CHE M6 – Multiple Choice

Use the following information for the next two questions.

Titration Curve
14
12
10
8
pH

6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40
Volume of base added (mL)

1. TEC 2019:7
Which statement about this titration is correct?

A. The acid was placed in the burette and the equivalence point was at pH 7.
B. The base was placed in the burette and the equivalence point was at pH 12.
C. The acid was placed in the conical flask and the equivalence point was at pH 7.
D. The acid was placed in the conical flask and the equivalence point was at pH 12.

2. TEC 2019:8
Which pair of solutions would be most likely to produce this titration curve?

A. Acetic acid and ammonia solution

B. Citric acid and sodium hydroxide
C. Sulfuric acid and ammonia solution
D. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide

3. TEC 2019:9
+
What is the concentration of H3O in a solution with a pH of 2.38?

A. 0.38 mol L-1

B. 11.62 mol L-1
C. 4.17 x 10-3 mol L-1
D. 2.40 x 10-12 mol L-1
4. TEC 2019:10
Which alternative contains only amphiprotic substances?

A. SiO2, SO2, SnO

B. H2CO3, HCO3-, CO32-
C. HS-, H3PO4, HPO42-
D. HCO3-, HSO4-, H2O

5. TEC 2019:11
25.00 mL of 0.02 M potassium hydroxide solution in a conical flask is neutralized by the
gradual addition of 33.20 mL of nitric acid.

What is the concentration of the nitric acid?

A. 0.015 mol L-1

B. 0.0265 mol L-1
C. 5 x 10-4 mol L-1
D. 1.66 x 10-5 mol L-1

6. TEC 2019:12
When a student added 25 mL of 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH to 25 mL of 0.10 mol L-1 HNO3 the
temperature increased by 0.66°C.

What is the enthalpy of neutralisation for this reaction?

A. -55.2 kJ mol-1
B. -0.137 kJ mol-1
C. 27.59 kJ mol-1
D. 55.2 kJ mol-1
7. QAT 2019:3
Three solutions of acids, HX, HY and HZ, are represented by the following diagrams.
For clarity, water molecules have not been shown.

The acids, in order of increasing acid strength, are

A. HX, HY, HZ

B. HZ, HX, HY

C. HX, HZ, HY

D. HY, HZ, HX

8. QAT 2019:6
-1
The pH of a 0.0001 mol L solution of a monoprotic acid was measured by a student and found
to be 4.

What proportion of the acid molecules has been converted to ions?

A. 0%

B. 4%

C. 96%

D. 100%
9. QAT 2019:13
The diagram below represents the titration curve for the reaction between an acid and
a base.

The equation that best represents the reaction described by the titration curve is

A. HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) ® NH4Cl (aq)

B. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ® NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

C. CH3COOH (aq) + NH3 (aq) ® CH3COONH4 (aq)

D. CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) ® CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

10. QAT 2019:14

Which graph best represents the electrical conductivity changes that occur when an
aqueous solution of acetic acid is titrated with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide, NaOH?
11. QAT 2019:15
What is the pOH of the solution formed when 20.00 mL of 0.250 mol/L HCl is mixed
with 80.00 mL of 0.350 mol/L NaOH solution at 25°C?

A. 0.638

B. 1.638

C. 12.362

D. 13.362

12. PEM 2019:2

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is FALSE?

(A) Acids are able to produce hydrogen ions in solutions.

(B) A hydrogen ion attached to water forms a hydronium ion.
(C) Bases are able to produce hydroxide ions in solution.
(D) All oxides are basic.

13. PEM 2019:10

Which of the following conductivity graphs represent the titration of acetic acid and ammonium
hydroxide.

(A) (B)

Volume of base Volume of base

(C) (D)

Volume of base Volume of base

14. PEM 2019:17
What mass of acetic acid will produce 2.5 L of solution having a pH of 5.50?

(A) 0.11 g
(B) 4.8 x 10-4 g
(C) 1.9 x 10-4 g
(D) 8.3 x 10-5 g

15. EC 2019:11
-
The indicator HIn/In is used in a titration between nitric acid and barium hydroxide solutions.
The following equation represents how the indicator works.

