sample
and weigh on the digital balance and then the thermometer was immersed into the
sample and temperature reading was recorded as the average room temperature.

Density = Weight of oil (M)

Volume at oil (V)
M g
p=
V cm3

This procedure was undertaken for the entire ten samples and the results recorded.
3. POUR POINT DETERMINATION

Pour point is the temperature at which he engine oil cease to flow.

The required materials includes

i. Test tube
ii. Thermometer
iii. A jacket of crushed ice
iv. Sample to be tested.

PROCEDURE

The sample was poured into the test tube. The test tube containing the sample was
placed inside the crushed ice in the jacket. The sample was allowed to freeze here
until it ceases to pour then the sample was allow to stand on a closes observation
till the sample was able to flow and the temperature was recorded as the pour
point.

The procedure was repeated on the entire sample and the pour point was recorded.

4. FLASH POINT DETERMINATION

Flash point is the temperature at which the fluid compound gives off sufficient
vapor to ignite in air. It is also the temperature at which the liquid or oil will form
vapour in the air near its surface that will flash or briefly ignite on exposure to an
open flame but will not support combustion. The higher the flash point the oil, the
better the oil will served in a high temperature environment if a low flash point oil
is used in an environment where high temperature is expected as a result of the
heat generated in the system, the oil could lose the lubricating properties and which
will in turn lead to catastrophic failure in the system. Also the risk of fire incidence
is imminent.

THE REQUIRED MATERIAL

Several apparatus are used for the determination of flash point of petroleum
products but for this project work a Cleveland open cup apparatus was used.
 The Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus

PROCEDURE

A 10ml volume of the oil sample was poured into the evaporating dish and then the
thermometer was suspended at the center of the dish ensuring that the bulb was
dips inside the oil without touching the bottom of the dish and the temperature of
the heater was increased gradually until the temperature at which the oil started
flashing (when flame was applied) without supporting combustion then the reading
was taken and recorded as the flash point of the oil.

This procedure was undertaken for the entire ten samples and the results recorded.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results and Discussion

4.1 Viscosity Determination Result for the 10 samples in Room temperature

S/N Oil Sample 1st 2nd 3rd Mean

1 Mobil SAE
20w/50 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00±0.00
2 Visco 2000
SAE 20w/50 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00±0.00
3 Total 500 SAE
20w/50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50±0.00
4 A.Z SAE
20w/50 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00±0.00
5 Tonimas SAE
40 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50±0.00
6 Ammasco SAE
20w/50 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.50±0.00
7 Rico SAE 40
7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50±0.00
8 Dozzy SAE
20w/50 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00±0.00
9 Jezco 20w/50
9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50±0.00
10 Climax SAE
20w/50 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50±0.00

4.2 Density Determination Result for the 10 Samples at Room temperature.

 S/N Oil Sample 1st 2nd 3rd Mean
1 A.Z SAE 0.8730±
20w/50 0.8730 0.8730 0.8731 5.7x10-5
2 Mobil SAE
20w/50 0.8783 0.8783 0.8783 0.8783± 0.00
3 Visco 2000 SAE
20w/50 0.8619 0.8619 0.8619 0.8619± 0.00
4 Tonimas SAE 40
0.8672 0.8672 0.8672 0.8672± 0.00
5 Ammasco SAE
20w/50 0.8591 0.8591 0.8591 0.8591± 0.00
6 Jezco 20w/50
0.8611 0.8611 0.8611 0.8611± 0.00
7 Total 500 SAE
20w/50 0.8955 0.8955 0.8955 0.8955 ± 0.00
8 Dozzy SAE
20w/50 0.8517 0.8517 0.8517 0.8517± 0.00
9 Climax SAE
20w/50 0.8582 0.8582 0.8582 0.8562± 0.00
10 Rico SAE 40 0.8759±
0.8759 0.8759 0.8758 5.7x10-5

