DYNAMICS

Block diagram of science:

SCIENCE
Science is a word comes from Latin word “scientia” means
"knowledge".The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the
systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural
world through observation and experiment

PHYSICS
Physics is a word comes from Ancient Greek means nature. The branch of science
concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter of physics
includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the
structure of atoms.

MECHANICS
It is branch of physics and deals with different types
of forces and their action on matter.

STATICS DYNAMICS
It is the study of conditions for equilibrium It is the study of motion of bodies with or
state of bodies under the action of forces. without reference to forces.

KINETICS KINEMATICS
It is the study of motion of bodies with It is the study of motion of bodies without
reference to forces. reference to the cause of motion.

158
Motion: The position of a particle changes its position with respect of time and surroundings.
Kinematics: Kinematics which deals the motion of a body without considering the forces and
mass is called kinematics.
Kinematical equations on straight line:
1. v  u  at
1
2. s  ut  at 2
2
3. v  u  2as
2 2

4. s n  u  2n  1
a
2
Kinematical equations for freely falling body:
initial velocity u   0
final velocity v   v
accelerationa   g
time takent   t
dis tan ce travelled s   h
Then,
1. v  gt
1
2. s  gt 2
2
3. v 2  2 gh
Kinematical equations for vertically upwards projected body:
initial velocity u   0
final velocity v   v
accelerationa    g
time takent   t
dis tan ce travelled s   h
Then
1. u  gt
1 2
2. s  ut  gt
2
3. u 2  2 gh
Projection of a body in air:
Projection of a body in air can be classified into 3 types:
1. vertical projection
2. horizontal projection
3. oblique projection
Vertical projection:
159
 The projection of a body in a direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis is called
vertical projection, where θ = 900
Example: Rocket launching.
Derivation for the maximum height, time of ascent, time of descent and time of flight for
vertically upwards projected body:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ which is
projected vertically upwards into air with an initial
velocity ‘u’, time taken‘t’ against gravitational
force of attraction ‘g’.
Maximum height:
The maximum vertical distance travelled by
a vertically upwards projected body when its final
velocity becomes zero is called maximum height. It
is denoted by H max.
initial velocity u   u
final velocity v   0
accelerati on a    g
time takent   t
dis tan ce travelled s   hmax

From third equation of motion,

v 2  u 2  2as
0 2  u 2  2 g hmax
u 2  2 gH max
u2
H max 
2g
This equation represents the maximum height for vertically projected body.
Time of ascent:
Time taken by the vertically projected body to reach the maximum height is called time
of ascent. It is denoted by t a.
initial velocity u   u
final velocity v   0
accelerati on a    g
time takent   t
dis tan ce travelled s   hmax
From first equation of motion,

160
 v  u  at
0  u  gta
u  gta
u
ta 
g
This equation represents the time of ascent for vertically projected body.
Time of descent:
The time taken by the body to reach the ground from maximum height is called time of
descent. It is denoted by td.

initial velocity u   0
final velocity v   v
accelerati on a    g
time takent   t
2
dis tan ce travelled s   H max 
u
2g
From second equation of motion,
1
s  ut  at 2
2
1
H max  0  gt d
2

2
2
u 1
 gt d
2

2g 2
u
td 
g
Time of flight:
The time taken by the body to reach the ground from point of projection during its flight
is called time of flight. It is denoted by ‘T’.
(Or) The time interval between the time of projection and the time of strikes the ground is
called “time of flight”.
time of flight T   t a  t d
u u
 
g g
2u

g
Derivation of height of a tower when a body is projected
vertically upwards from its top:
Consider a body which is at a tower of height of ‘h’
projected into air vertically with an initial velocity ‘u’; time
taken ‘t’ against gravitational force of attraction ‘g’.
161
 The initial displacement of the body taken as positive and the displacement S downward
direction taken as negative
The net displacement(S) = BC  CD  DE
= x  x  h  h
initial velocity u   u
final velocity v   0
accelerationa    g
time takent   t
From 2nd equation of motion,
1
s  ut  at 2
2
1 1
 h  ut  gtd  h  ut  gt 2
2

2 2
This Equation represents the height of the tower.

Projectile:
A body which is projected into air with some velocity at an angle other than 90 0 to the
horizontal which is in a two dimensional plane only under the influence of gravitational force is
called projectile.” The path travelled by a projectile is called trajectory”.
Examples: 1. Javelin throw thrown by an athlete.
2. Cricket ball hit by a batsman.
3. Cricket ball thrown by a fielder.
4. The golf ball in flight.
Oblique projection:
A body which is projected into air at angle other than 90 0 to the horizontal is called
oblique projection.
Example: Cricket ball hits by a batsman.
Show that the path of an oblique projectile is a parabola:
Consider a body is projected obliquely with a velocity ‘u’ from a point ‘o’ at an angle ‘θ’
with horizontal then the body moves along the path OAB.