HIn ↔ H+ + In-
(green) (purple)

The indicator is added to 20mL of the barium hydroxide solution in a conical flask and the nitric acid
is added via a burette until the endpoint is reached. The nitric acid and barium hydroxide solutions
are of similar concentrations and the flask is swirled continuously as the acid is added.

Which one of the following statements describes the expected observations for the
colour of the solution in the conical flask?

(A) It starts green and turns purple after adding approximately 10mL of HNO3.
(B) It starts green and turns purple after adding approximately 40mL of HNO3.
(C) It starts purple and turns green after adding approximately 10mL of HNO3.
(D) It starts purple and turns green after adding approximately 40mL of HNO3.

16. EC 2019:15
When solid sodium ethanoate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place.

CH3COO-(aq) + H2O (l) ↔ CH3COOH (aq) + OH-

Given the pKa of ethanoic acid is 4.76 at 25oC, what is the pH of a 0.420M solution of sodium
ethanoate?

(A) 2.6
(B) 4.8
(C) 9.2
(D) 11.4
17. NEAP 2019:6
The pH of an alkaline solution is 8.
Which of the following expressions could represent this solution?
(A) [OH–] = 10–8
(B) –log10[H+] = 8
(C) log10[OH–] = 8
(D) log10[H+] = 8

18. NEAP 2019:8

Nitric acid completely dissociates in aqueous solutions. 1.0 mL of 10 mol L–1 solution was diluted to 1 L
with distilled water. 100 mL of this resulting solution was then further diluted to 1 L using distilled water.
What pH is the final solution closest to?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4

19. NEAP 2019:9

The diagram shows the behaviour of two different acids when they are dissolved in distilled water.

Which row of the table correctly describes the two acids?

20. IND 2019:1
Hydrofluoric acid has a Ka of 6.3 x 10-4 .

What is the pH of a 0.50 M solution of the acid?

(A) 0.30
(B) 1.75
(C) 2.90
(D) 3.20

21. IND 2019:10

Which of the following is amphiprotic?

(A) HCl
(B) Cl-
(C) NH4+
(D) HCO3-

22. IND 2019:11

Which aqueous solution turns phenolphthalein indicator pink?

(A) H2SO4
(B) CH3OH
(C) NaOH
(D) CaCl2

23. IND 2019:12

What mass of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate is required to make 250 mL of 0.28 mol L-1
solution?

(A) 3.8 g
(B) 9.0 g
(C) 5.9 g
(D) 6.3 g

24. IND 2019:13

What volume of a 0.20 mol L-1 solution of calcium hydroxide would be required to neutralise 150
mL of 0.15 mol L-1 solution of hydrochloric acid?

(A) 11 mL
(B) 23 mL
(C) 45 mL
(D) 56 mL
25. CSSA 2019:7
Which of the following is the weakest acid?

Ka (at 25°C)
(A) 7.0 x 10-5
(B) 1.7 x 10-5
(C) 8.0 x 10-3
(D) 8.0 x 10-4

26. CSSA 2019:10

Identify the conjugate acid/base pair:
(A) H3O+/OH-
(B) H2BO3/HBO32-
(C) C3H6O2/C3H5O-
(D) H2CrO4/HCrO4-

27. CSSA 2019:11

Determine the pH of the solution when 25 mL of 0.1 M LiOH is added to 35 mL of 0.1 M nitric acid.
(A) 0.23
(B) 0.47
(C) 1.8
(D) 7.0

28. CSSA 2019:14

Which of the following substances is an amphiprotic salt?
(A) sodium carbonate
(B) sodium chloride
(C) sodium hydroxide
(D) sodium hydrogen phosphate
 The graph is used for the next two questions. It shows changes to conductivity as hydrochloric
acid is added to 25 mL of sodium hydroxide.

29. TEC 2020:5

Which statement about this titration is correct?

A. The equivalence point occurred when 15 mL of acid was added.

B. The equivalence point occurred when 25 mL of acid was added.
C. Neutralisation is incomplete as the conductivity has not reached zero.
D. The end point occurred when 15 mL of acid was added, and the equivalence point
occurred when 25 mL of acid was added.

