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An Annotated Bibliography for How the Intersection of Black Medical Doctors Can Affect the
Medical World

Works Cited

Berman, Robby. "Black patients experience less pain with black doctors." Medical News Today,

2020, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/black-patients-experience-less-pain-

with-black-doctors#1. Accessed 19 Nov 2020.

This article discusses the findings of a study conducted among patients of different races.

The study was conducted to investigate the varying levels of pain patients from other

races feel when they are attended to by a doctor from a specific race. The report reveals

that when black doctors check black patients, they feel less pain than when a white

Hispanic doctor checks them. The study conducted used assimilated visits to the doctor,

where different combinations experimented. The researchers attached to the patient's

hands sensors to help them monitor the patient's physiological reactions therefore

measuring the level of pain the patient experiences. The article concludes that black

patients probably recorded lower levels of pain when treated with black doctors because

they were less anxious because they knew they would not be discriminated. It provides

insight into the perception patients have of doctors before treatment, which might

determine how quickly the patient recovers.

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Bonham, Vence L et al. "Physicians' attitudes toward race, genetics, and clinical medicine."

Genetics in medicine: official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics vol.

11,4 (2009): 279-86. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e318195aaf4

This document intends to look into how medical practitioners perceive the importance

and relevance of both physician and patient race in medical care. It looks into these views

to look into how they affect decision making during clinical procedures. The research

involved ten racially concordant groups drawn from five urban areas in America. The

participating practitioners consisted of fifty whites and forty blacks who were all self-

identified. The research concluded that both races of practitioners agreed that race held

relevance from a medical perspective. However, they did not hold the same position on

the importance of race in clinical decisions. The research focuses on metropolitan areas

because the doctors in the regions have interacted with a relatively equal number of

patients from different races. This gives this practitioner a working experience in

providing their opinion on the matter. The research points out that the general concern

about racial considerations in medical care makes both doctors and patients cautious

about their clinical decision-making engagement.

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Hall, William J et al. "Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its

influence on health care outcomes: A Systematic Review." American journal of public

health vol. 105,12 (2015): e60-76. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302903

This document analyses the systemic racial bias in medical care and how these biases

affect health outcomes. The paper considers fifteen studies conducted concerning finding

different aspects of the matter of race and health outcomes. The researchers used the

double independent screening method of document selection based on the prior inclusion

criteria. The review found that fourteen studies found racial bias among health

practitioners. The analysis also found that the levels of implicit racial bias were the same

as recorded in the general public. However, when the impact of implicit bias of medical

outcomes was assessed, the effect was almost negligible. The analysis concludes that bias

among healthcare professionals relating to racial considerations was negative towards

blacks and a positive attitude towards whites. However, the review does not take into

account explicit bias, which is not a strange fact even in medicine.

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Keisha Ray. "Intersectionality and the Dangers of White Empathy when Treating Black Patients"

Bioethics.net, 2017, http://www.bioethics.net/2017/03/intersectionality-and-the-dangers-

of-white-empathy-when-treating-black-patients/

In this article, Keisha Ray gives a personal account of her experiences with doctors who

give undue empathy to colored patients. She asserts that her family and black friends'

experiences prove that the issue is widespread and did not apply to her alone. She

condemns the special treatment given to black people whenever they interact with

medical practitioners. She criticizes black homogenization in medical facilities where

they are treated the same simply because they share the same skin color and not medical

conditions. She emphasizes that healthcare providers must understand the need for

intersectionality. By this, she means that every person must understand the differences in

a person's personality, therefore finding a way to interact with them to reduce conflict and

strenuous feelings. The author feels that incorporating race education in medical studies

would elicit empathy; an essential principle taught in medical schools. This article gives a

different point of view that has eluded researchers in the same field. It provides personal

experiences, which explain how medical practitioners exude undue empathy on black,

portraying the race as a disability, furthering the effects of racism in healthcare.

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Torres, Nicole. "Research: Having a black doctor led black men to receive more-effective care."

Harvard Business Review, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/08/research-having-a-black-doctor-

led-black-men-to-receive-more-effective-care. Accessed 19 Nov 2020.

This article reveals the impact of low numbers of black physicians on black men's life

expectancy in America. The article reveals that black males have the lowest life

expectancy, living up to 4.5 years less than any other demographic group. It further

reveals physicians' willingness from minority groups to work in communities with a high

doctor-patient ratio. It reveals how getting attended by a doctor of one's race can enhance

interaction, communication, and ultimately, outcome. The review paper suggests that

increasing the number of doctors from minorities would significantly increase life

expectancy in these minorities. The paper highlights the importance of trust and

communication during medical extermination for better outcomes. This article reveals

that the long history of racism in America has given a very divisive mentality of racial

affiliation in the medical sector. It provides insight into the direction racism leads the

sector, indicating a future return of the 1940s when medical institutions were racially

separated.