1 Simpto Parity chock Blocks of data trom the source are subjected to a check bit or part Whore a panty of | Is addled to the block if it contains odd number of 1's, and 0 Is added if it contains even number of 1's eet : | en patil "his scheme makes the total number of 1's even, that is why itis called even parity checking y bit generator form, SENDER todary| [ le wp [Acce a) Cormpule ~ Rosny ait | t 1000| 1 [t}r | | | 2. Two-dimensional Parity check Parity check bits are calculated for each row, which is equivalent to a simple ead mn check bit Parity check bits are also calculated for all columns, then both are sent along with the data At the receiving end these are compared with the parity bits calculated on the received data jooly 1] Glu: m7 Pnriiey VOOINOIO| He x 0G TpGAD AOD) T a] 3. Checksum + Inchecksum error detection scheme, the data is divided into k segments each of m bits,In the sender's end the segments are added using 1's complement arithmetic get the sum The sum is complemented to get the checksum, + The checksum segment is sent along with the data segments , + Atthe receiver's end, all received segments are added using 1's complemen! arithmetic to get the sum. The sum is complemented : If the result is zero, the received data is accepted, otherwise discarded Sum. Oot checksums 01) D'S Comftomnee” 4. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) * Guike checksum scheme, which is based on addition, CRC is based on binary division In CRC. a sequence of redundant bits, called cyclic redundancy check bits, are appended to the end of data unit so that the resulting data unit becomes exactly divisible by a second, predetermined binary number At the destination, the incoming data unit is divided by the same number, If at this step there is no remainder, the data unit is assumed fo be correct and is therefore accepted +A remainder indicates that the data unit has been damaged in transit and therefore must be rejected.Dala Example : Generator polyn aT xO CRC cao) 4a so a Tae Diviclend Mee @ mt append: 9000 10000 011000 @1001 01010 @1001 M o be transited eo TPORC pe bit then append 2er0s in the end of Jonginal me 1010000011 @1001 0011000011 @1001 01010011 @1001 0011011 @1001 01001padov ido, Coren rodyardoo le punt ~ Whoolot nathan” ans OF Palymoavel— yVoNN le aylh 4 ' ube Lott Fytaorel 9008 Chee 0}00_ a Ode + CRC Hvootot F Ole? =} \ootelotee | red Wo aff ceoived Sle sy Huo apo ected 7 al count Whoa . : ales -teelundbrae aks crest als = \yvoopolal oe Yobynewsd > \ Yor (eens erin il tr Too lololo oe Va 20) 2m tren Vers fy nw ene ine lala———EtsssS Chacksum ene dolection method — Se Lr ie, ore (tse Car sefe romb by devs be 7, Wyre ors Stam 36 yhal \ wt loss | andoy geond Ave clay adler v9 Ie a1 121 016 7 als befor 764-362 © ea Hes ie Me Oe Koceis 2 be f 7! Mae es lolol adel \ao) BO eG Sea ores Gmpronene ta ro 7? ” ors Combai alte hud “) pao 2 tte ee one's Crplernanh = és Consol alo 7 ) 1e 6 word * Tab to ebm Cs 10 5100" a Sin oI wrapped Sums © +e O11 0 26 wn teed chee check Btn, pads orsie coord { Lol = FLeet IF > \\ \e oO 6 G Cem * ae = . - piveg {4S = jolie! 3 - abel VON \o cue iv SS —_ e on embpemea = 0000 ae Cheng = O oe ta ne ee occ Sa vey