30. TEC 2020:6

Given that the concentration of the sodium hydroxide was 0.12 M, what is the
concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution?

A. 0.0072 M
B. 0.12 M
C. 0.20 M
D. 1.66 M

31. TEC 2020:7

Which pair of compounds represents an acid and its conjugate base?

Acid Conjugate base

A. HSO4– H2SO4
B. CH3COO– CH3COOH
C. CH3NH2 CH3NH3+
D. HCrO4– CrO4 2–
 32. TEC 2020:8
Three solutions have been prepared.

Concentration
Solution Formula
(mol L-1)
P 0.05 Na2CO3
Q 0.005 NaOH
R 0.1 NH3

Which statement is correct?

A. P is a weak acid and more dilute than R

B. P is a weak base and more dilute than R
C. R is a weak base and more dilute than Q
D. Q is a strong base and more concentrated than P

33. TEC 2020:11

Which solution has the highest pH?

A. 0.001 M NH3
B. 0.001 M KOH
C. 0.005 M H2SO4
D. 0.005 M CH3COOH

34. TEC 2020:16

One litre of buffer solution is made by combining which two substances?

A. 0.2 mol acetic acid and 0.2 mol sodium acetate

B. 0.1 mol hydrofluoric acid and 1.0 mol sodium fluoride
C. 0.1 mol hydrochloric acid and 0.1 mol sodium chloride
D. 0.2 mol sodium hydrogen carbonate and 0.2 mol potassium hydrogen carbonate
35. QAT 2020:6
-1
The pH of a 0.01 mol L solution of a monoprotic acid was measured by a student and
found to be 4.

What proportion of the acid molecules has been converted to ions?

A. 0%

B. 1%

C. 90%

D. 100%

36. QAT 2020:7

Identify the conjugate acid/base pair.

A. CH3COOH / CH3COO-

B. H3PO4 / HPO42-

C. H3O+ / OH-

D. H2CrO4 / CrO42-
37. QAT 2020:14
The diagram below represents the titration curve for the reaction between an acid and
a base.

The equation that best represents the reaction described by the titration curve is

A. HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) ® NH4Cl (aq)

B. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ® NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

C. CH3COOH (aq) + NH3 (aq) ® CH3COONH4 (aq)

D. CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) ® CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

38. QAT 2020:15

Which graph best represents the electrical conductivity changes that occur when an
aqueous solution of sulfuric acid is titrated with an aqueous solution of barium
hydroxide?
39. EC 2020:6
What are the correct names for the acids given?

I HClO2
II HClO
III HClO3
IV HClO4

I II III IV
Hypochlorous
(A) Chlorous acid Chloric acid Perchloric acid
acid
Hypochlorous
(B) Chlorous acid Chloric acid Perchloric acid
acid
Hypochlorous
(C) Chlorous acid Perchloric acid Chloric acid
acid
Hypochlorous
(D) Chloric acid Perchloric acid Chlorous acid
acid

40. EC 2020:7
Arrhenius’ theory of acids does not explain the acid-base behaviour of which reaction?

(A) HCl(g) + NH3(g) à NH4Cl(s)

(B) CH3COOH(aq) à CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
(C) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) à CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(D) HF(aq) + H2O(l) à F-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
41. EC 2020:9
A titration was performed by adding a solution of a base to a solution of an acid with the same
concentration.

The titration curve is shown.

Which acid and base combination could have been used in this titration?

(A) CH3COOH; KOH

(B) CH3COOH; NH4Cl
(C) HCl; NaOH
(D) H3PO4; KOH

42. EC 2020:12
Which concentration of an HCl solution would have the same pH as a solution of
0.50 mol L-1 acetic acid?

The Ka of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5.

(A) 0.090 mol L-1

(B) 0.030 mol L-1
(C) 0.0090 mol L-1
(D) 0.0030 mol L-1

43. EC 2020:19
What is the pH of a 0.0150 mol L-1 solution of a weak monoprotic acid that has a
pKa = 5.5 ?

(A) 5.5
(B) 3.7
(C) 0.000218
(D) 10-5.5
44. NEAP 2020:2
Which one of the following correctly identifies the conjugate acid–base pairs present in the equilibrium
mixture shown?