The horizontal component of velocity u x   u cos

162
 The vertical component of velocity u y   u sin 
Let the body be at point ‘p’ after the projection of ‘t’ seconds, the horizontal and vertical
displacements are ‘x’ and ‘y’. The horizontal component of velocity will be uniform throughout
the motion.
Horizontal projection:
Horizontal component of velocity u x   u cos
Horizontal displacement s   x
Time taken t   t
Horizontal displacement
Horizontal component of velocity 
time taken
x
u cos 
t

     1
x
t
u cos
Vertical direction:
Vertical component of velocity u y   u sin 
Vertical displacement s   y
Time taken t   t
Acceleration a    g

From 2nd equation of motion,

1 2
S  ut  at
2
1 2
y  u sin   t  gt
2
2
x 1  x 
y  u sin    g 
u cos 2  u cos 
 g  2
y  x. tan    2 x
 2u cos  
2

y  Ax  bx 2
g
(Where A = tan θ& B = x 2 are
2u cos 
2 2

constants)
This equation represents the
path of an oblique projectile is a
parabola.
Maximum height:
The maximum vertical
distance travelled by a obliquely

163
projected body when its vertical component of velocity becomes zero is called maximum
height.
It is denoted by” H max”.
initial vertical velocity u y   u sin 
final vertical velocity v y   0
accelerationa    g
time takent   t
dis tan ce travelled s   H max
From 3nd equation of motion,
v 2  u 2  2as
0 2  u sin    2 g H max
2

 u 2 sin 2   2 gH max
u 2 sin 2 
H max 
2g
This equation represents the maximum height.
Time of flight:
The time taken by the body to
reach the ground from point of projection
during its flight is called time of flight. It is
denoted by ‘T’. (Or)
The time interval between the
time of projection and the time of strikes
the ground is called “time of flight”. It is
denoted by ‘T’.

The net displacement(S) = OA+AB

=h–h=0
initial vertical velocity u y   u sin 
final vertical velocity v y   0
acceleration a    g
time takent   T
From 2nd equation of motion,

164
 1 2
s  ut  at
2
1
0  u sin   T  gT 2
2
1
0  u sin   gT
2
1
u sin   gT
2
2u sin 
T
g
This equation represents the time of flight.
Horizontal range:
The maximum horizontal distance travelled by an obliquely projected body is called
range. It is denoted by ‘R’.
Range (R) = horizontal component of Velocity x time of flight
2u sin 
 u cos 
g
u 2 2 sin  cos

g
u 2 sin 2
R
g
This equation represents Horizontal range.
Derivation of magnitude and direction of resultant:
Consider a body is projected obliquely with a velocity ‘u’ from a point ‘o’ at an angle ‘θ’
with horizontal then the body moves along the path 0AB.

The initial velocity can be split into:

The horizontal component of velocity u x  u cos
The vertical component of velocity u y  u sin 
The horizontal component of velocity will be uniform throughout the motion.
Let the body be at point ‘p’ after the projection of ‘t’ seconds. The initial velocity will be
converted to final velocity ‘v’.
‘α’ makes an angle between ‘v’ and horizontal axis. The final velocity is also split into
two components v x  v cos & v y  v sin  . At ‘p’ v x  v cos is also uniform.
Therefore, v cos   u sin       1
Final vertical velocity v y   v sin 
Acceleration (a) = - g
Time taken (t) = t
st
From 1 equation of motion,

165
 v  u  at
v sin   u sin   gt          2
Squaring and adding eq. (1) & (2), we get
v 2 cos2   v 2 sin 2   u 2 cos2   u sin   gt 
2

 
v 2 cos2   sin 2   u 2 cos2   u 2 sin 2   gt 2  2u sin gt
 
v  u 2 cos2   sin 2   gt 2  2u sin gt
2

v  u  gt  2u sin gt
2 2 2

v  u 2  gt 2  2u sin gt
This expression represents the magnitude of resultant.
Direction of resultant:
Dividing eq. (2) with eq.(1), we get
v sin  u sin   gt

v cos u sin 
u sin   gt
tan  
u sin 
 u sin   gt 
  tan 1  
 u sin  
Horizontal projection:
A body which is projected into air parallel to the horizontal axis is called horizontal
projection, where θ = 00
Example: Dropping of a bomb from Aero plane.
Show that the path of a horizontal projectile is a parabola:
Consider a tower of height ‘h’, a body is projected from its top with a velocity ‘u’ in the
horizontal direction. Under the combined effect of uniform velocity ‘u’ and force of gravity, the
body moves along the path AC.
Horizontal direction:
Horizontal displacement
moved = x
Initial velocity = u
Time taken = t

