he normal mode of operation of a power system ix balanced on all the three phas A number of undesired but unavoidable disturbances can temporarily disrupt this condition, Such a disturbance is said to be a fault, A fault in a power system may be caused by the following reasons; + Insulation failure Swinging of lines, Snapping of conductor Shorting of a line to ground or other line by birds Falling of a tree or branch over the line ‘alling of towers due to vehicle collision or hurricane, ‘The fault is the result of one or more conductors coming in contact with ground or one another, The potential difference causes the fault current, whose 1 ‘on the path it tal nitude and severity depends 5.1 Need for Fault Analysis Fault analysis is performed to k * determine bus volta; and line currents during, various types of faults + select suitable rating for machines, transformers, lines/eables, switch gear (including fuses and circuit breakers) and relay setting, + design the grounding system + provide appropriate cable joints. 5.2 Clas ication of Faults Faults are generally classified into two categories—symmetrical or balanced faults, and Unsymmetrical or unbalanced faults, n”short circuited, and voltages and currents rem; ble for per-phase analysis, a evere type of fault that disturbs yy In symmetrical faults, all the three phases are balanced even after the fault. It is, therefore, amenal A three-phase fault occurs rarely but it is the most s system to the maximum extent 5.2.2 Unsymmetrical Faults In unsymmetrical faults, one or two phases are involved. Voltages and currents become unbalanced and each phase is to be treated separately. Depending on the phases involved, te faults can be classified as + Line-to-ground (LG) fault * Line-to-line (LL) fault + Line-to-line-to-ground (LLG) or double line-to-ground fault. The relative frequencies of occurrence of faults are about LLG ™M% LL 10% LG 80% The relative frequency also indicates their effect on the system in the order of decreasing severity on the system. 5.3. Modelling Accurate fault calculations involve much labour and time, and in many a situation it is a9 not required. Hence, the following assumptions are made: J. Synchronous machine is modelled as constant voltage behind a reactance—subtransiem reactance is considered for determining fault current immediately after the fault 4 transient reactance is used for determining fault current after about three cycles. 2. Shunt elements are neglected in the representation of transformer and transmission line. Load impedances are also neglected. 3. Series resistance of generator and transformer are neglected, Sometimes series resis of line is also neglected. 4. Transformer tap is at nominal value, ri ofall 8 are maintained at the nominal value. All Pe, If it is not so, pre-fault voltages are compute In nosmal operation, the bus voltag voltages are, therefore, taken as 120°, power flow studi ts ley fi curt Further the pre-fault current, even if it flows, is very small compared to the fault cue and can be neglected. If the pre-fault current is fault cure feet (0 be considered when calculating f then superposition principle ean be applied. considered when calcula -_ |Unbalanced Fault Analysi Method of symmetrical components is used to resolve unbalanced system system. Thus per phage analysis can be extended to unbalanced system also. 8.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault Consider an unloaded generator in which a single line-to-ground (LG) fault occurs at phase d as shown in Figure 8.1. Figure 8.1. Single line-to-ground fault in an unloaded generator. Due to fault Bs =0 ‘ Because of unloaded generator ‘We have PI = 4-1 pteUnbalanced Fault Analysis with J, = 0 and 1, = 0, the symmetrical components are given by Pr iy, 1, 1a allo f=ty, 1a a)\o : I, A lg = bas = fg 228 or fault current, LI, 3h, The connected sequence network for the LG fault satisfying the conditions Tag = lay Typ and Ve = Wig + Vay + Vg =O js shown in Figure 8.2 for a solid fault. Figure 8.2. Connection diagram for LG fault. From Eq. (8.2), we get pee tee LZ +2, +2Zy 151 (8.1) (8.2) (8.3) (8.4)152 Power System Analysis If the neutral is ungrounded, then Z,, will be infinite and hence /,, and the fault Current would be zero. / 1 be From the knowledge of symmetrical components, the phase and line voltages can be computeg, EXAMPLE 8.1 A salient pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and hag 4 direct axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 pu. The negative and zero-sequence refictances agg. 0.35 and 0.10 pu respectively. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Determine the subtransient current in the generator and the line-to-line voltages for subtransient Conditions, when a single line-to-ground fault occurs at the generator terminals with the generator Operating unloaded at rated voltage. Neglect resistance. , Solution Connection diagram for the LG fault is shown in Figure 8.3. 