(A) CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO–(l) + H3O+(aq)

acid 1 base 1 base 2 acid 2

(B) CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO–(l) + H3O+(aq)

acid 1 base 2 base 1 acid 2

(C) CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO–(l) + H3O+(aq)

base 1 acid 1 acid 2 base 2

(D) CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO–(l) + H3O+(aq)

acid 2 base 2 acid 1 base 1

45. NEAP 2020:3

Separate 25.0 mL samples of 0.10 mol L–1 ethanoic acid solution and 0.10 mol L–1 hydrochloric acid are
prepared.

Which one of the following statements about the samples is correct?

(A) Both samples will react with 1.00 g of magnesium ribbon at the same rate.
(B) Both samples have the same electrical conductivity.
(C) The concentration of H3O+ ions is greater in the ethanoic acid solution.
(D) Both samples will react completely with 25.0 mL of 0.10 mol L–1 sodium hydroxide solution.

46. NEAP 2020:7

The following table shows the colour changes and pH ranges of three indicators:

The indicators were used to test a liquid. The following table shows the final colours of the liquid:

Which one of the following substances was tested?

(A) vinegar (pH 2.1)
(B) rain water (pH 5.2)
(C) distilled water (pH 7.0)
(D) bleach (pH 12.1)
47. NEAP 2020:8
Which one of the following statements about buffers is correct?
(A) Buffers can be made from a weak acid and its salt.
(B) Buffers have a pH very close to 7.
(C) Buffers prevent changes in pH when large amounts of acids or bases are added.
(D) Buffers have equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

48. NEAP 2020:10

250 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide is added to 100 mL of 0.4 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid. What
is the resulting pOH?
(A) 1.4
(B) 2.3
(C) 11.7
(D) 12.6

49. IND 2020:6

The pKa for an acid is found to be - 1.45.

What is the likely formula of this acid?

(A) CaH2
(B) CH3COOH
(C) HSO4-
(D) HNO3

50. IND 2020:7

A sample of hydrochloric acid is found to have a pH of 1.5. 10.0 mL of this solution is made up to 1.0 L
using distilled water.

What is the pH of the new solution closest to?

A. 2.0
B. 2.5
C. 3.0
D. 3.5

51. IND 2020:9

In which of the following reactions is the dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-) acting as an acid?
52. IND 2020:10
The following titration curve was drawn from data collected when an acid was titrated against a 25.0 mL
sample of a base.

What acid-base combination does this graph represent?

(A) Strong base/weak acid

(B) Strong acid/weak base
(C) Strong base/strong acid
(D) Weak acid/weak base

53. IND 2020:19

A 250.0 mL sample of 0.40 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid is added to 750.0 mL of 0.60 mol L-1 potassium
hydroxide solution.

What is the final concentration of hydroxide ions?

(A) 0.30 mol L-1

(B) 0.35 mol L-1
(C) 0.40 mol L-1
(D) 0.45 mol L-1

54. CSSA 2020:4

Acids and bases vary in their ability to dissociate. A weak acid would have the following properties:

(A) A small value Ka and a high value pKa

(B) A small value Ka and a small value pKa

(C) A high Ka and a small value pKa

(D) A high value Ka and a high value pKa

55. CSSA 2020:6
Which of the following reactions would be classified as an Arrhenius definition for an acid?

(A) HNO3(aq) + NH3(g) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

(B) HCl(g) + NH3(g) ⇌ NH4Cl(s)
(C) NaOH(aq) ⇌ Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
(D) HBr(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + Br-(aq)
 CHE M6 – Short Answer
Question 1 TEC 2019:26 (3 marks)

An equimolar solution of carbonic acid and hydrogen carbonate ions has reached
equilibrium with a pH of 6.4.

H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCO3- (aq) + H3O+(l)

(a) What would happen if a small volume of dilute acid or base was added to this 2
solution?

