Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Average and RMS Value for JEE An Introduction to Average and RMS Value Average Value and RMS value are important expressions for sinusoidal waves. As we know that there are two types of sources and currents: the AC source and DC source; AC and DC The AC or Alternating Currents is the one that repeats itself after 2n, whereas the DC current source is the one that does not altemate. Some important terms associated with both AC and DC are: RMS value, instantaneous value and the average value. RMS value is the amount of heat produced by a resistor when at a time both AC and DC are passed through it. Average value is the area of the one cycle of sinusoidal wave to the time period. However, instantaneous value is the value at a particular instant Let us further understand these concepts below. RMS Value of Current RMS or the root mean square value of current is the amount of heat produced by a resistor or circuit when an AC and DC pass through it. If we assume the RMS value of currents as I. and its peak value is |, then the RMS value formula is given as: This is also referred to as the RMS value of alternating current, where |, is the maximum value of the sine wave RMS Value of Sine Wave We have already seen the expressions for the RMS values but we will now derive the RMS value using the analytical method. Let's first derive the RMS value of current and then we can generalise it for voltage too. Since the sine wave is symmetrical, we can calculate the RMS value by considering the half cycle only. ALA.Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online NUOUWUT UL Learn LIVE Online vori Sinusoidal Wave We know that the equation of a sinusoidal alternating current i is given 2s. i=Insiné Since the current changes from positive to negative in a n AC signal, we will use the squared current wave because it is always positive for our calculations. Let’s consider i to be the average height of the strip in the above figure. The area of this strip A will be A=id0 The area of the half cycle of i? wave will be given as [ufos af IZ, sin? 6d8 ee 7 [(cos20 + 1)a0 th Tk fy sim2ey"Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online 2Lt2 2 Jo al A, = 2 hay The mean i? ofthe mean square current can be found by dividing the area by the period or in this case 77. So the mean square current will be Inms — al; The root mean square current will be given by the root of the mean square current. This will be ‘RMS This is the expression for the root mean square current. This whole derivation can be repeated for the voltage too and the root mean square voitage will also be Vin Vas = v2 Im As discussed above the RMS value of a sine wave is denoted as Ipms = — or for sinusoidal v2 Vin VE voltage it is Vims = Nedantu, Learn LIVE Online WA fAVedaniti, Lear UNE Online Time Amplitu Alternating Current or AC |,, and V,, here are the peak value of current and voltage respectivaly. V,, or |, from above can be calculated as V,,.-/2 RMS Value of Square Wave As we have calculated the RMS value of sinusoidal waves, similarly, we will calculate the RMS value of a square wave. The RMS value is basically just the root of the mean square value. Suppose we have a square wave as given below. Nedartu +Vo 2 T 31/2 27 v2 Sry? Tv T — Asquate waveVedaniti, Lear UNE Online ae asf 2 (Vy)? ae The mean dguare Ox this wave form can be give as = +2) (ea”? + (8, 2) rAd ba) — _ Ve T £ ‘can s8ive {fis integral by breaking It into two parts from 0 to — and then from = to T. This 2 2 2 T pamheys This is the meen square, now the root mean square voltage will be given as Vrms Vw Vrms =Vo This means that the rms value of a square wave is the same as its magnitude. Suppose the magnitude of a square wave is A, then its rms value will also be equal to A Vedantin eam LIVE OnlineVedaniti, Lear UNE Online 6 — Amplitude ° Time ——> Asquare wave Average Value of AC When AC is converted to DC using a rectifier, this converted value of AC is known as the average value of AC. The average value of a sinusoidal wave can be calculated graphically or using the standard sinusoidal equation. By using the standard sinusoidal equation, the average 2h, value of AG comes out to be Iaverage = —, where I, is the peak value of the sinusoidal Ea wave. Average Value of AC Formula We will now find the average value for any AC signal. Let's consider the graph of an AC sinusoidal waveform. Nedant Learn LIVE Online i=Im SinwtVedaniti, Lear UNE Online 2n 0) dQ n/2 wv wt AC Sinusoidal Waveform Now the average can be found by dividing the area under the graph of the sine wave by the total time poriod for which the area has been found The average for the full cycle will be given as _ Tr i In sinwt dt 0 Im{ —coswt]? s- b[-sat] to z_ Im i=—[-coswT — (—cos0)] w Now we know that the time period is related to the angular frequency as = —|[-cos2z + 1] 2a T oS Substituting this in the above expression gives, So the average value of AC for a full cycle is zero. For half cycle similarly we can find the average as. 7Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online 2h, The average value of the AC formula is thus given as average = —~. We calculated that the 7 average value for a full sine wave is zero. As there is the same amount of current in the positive and negative cycle, and flowing in opposite directions thus, it neutralises the effect and the average value of a full sinusoidal wave is zero. The same formula holds true for an alternating Vin voltage. Thus, the average value of the voltage formula is given 28 Vaverage = 7 Ww Itis true for @ half cycle, for a full cycle, however, the average value of voltage is zero Instantaneous Value The instantaneous value of AC, on the other hand, is its value at @ particular instant. In one cvcle. there are multiple instances of a wave. Look at the fiaure below.Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Nedaritin Learn LIVE Online Instantaneous Value of a Sine Wave Now, we know that the current in a sine wave can be expressed in terms of its amplitude |,, as i =Insinwt For any value of t we can find the value of the current. This means that this is the formula for the instantaneous current at a particular value of t. If we want to find the value of current for a particular angle @ = wt, then we can use the relation between the time period and angular frequency which is given as ra w This way we can find the instantaneous value of AC Conclusion AC and DC are fundamental supply sources in an electric circuit, be it the respective voltage orVedaniti, Lear UNE Online the currents. AC as we know is important as the supply to our homes is AC, as well as the appliances. However, it does not neglect the DC supply as it too is used for various applications. Electronic circuits such as TV Clock, laptop, LED strip etc all use DC supply. Moreover, solar panels themselves produce DC. With different sources comes the ways to denote them. Thus average , ms and instantaneous values play an important role. Each one of these quantities have their own significance which are as discussed above Vedantu Improvement Promise We promise improvement in marks or get your fees back. T&C Apply*