Horizontal initial velocity=

horizontal dis tan ce
time
x
u
t
x
t
u

166
Vertical direction:

vertical displacements   y
initial velocity u   0
accelerationa   g
time takent   t
nd
From 2 equation of motion,
1 2
S  ut  at
2
1
y  0  t  gt 2
2
2
1  x
y g 
2 u
 g 
y   2  x2
 2u 
g
y  Ax 2 A
2u 2
This equation represents the path of a horizontal projectile is parabola.
Time of flight:
The time taken by the body to reach the ground from point of projection during its flight
is called time of flight. It is denoted by ‘T’. (Or)
The time interval between the time of projection and the time of strikes the ground is
called “time of flight”. It is denoted by ‘T’.
In vertically downward direction,
Vertical displacement (s) = h
Initial velocity (u) = 0
Acceleration (a) = g
Time taken = T
nd
From 2 equation of motion,
1
S  ut  at 2
2
1
h  0  t  gt 2
2
1
h  gT 2
2
2h
T
g
Horizontal range:
The maximum horizontal distance travelled by a obliquely projected body is called
range. It is denoted by ‘R’.
Range (R) = horizontal component of velocity x time of flight

167
 2h
 u
g
2h
Ru
g
Force: The physical quantity which changes or tries to change the state of rest or motion of a
body is called force.

Explanation: Force may or may not bring change of state of a body. For example when a golfer
hits the ball at rest it moves. Here, the force changed the state of the ball from rest to motion.
When the same golfer pushes a huge concrete wall, there will be no change in state of the wall.
Here the force tried to change the state of the wall.
 It is a vector quantity.
 Its SI unit is Newton.
 Dimensional formula is MLT-2
Momentum: (Linear Momentum or Translational
Momentum)
The quantity of motion resulting from the combined effect
of mass and velocity of a moving body is called its
momentum.
Explanation: Every moving body possesses momentum. The
momentum of a body of certain mass is directly proportional
to its velocity. It is a vector quantity and its direction is same
as that of velocity.
The momentum of a moving body is calculated as product of
its mass and velocity. If a body of mass m is moving with a velocity v, then its momentum p is
given by
Momentum = mass × velocity
p= m × v
-1
SI unit: kg ms
Dimensional formula: MLT-1

Angular Displacement: The angle traversed by the radius vector

of a particle at the centre of its circular path is called angular
displacement.
Explanation: Consider a particle which is moving in a circular
path about a fixed point O.
Suppose that a particle moves from position A to position B in a
short time dt. The angle dθ traversed by the radius vector of the particle at the centre is its
angular displacement in time dt.
It is a vector quantity. Its dimensional formula is radian.
Angular Velocity (ω): The rate of angular displacement of a particle is called its angular
velocity.
Explanation: Consider a particle which is moving in a circular path about a fixed point O.
Suppose that the particle moves from position A to position B in a time “dt” in which the
angular displacement is “dθ”. The angle traversed by the radius vector per unit time is the
angular velocity of the particle.

168
 Angulardisplacement
 Angular velocity =
time

d
ω =
dt

It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is radian second -1.

Angular Acceleration: The rate of change of angular velocity of a particle is called its angular
acceleration.

Explanation:

Angularvelocity
Angular acceleration =
time

d d  d  d 2
=   =
dt dt  dt  dt 2

Angular acceleration is a vector quantity and its SI unit is radian second -2.

Angular Momentum (L): The momentum of a body about an axis is called angular momentum.

Explanation: Angular momentum is also called rotational momentum. It has always a certain
orientation in space and is a vector quantity.

Angular momentum of a rotating body is given by the product of moment of inertia and angular
velocity.

Angular momentum = Moment of inertia × Angular velocity

L=I×ω

SI unit: kilogram metre2 second-1

Dimensional formula: ML2T-1
Moment of Inertia (I): The property of matter that resists change in its state of Rotatory motion
is called moment of Inertia.

Explanation: Moment of inertia is also known as rotational inertia. It describes how easily a
body can be rotated about a given axis. The larger the moment of inertia, the greater the
amount of torque that will be required to bring the change in its angular velocity

For a point mass, the moment of inertia is the product of mass and square of perpendicular
distance to the axis of rotation.
I = mr2

169
Torque: The force that tends to rotate a body about an axis is called torque.
Explanation: Torque is a measure of force that can cause a body to rotate about an axis. It is
the rotational equivalent of linear force. Torque is also called moment of a force.

Torque is a vector quantity.

The torque is equal to the magnitude of the component of the force vector lying in the plane
perpendicular to the axis, multiplied by the shortest distance between the axis and the
direction of force component.

Torque  r  F  rF sin 

Where F sin θ = magnitude of force component; r = shortest distance between the axis and the
force component.
Mathematically it can be expressed as
  rF
 r F sin 
 rF sin 

Where r  position vector ; F  force applied;  angle b/w r & F

170