(b) Identify a buffer in a natural system. 1

Question 2 TEC 2019:27 (4 marks)

Discuss how theories about acids and bases have developed over time as new observations 4
were made and existing ideas were shown to be too limited.
Question 3 TEC 2019:28 (7 marks)

A student was asked to determine the mass of CaCO3 present in a 2.25 gram sample of
chalk. The chalk reacted with 100 mL of a 1.00 M HCl solution. After the bubbling stopped,
excess HCl remained. The excess HCl was titrated with 1.0 M NaOH. The average titre
was 17.15 mLs.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide which reacted with the excess 1
HCl.

(b) Determine the number of moles of HCl added to the chalk sample and use this to 4
calculate the actual number of moles of calcium carbonate present in the sample.

(c) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate present in the 2.25 g chalk sample. 2
Question 4 TEC 2019:29 (3 marks)

Acetic acid is placed in two beakers. In the first beaker, an equal volume of water is added.
In the second beaker, sodium hydroxide solution is added.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide. 1

(b) Account for the difference between the reactions taking place in the two beakers. 2

Question 5 TEC 2019:30 (3 marks)

Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M acetic acid solution given Ka = 1.8 x 10-5. Show all working. 3
Question 6 QAT 2019:26 (3 marks)

The diagram shows an experiment related to acid-base reactions.

Glass tube
Rubber
stopper

Cotton wool soaked X Cotton wool soaked

in HCl soln. in NH3 soln.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between the gases ammonia and hydrogen chloride 1
and hence identify the solid product X.

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(b) Explain why the reaction of ammonia (gas) and hydrogen chloride (gas) can be classed 2
as an acid-base reaction by the Br nsted-Lowry theory, but not by the Arrhenius
theory.

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Question 7 QAT 2019:27 (9 marks)

The table shows the acid dissociation constants at 25ºC.

(a) Identify the strongest acid in the table and determine the pKa value for this acid. 2

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(b) Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M solution of nitrous acid. 3

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(continued)

(c) A buffer solution is prepared by combining 100 mL of 0.10 M HNO2 and 100 mL of 4
0.10 M NaNO2.

Calculate the pH of this buffer solution and explain why this solution is classified as a
buffer.

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Question 8 QAT 2019:28 (7 marks)

To determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in an antacid tablet

which had a mass of 0.250 g, the following procedure was used:

• The tablet was crushed and then placed in a beaker.

• A pipette was used to add 25.0 mL of 0.120 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid to the
crushed tablet in the beaker.

• Once the reaction between the calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid had
stopped, phenolphthalein indicator was added to the reaction mixture.

• A burette was then used to add 0.0560 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide to the beaker to
neutralise the excess hydrochloric acid.

• The phenolphthalein changed from colourless to pink after 27.4 mL of the sodium
hydroxide solution had been added.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and 1
hydrochloric acid.

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(b) Determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the tablet. 3

Show all working and reasoning.

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(continued)

(c) Explain the purpose of the indicator used in this experiment. 1

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(d) Justify the use of phenolphthalein (rather than other indicators) for this titration, even 2
though it changes colour between pH 8.3 and 10.00.

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Question 9 PEM 2019:25 (4 marks)

A green solution was made containing a weak acid, HA (which is a yellow molecule)
and its conjugate base, A- (which is blue).

(a) Write an equation for the reaction which occurs when a strong base such as sodium 1
hydroxide is added to this solution.

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(b) Write an equation for the reaction which occurs when a strong acid such as hydrochloric 1
acid is added to this solution.

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(c) Use your equations from part (a) and (b) to explain why this solution can act as an 2
indicator.

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Question 11 PEM 2019:27 (5 marks)

A titration was carried out to determine the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution,
using previously standardised 0.105 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide solution.

(a) Outline the method used to standardise the sodium hydroxide solution. 1

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(b) Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution, if 25.0 mL of this solution reacted 2
completely with 27.7 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution.

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(c) Identify an indicator which is suitable for use in this titration and justify this choice of 2
indicator.

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Question 12 PEM 2019:28 (4 marks)

Calculate the pOH of 0.20 M H2CO3. (Ka = 4.3 x 10-7).

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Question 13 PEM 2019:29 (5 marks)

Complaints have been made about a particular brand of orange juice being too acidic.
Recommended levels of citric acid in orange juice must be below 1%.