4.3 Pour point Determination Result for the 10 Samples at Room

temperature

S/N Oil Sample 1st 2nd 3rd Mean

 1 A.Z SAE 1.1300±
20w/50 1 1.2 1.2 0.1200
2 Mobil SAE 4.1700±
20w/50 4 4.2 4.3 0.1527
3 Visco 2000 SAE 3.0700±
20w/50 3 3 3.2 0.1154
4 Tonimas SAE 40 1.0700±
1 1.1 1.1 0.0577
5 Ammasco SAE 2.0700±
20w/50 2 2.1 2.1 0.0577
6 Jezco 20w/50 5.0300±
5 5.1 5 0.0577
7 Total 500 SAE 1.070± 0.1154
20w/50 1 1 1.2
8 Dozzy SAE 3.0300±
20w/50 3 3 3.1 0.0577
9 Climax SAE 0.1700±
20w/50 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0577
10 Rico SAE 40 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2700±
0.0577

4.4Flash point Determination Result for the 10 Samples of oil at Room

temperature.

S/N Oil Sample 1st 2nd 3rd Mean

1 A.Z SAE
20w/50 178 178.5 178.3 178.27± 0.25
2 Mobil SAE
20w/50 159 159.3 159.2 159.17± 0.15
3 Visco 2000 SAE
20w/50 179 179.4 179.3 185.20± 0.21
4 Tonimas SAE 40 209.17± 0.15
209 209.2 209.3
5 Ammasco SAE
20w/50 191 191.5 191.2 191.23± 0.25
6 Jezco 20w/50
201 201.4 201.4 201.27± 0.23
7 Total 500 SAE
20w/50 182 182.1 182.3 182.13 ± 0.15
8 Dozzy SAE
20w/50 203 203.3 203.3 203.20± 0.17
9 Climax SAE
20w/50 219 219.3 219.6 219.30± 0.3
10 Rico SAE 40
184 184.3 184.2 184.17± 0.15
 Viscosity Determination Result for the 10 samples in Room temper-
ature
12

10

6
Series1
4
mean

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
w/5 w/5 w/5 w/5 E4 w/5 E4 w/5 w/5
0 0 0 0 A 0 A 0
2 E2 E2 2 as
S
E2
S
E2 20
AE AE i co co
li S SA SA Z S ni
m SA R
yS
A
Je
z
ob 00 00 A. To as
co zz
M 20 tal5 m D o
o
sc To Am
Vi
 DENSITY DETERMINATION RESULT FOR THE 10 SAMPLES AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE.
0.9

0.89

0.88

0.87

0.86
Series1
0.85
MEAN

0.84

0.83

0.82
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
w/5 w/5 w/5
A E4 w/5 w /5 w /5 w/5 w/5
A E4
0 0 0 S 0 20 0 0 0 S
A E2 A E2 A E2 as A E2 c o A E2 A E2 A E2 ico
m z R
ZS il S S ni S Je S yS ax
S
A. ob 0 00 To asc
o
5 00 o zz m
2 al i
M o m
ot
D Cl
i sc A m T
V
 POUR POINT DETERMINATION RESULT FOR THE 10 SAMPLES AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
6

3
Series1
MEAN

0
0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 40
w/5 w/5 w/5 E w/5 w /5 w /5 w /5 w/5 E
0 0 0 SA 0 20 0 0 0 SA
A E2 A E2 A E2 as A E2 co A E2 A E2 A E2 ico
m z R
ZS il S S ni S Je S yS ax
S
A. ob 0 00 To asc
o
5 00 o zz m
2 al i
M o m
ot
D Cl
i sc A m T
V
 FLASH POINT DETERMINATION RESULT FOR THE 10
SAMPLES OF OIL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
250

200

150

Series1
100
MEAN

50

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
w/5 w/5 w/5 E4 w/5 w /5 w /5 w/5 w/5 E4
0 0 A A
E2 E2 E2
0
as
S
E2
0 20 E2
0
E2
0
E2
0 S
A A A m A co A A A ico
ni z R
ZS il S 00
S
o
S Je
00
S yS ax
S
A. ob 0 To asc 5 o zz im
M 2 m al D Cl
i sc
o
A m T ot
V