Earth Science: Energy Resources + Soil
Energy - capacity to do work.
Resource - general term referring to any item
which is used for a specific purpose.
Energy resource - anything that can be used
as a source of energy.
Renewable resources - can be replenished or
regenerated.
Nonrenewable resources - cannot be
replenished or regenerated. Resources that
humans mostly relied on since industrial
revolution.
Examples of industrial revolution:
- Steam engines
- Chimneys
- Trains
Republic Act 9513 - Renewable Act of 2008.
Governs the development, utilization, and
commercialization of energy resource in the
Philippines.
Fossil fuel - world’s primary energy
resources. Comes from the remains of
prehistoric plants and animals that died
million years ago.
Example of fossil fuels:
- Gas
- Petroleum
- Coal
Coal - formed from the remains of plants that
once grew in swamps and adjacent forests
million years ago.
Peat - precursor of coal containing 50%
carbon. Transformed into coal at burial depth
of 4 to 10km.
Natural gas - mixture of naturally-occurring
light hydrocarbons composed mostly of methane.
Forms from the remains of ancient
microorganisms, as well as plant and animal
matter.
Hydraulic fracturing - also called fracking.
It is the drilling process to get natural gas.
Petroleum - comes from the Latin word petra
that means rock. Naturally-occurring liquid
composed of complex hydrocarbons, and is
found in geological formation underneath the
Earth’s crust.
Petroleum - a fossil fuel derived from large
quantities of microscopic aquatic organisms
such as algae and planktons.
Kerogen - waxy material that organic matters
turn into when faced with increasing pressure
and temperature.
Oil window - the deeper, the better the
petroleum quality. Petroleum forms within the
specific depth, pressure, and temperature
range.
Thermal cracking - process where the oil is
transformed to natural gas because of the
increase of temperature in oil window.
Environmental Laws:
 RA 9513 ALSO KNOWN AS THE RENEWABLE
ENERGY ACT OF 2008.
 RA 8749 ALSO KNOWN AS THE PHILIPPINE
CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999.
 RA 9275 ALSO KNOWN AS THE CLEAN WATER ACT.
 RA 9003 OR THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT.
Nuclear reaction - occurs when atoms of one
species of a chemical element are transformed
into atoms of another species.
Fission - splitting of heavy atoms into
lighter atoms.
Fusion - combination of two light atoms to
form heavier atom.
Nuclear energy - the heat the fission and
fusion makes.
Atomic explosion - the event that happens
when nuclear reaction is not controlled.
Bataan Nuclear Powerplant (BNPP) - built in
1976 at Morong, Bataan.
Geothermal energy - one source of energy in
the earth’s system is its internal heat.
Geothermal gradients - rate of temperature
with depth.
Hydroelectric energy - gravity is essential
to hydroelectric energy. An object at rest in
a higher elevation has a gravitational
potential energy.
Kinetic energy - when it moves to lower
elevation, the potential energy transforms to
kinetic energy.
Hydropower - power elevated from falling
water or fast running water.
Penstock - the large pipe or tunnel where
water flows to reach the turbine.
RA 7156 - Mini Hydro law
San Roque Dam - located in Pangasinan. The
largest hydroelectric dam in the Philippines
with the height of 200 meters.
Ocean powers - ocean water has a vast
potential to generate energy by using other
sources of power.
Types of ocean power:
 Tidal barrages
 Tidal fences
 Tidal turbines
Wind energy - is the movement of air caused
by differences in atmospheric pressure.
Air - static. The gaseous mixture, water
vapour and dust particles in our atmosphere,
which we breath.
Wind - when the air moves. Horizontal motion
of air, due to the pressure difference
between to places.
Winds with strengths and speed:
 Gust - short-duration, high-speed
 Breeze - low wind
 Gale - High-speed, long-term
 Storm/Hurricane - high-speed with water
Mechanical power - can be produced from wind
flows or air current.
Wind farm - collection of individual wind
turbines. Built onshore in flat areas,
usually near coastlines.
Solar energy - energy coming from the sun.
Earth Science: Energy Resources + Soil
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) - involves
mirror, lenses, and tracking system that
focuses light into a receiver and generates
heat.
Photovoltaic - also known as solar cell.
Refers to the direct conversion of light into
electricity at the atomic level.
Wafer - solar cells consists of semiconductor
materials (usually silicon) made into sheets
called wafer.
Three types of Human waste:
1. Solid waste
2. Liquid waste
3. Gas waste
Solid waste - all discarded household,
commercial waste, nonhazardous institutional
and industrial wastes, street sweeping,
construction debris, agricultural waste, &
other nontoxic/nonhazardous solid waste.
RA 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act of 2000
Effects of solid waste:
 Land pollution
 Affect plant growth
 Serve as breeding place for disease-
carrying animal
 Cause aesthetic degradation of the
environment
 Lower the quality of the land
Ways to manage solid waste:
 Reduce - limiting the amount of waste.
 Reuse - recovery of materials with the
intention of reusing it.
 Recycle - using a material to another
purpose.
Waste reduction:
 Manufacturing products with less
packaging.