To test this claim, a student accurately measured 6 g of orange juice and transferred it into
a 150ml beaker. Approximately 45 mls of distilled water was added to the sample so the
depth was sufficient to cover the glass electrode of the pH probe. This was titrated against
standardised 0.1003 mol L-1 NaOH solution. The results are shown below.

Volume of titrant used (mls)

1 6.830
2 6.750
3 6.700
4 6.680

Assess whether the concentration of citric acid in this brand of juice is within the
recommended levels.

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 Marks
Question 14 EC 2019:31 (9 marks)

A titration was carried out by adding 0.155 molL-1 hydrochloric acid, to 25.0mL
of unknown methanamine (CH3NH2).

The pH of the solution in the comical flask was monitored using a pH probe and
data logger, as was the volume added from the burette, with a drop counter and
data logger.

The titration curve produced is shown below.

The equation for the reaction is:

HCl(aq) + CH3NH2(aq) à CH3NH3+ + Cl-

Ka(CH3NH3+) = 2.51 x 10-11

(a) Define the term ‘equivalence point’ as it is used in volumetric analysis and 2
mark the approximate equivalence point with a cross on the graph above.

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(continued)
Marks
(b) Another method to estimate the equivalence point of a titration is to use a
carefully selected acid-base indicator.

Based on the data in the graph, identify an appropriate indicator and justify
your choice, referring to specific data about the indicator.
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(c) Use the graph to determine the molarity of the methanamine solution being
analysed. Show your working.
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(d) Clearly show on the given titration curve the region known as the ‘buffer
region’ and explain how a buffer is formed in this area during the titration.
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Question 15 EC 2019:32 (5 marks)

In a beaker, enough sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.0288M is added

to10.5mL of 0.0355M of sulfuric acid to make a total volume of 50.0mL.

(a) Describe TWO practical methods which could be used to determine if 2

enough NaOH was added to neutralise the acid?

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(b) Calculate the pH of the remaining mixture. 3

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Question 17 NEAP 2019:27
The diagram shows three pieces of glassware (X, Y and Z) used in conventional acid–base titrations
(indicator colour change).

Identify each piece of equipment and outline its role in a titration. (3 marks)

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Question 18 NEAP 2019:28

Various models of acids and bases have been used over time.
Compare the theories of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry. (4 Marks)

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Question 19 NEAP 2019:29
A class was set the task of conducting a chemical analysis of a common household substance for its acidity
or basicity.

Describe TWO different methods of how this analysis could be conducted. In your answer, include any
advantages and disadvantages of the methods. (6 marks)

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Question 20 IND 2019:30
The pH of 0.125 mol L-1 of ethanoic acid is 2.83.

a) Calculate the Ka of the ethanoic acid. (2 marks)

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b) Calculate the pKa of the ethanoic acid. (1 mark)

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c) Calculate the percentage dissociation of the ethanoic acid. (1 mark)

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Question 21 IND 2019:31

25.0 mL of 0.120 mol L-1 standardised barium hydroxide solution was titrated with nitric acid. The results
are recorded in the following table.

Titration Volume of nitric acid used (ml)

1 20.40
2 20.30
3 20.80
4 20.20

(a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of barium hydroxide with nitric acid. (1 mark)

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(b) Calculate the concentration of the nitric acid. (3 marks)

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Question 22 IND 2019:32

Solutions of nitric, ethanoic and sulphuric acids with the same concentrations (0.0125 mol L-1) have
been prepared. The pH of the ethanoic acid was 3.8.

(a) Calculate the pH of the nitric acid solution. (1 mark)

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(b) Calculate the pH of the sulfuric acid solution. Compare this pH with the pH of the other acids.
Justify your answer. (2 marks)

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Question 23 CSSA 2019:29

(a) Two unknown acids were found to have different pKa values:

Acid X had a pKa of 4.76 Acid Y had a pKa of -6.3

State, with a reason, which acid is the stronger acid. (1 mark)

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(b) Suggest, with a reason, a possible structure for acid X and acid Y. (2 marks)

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Question 24 CSSA 2019:30

A solution of 0.001 M lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)COOH, has a pH of 4.2. Determine the Ka for lactic acid. (3
marks)

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Question 25 TEC 2020:23 (6 marks)

The graph shows the titration of 20 mL of hydrochloric acid with a standardised solution
of 0.095 M sodium carbonate.

Changes to pH versus volume of sodium carbonate

10
9
8
7
6
5
pH

4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Volume of sodium carbonate (mL)

(a) Identify a suitable indicator for this titration and give a reason for selecting this 2
indicator.

(b) What volume of sodium carbonate is required to neutralise the hydrochloric acid? 1

(c) Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution. 3

Question 26 TEC 2020:24 (7 marks)

Sodium acetate is dissolved in water to produce a 0.50 M acetate ion solution. The acetate
ions then react with water molecules as shown.

CH3COO–(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COOH (aq) + HO–(aq)

(a) From the equation, describe the behaviour of the acetate ion. 2

(b) Given that Ka for acetic acid is 1.75 x 10–5, use the relationship Kw = Ka × Kb to 2
calculate the Kb of the acetate ion.

(c) Write the equilibrium expression for this reaction then calculate the hydroxide ion 3
concentration. Show relevant working.
Question 27 TEC 2020:27 (4 marks)

An equimolar solution of carbonic acid and hydrogen carbonate ions has reached 4
equilibrium with a pH of 6.4.

H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCO3– (aq) + H3O+(l)

Explain how the addition of both a small volume of dilute acid and base can result in no
change in the overall pH of this solution.
Question 28 QAT 2020:22 (8 marks)

A solution of hydrochloric acid was standardised by titration against a sodium carbonate

solution using the following procedure.

• All glassware was rinsed correctly to remove possible contaminants.

• Hydrochloric acid was placed in the burette.
• 25.0 mL of sodium carbonate solution was pipetted into the conical flask.

The titration was performed and the hydrochloric acid was found to be 0.200 mol L–1.

(a) Identify the substance used to rinse the conical flask and justify your answer. 2

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(b) Explain why sodium carbonate solution, rather than sodium hydroxide solution, is used to 2
standardise the hydrochloric acid solution.

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(continued)

(c) Seashells contain a mixture of carbonate compounds. 4

The standardised hydrochloric acid was used to determine the percentage by mass of
carbonate ions in a seashell using the following procedure.

• A 0.145 g sample of the seashell was placed in a conical flask.

• 50.0 mL of the standardised hydrochloric acid was added to the conical flask.
• At the completion of the reaction, the mixture in the conical flask was titrated with
0.250 mol L–1 sodium hydroxide.

The volume of sodium hydroxide used in the titration was 29.5 mL.

Calculate the percentage by mass of carbonate ions in the sample of the seashell.

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Question 29 QAT 2020:27 (7 marks)

(a) Identify a substance which can be classified as a Bronsted-Lowry acid but not as an acid 3
by the Arrhenius theory. Explain your reasoning. Use equations in your response.

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 Marks
Question 30 EC 2020:25 (6 marks)

50.0 mL of a solution of 0.300 mol L-1 NaOH was added to a 50.0 mL solution of
0.250 mol L-1 HNO3 in an insulated cup.

The initial temperature of both solutions was 21.0 °C. The final temperature of
the resulting solution was 22.5 °C.

(a) Calculate the experimental heat of neutralisation from these results. 3

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(b) Given that the generally accepted value for the molar heat of neutralisation 2
is 58 kJ mol-1, determine the percentage error in the above calculation.

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(c) Suggest ONE change to the experimental design used above that would 1
improve the accuracy of the investigation.

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 Marks
Question 31 EC 2020:26 (5 marks)

(a) With the use of chemical equations, show the amphiprotic nature of the 2
hydrogen carbonate ion.

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(b) State the definition of conjugate pairs and identify ONE conjugate pair in 3
your response in part (a).
Describe the acidic/basic nature of each species in the pair.

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Question 32 EC 2020:27 (10 marks)

3.20 g of pure anhydrous solid Na2CO3 was weighed, dissolved and transferred to
a 500 mL volumetric flask which was then filled to the mark with distilled water.

25 mL of this solution was then transferred to a conical flask.