 Bringing reusable bag for packaging.
 Choosing reusable products such as cloth
napkins.
 Reusing plastic and glass containers.
 Backyard composting.
 Donating unused items.
Recycling Process:
Segregation - separation
Collection - removal of solid waste from the
source.
Production of new product - original product
loses identity.
Waste disposal methods:
1. Mulch & Compost - simplest method
2. Landfill - cheapest and most convenient.
3. Incineration - waste material is turned
into gas.
Incinerator - machine used in incineration
Composting - method of allowing the natural
process of decomposition.
Compost - mucus-like material.
RA 9512 - National Environment Awareness and
Education Act of 2008
Liquid waste - wastes in water
Agricultural waste (liquid) - raising hog,
livestock & post harvest waste.
Domestic waste - wastes from bathing, laundry,
cleaning, washing, & other kitchen cooking.
Industrial wastewater - food, dairy, pulp,
paper, & textile industry carries organic
matters.
Sewage - septic tanks
Effects of liquid waste:
 Water pollution
 Depletion of oxygen in water affects
fishes.
 Can cause sickness/death
Gaseous waste - affects air pollution.
Acid rain - corrodes cement and metal.
Clean Air Act of 1999 - management of gaseous
waste.
Universal Recycle Symbol - promotes proper
waste disposal.
Gary Anderson - design the universal recycle
symbol
Mobius strip - unending single-sided looped
surface
Earth Hour - turning off of lights for 1 hour.
Volcanism - A phenomena which molten rocks
(magma) are erupted from the Earth’s interior
onto the surface.
Volcano - series of vents on Earth’s surface.
Vent - where magma, ash, & gases are released.
Crater - mouth on the vent.
Caldera - large cauldron-like hollow that
forms shortly after the emptying of a magma
chamber in a volcanic eruption.
Apolaki - a volcanic crater with a diameter
of 150 kilometers (93 mi), making it the
world's largest caldera. Discovered by Jenny
Anne Barretto.
Active volcano - 600-1000 years
Dormant volcano - 1000 years inactive but has
the possibility to erupt.
Extinct volcano - 10 000 years and are unlike
to erupt.
PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology or Surian ng
Pilipinas sa Bulkanolohiya at Sismolohiya.
Pacific Ring of Fire - 70% of volcanic
activity came from here.
Convergent volcano - As two tectonic plates
collide, the slabs of rocks descend into the
mantle. The heat generated by this mechanism
facilitates the formation of magma.
Andesitic - magma generated at the subduction
zone.
Hotspots - These are columns of mantle
materials that begin to melt as they rise to
lower pressure and shallower depths.
Volcanic Materials:
Gases - Volcanic eruption emits a variety of
gases.
Lava – It refers to magma that flows out to
the earth’s surface.
Viscosity – resistance to flow.
Earth Science: Energy Resources + Soil
Pyroclastic – (tephra) Solid particles thrown Earthquake Intensity Scale - developed by the
out in volcanic eruption. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Volcanic blocks – large angular volcanic Seismology, is used in reporting earthquake
rocks like pumice that have sizes greater intensities.
than 64 mm in diameter. Largest earthquake - Celebes Sea (Magnitude
Lapilli – medium-sized particles between 2 mm 8.3)
and 64 mm in size. Deadliest earthquake - Moro Gulf (Magnitude 8)
Volcanic ash – consists of small particles
less than 2 mm in diameter.
Volcanic dust – consists of very small
particles that is less than 0.25 mm in
diameter.
Lahar - mixture of ash and water.
Nuee ardantes - (Glowing cloud) highly
destructive, fast-moving, incandescent mass
of gas-enveloped particles that is associated
with certain types of volcanic eruptions.
Ash-flow tuff - An ash flow releases most of
its gases when it stops flowing. It leaves
behind a mixture of volcanic ash and rock
fragments.
Earthquake - vibration on the surface of
Earth resulting from the sudden release of
energy.
Elastic rebound theory - first theory to
satisfactorily explain earthquakes.
Fault - crack on earth’s crust.
Fracture - forms in rocks when earthquake
occur.
Normal fault - moves down.
Reverse fault - goes up.
Strike-slip fault - horizontal direction.
Focus/Hypocenter - where rock ruptures.
Epicenter - point directly above focus.
Seismic waves - waves of energy that travel
through the Earth's layers, and are a result
of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma
movement, large landslides and large man-made
explosions that give out low-frequency
acoustic energy.
Active fault - where we expect displacement
to occur.
Inactive fault - structures we identify but
do not expect displacement.
Body waves - within the interior of the earth.
Primary waves - back & forth in parallel
direction.
Secondary waves - back & forth in
perpendicular direction.
Surface waves - travels along the earth’s
surface.
Rayleigh waves - ripple up and down.
Love waves - snake like movement.
Seismograph - detects the movement of ground
from earthquake.
Seismogram - records of seismograph.
Magnitude - number of size that indicate the
relative size of energy released during an
earthquake.
Intensity - amount of damage brought by an
earthquake.
Mercalli Intensity Scale - Giuseppe Mercalli.
Used to record the intensity of an earthquake.