10.0 mL of a solution of HCl was transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask and

filled to the mark with distilled water.

A burette was filled with the diluted HCl solution and a titration performed against
the Na2CO3 in the conical flask, with the following titre volumes obtained:

12.70 mL
11.40 mL
11.50 mL
11.45 mL

(a) What apparatus would be used to transfer the 25 mL of Na2CO3 solution 2

into the conical flask, and how would it have been prepared before use?

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(b) Calculate the concentration of the Na2CO3 solution used in the titration. 2

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(c) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Justify your choice. 2

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(continued) Marks

(d) Calculate the concentration of the diluted HCl solution.

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(e) Find the concentration of the original undiluted HCl solution.

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Question 33 NEAP 2020:24 (7 marks)
Neutralisations are common chemical reactions and can be useful in many situations.

(a) A student spilt some hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) and was told to sprinkle powdered1
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) on the spillage. Write
a balanced equation for the reaction.
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(b) As part of the Chemistry course, you have carried out a practical investigation to
measure the enthalpy of neutralisation.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘enthalpy of neutralisation’? 1

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(ii) Describe how you carried out this investigation. 5

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Question 34 NEAP 2020:25
(a) Outline the principles of the Arrhenius model for classifying acids and bases. Support your3
answer with at least TWO chemical equations.

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(b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) forms the hydrogen carbonate ion in aqueous 1
solution. Consider the following reactions of this ion:

Identify the behaviour shown by this species.

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Question 35 NEAP 2020:26

The concentration of a sample of nitric acid was determined using 1.01 mol L-1 ammonia solution. A 25.0
mL aliquot (portion) of the ammonia solution was added to a conical flask and a few drops of methyl orange
were added. The mixture was shaken, giving a pale yellow colour. The end points of four titrations are
shown in the table.

a) ‘Equivalence point’ and ‘end point’ are terms often used regarding titrations. 3

Using the titrations described above, explain the difference between the two terms.

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b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. 1

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c) Calculate the concentration of the acid. Show your working and explain how you came 3
to a value for the end point.

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d) Using the axes provided, sketch the shape of the expected titration curve for this titration. 2
Label the axes appropriately.
Question 36 IND 2020:21

A student makes up a 200.0 mL solution of barium hydroxide. The solution is found to have a pH of 12. The
student then adds 0.20 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution to neutralise the barium hydroxide solution.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the neutralisation reaction. (1 mark)

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(b) Calculate the concentration (in mol L-1) of hydroxide ions in the original solution. (2 marks)

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(c) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid required to complete the neutralisation reaction. (2 marks)

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Question 37 IND 2020:24
One litre aqueous solutions of two different acids, HA and HB, are prepared with each solution containing
1.0 x 10-2 moles of the acid. Upon investigation, the pH of HA is 2.0 while the pH of solution HB is 4.2.

(a) Describe a safety issue associated with the preparation of acid HA. (1 mark)

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(b) Show how the pH of the acid solution HA could be mathematically calculated to be 2.0. (1 mark)

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(c) Explain what the results of the pH analysis indicates about the properties of each acid and draw a
diagram in the space below to model your explanation. (3 marks)

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Question 38 IND 2020:25

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) ionises in water to give a dissociation constant (Ka) value of 6.8 x 10-4 at 25°C.

(a) Write an equation for the ionisation of hydrofluoric acid in water. (1 mark)

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(b) Calculate the pKa value for the ionisation of hydrofluoric acid. (1 mark)

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(c) Dissociation pKa values at 25°C for some common acids are listed below.

Discuss the relative strength of hydrofluoric acid. (3 marks)

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Question 39 CSSA 2020:23
Determine the final pH when combining 30.0 mL of0.15 M sulfuric acid and 25.0 mL of 0.39 M
potassium hydroxide. (4 marks)

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Question 40 CSSA 2020:25

Calculate the Ka for a 0.001 mol L-1 solution of propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH) which has a pH of 3.9. (3
marks)

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Question 41 CSSA 2020:32
Describe how a primary standard solution is made and justify the effect the use of a standard solution has on
validity, reliability and accuracy for a titration. (7 marks)

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