13.8 S,= 20 MVA; Vigo = 13.8 KV; Vase ph = Figure 8.3 Connection diagram for Example 4.6, Since the generator is unloaded, E,= = 120 pu For an LG fault, 4 Bl, ae <0 1.428 ON Uy 424% JAF 0354 Jo28 = 1428 pu 4.29 puand J, = J, =0 fle eS = 20 = = 0.837 kA Tome = EB J0.429 x 0.837 = — 3.59 kA— Unbalanced Fault Analysis 153 ‘The symmetrical components of the voltage from point a to ground are Vey = E,~ Ty, = 1 ~ (j1.428) x j0.25 40.3575 = 0.6425 pu 1,25 = {-j1.428) x j0.35 = -0.5 pu Vig = “High. = A-f1.428) x j0.1 = -0.1425 pu Line-to-ground voltages are V=0 Vy= Vat @Y,, + aly = -0.1425 + 0.6425.2240° — 0.52120° = -0.1425 — 0.3213 - j0.5564 + 0.25 - 0.433 0.2143 = j0.9894 pu Kg * AV, + OV 0.1425 + 0.6425.2120° - 0.52240° = 0.1425 — 0.3213 + 0.5564 — 0.25 + 0.433 = 0.2143 + j0.9894 pu Vv Line-to-line voltages: =V,- V, = 0.2143 + 70.9894 = 1.012277.78° v= V,-V= ~j1.9788 = 1.97882-90° Vi,=V,-V,= 0.2143 + 70.9894 = 1.0122102.22° Since the generated voltage-to-neutral , was taken as | pu, the above line-to-line voltages are also expressed in per unit of the base voltage to neutral. 13.8 V., = 1.012.277.78° x —= = 8.06.277.78° kV “n Bs 13. = 1.97882-90° x = = 15.7642-90° kV Vr i 13.8 = 1,0122102.22° x = 8.062102.22° kV ¥, 1.0 i EXAMPLE 8.2 An unloaded star connected solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 kV generator has Positive-, negative- and zero-sequence impedances as /1.3 Q, j1.8 , and 0.4 Q, respectively. Single line-to-ground fault occurs at the terminals of the generator. (i) Calculate the fault current. (ii) Determine the value of inductive reactance that must be inserted at the generator neutral to limit the fault current to 50% of the value obtained in (i). Solution $,= 10 MVA, Phase = 11 KV _ ae Z,= ap ee154 Power System Analysis = 1 = 0.5249 kA Since the generator is unloaded, ‘ = 120° pu (i) For LG fault with Z,, 120° 10? (04+ fl8+ f1.3)/121 = -/3.4571 pu Voy = Hoa = Nay = Z+Z, +2; I= 1, = 3, = ~/103713 pu J,= 10.3713 % 0.5249 = 5.4439 kA (ii) Zy= Mog + 32, 3E, Z+Z+Zy 05x 42, +Z, (Z, + Z, + Z)=2 (Lyg + 2 + Zs) Ugg + Bly + Ly + Zy=2 Loy + 2 + 2) ; FZ, +2, =jOAtjl3 + j18 Og 8.2 Line-to-Line Fault Consider a line-to-line (LL) fault between phases and c on an unloaded Y connected generator igure 8.4. as shown in s i Figure 8.4 Line-to-ine fault on an unloaded generator. Due to fault J. = -I,, V.= V, Because of unloaded generator J, = 0Unbalanced Fault Analysis 155 with ¥= Man the symmetrical components of voltage are VOI = prhyabe Vig 1d ivy va =a]. a ally Ya) “Wa aj\% rom which we find 1 i= Mt aV,+ @V,) Ya = 3%, + @V, + aV,) Van = Von (8.5) With /, = J, and J, = 0, the symmetrical components of current are 012 = 4-1 yobe | | From this, we have ; (8.6) (8.7) Since 1, = 0 and Z, is finite, Vig = 0 Sine Vo = Vad [wl positive and negative-sequence networks must be connected Since 7, = 0, sero-seq cot be present. Accordingly, the connection in parallel, Since Zi» = 0, zero-sequence network will n diagram for line-to-line fault is shown in Figure 8.5. Reference bus Figure 8.5 Connection diagram for line-to-line fault.156 Power System Analysis Wy Zyl Ey In ZaZy i) From Eq. (8.6), we obtain Tay = AG =a Vly = Ht 8 By, 5+ 8-(-05-7 : or (89) {using Eq. (8.8)] (8.10) 12, EXAMPLE 8.3 Find the subtransient currents and the line-to-line voltages at the fault when — ‘a line-to-line fault occurs at the terminals of the generator described in Example 8.1. Solution Connection diagram for the LL fault is shown in Figure 8.6. 13.8 5,7 20MVA, Voge 138K. Peaean = Jy KY 20 Ihe = = 0.837 KA we VBX1B8 0.25 1Z0 Reference bus Figure 8.6 Connection diagram for Example 8.3. Since the generator is unloaded, E,=E,= 120 pu E, 120 L= >t a-l, 2 1 1” ZZ,” 7025+ 7035/1667 Wa ly= hat ly thy = lg t ly + alg =0+@ all, = [15-8 (-050/5Jf ‘ 2 SiaUnbalanced Fault Analysis_157 =~ JN3lq =- WS % Za ' 120° =-j3—1r_ i, Pa 4c and 1, == Ip = j2.886 pu, 1, =0 1) = 2,886 x 0.837 = 2.416kA The symmetrical components of the voltage from a to ground Vig= 0 since I, = 0 and Z, is finite Vay = Vig = I, 1,2, = =j1.667 x j0.35 5833. pu Line-to-ground voltages: V,= Vig + Vay + Vig = 2% 0.5833 = 1.1666 pu Vig t Vy + avg = (a? + a) Vy, 0.5833 pu -V,, since a? + a= V. ~ 0.5833 pu Line-to-line voltages: 13.8 ee 1.7499 pu = 1.7499 x = 13.9422 kV ‘a p B y, 0 13.8 V,= V.— V, = -1.7499 pu = -1.7499 x B = -13.9422 kV 8.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault Consider a double line-to-ground (LLG) fault involving phases 6 and c on an unloaded generator as shown in Figure 8.7. Jucnee — 1 = Figure 8.7 Double line-to-ground fault on an unloaded generator.158 Power System Analysis Due to fault Because of unloaded generator, ie, Tg * ay + Ma With V, = V, = 0, the symmetrical components of voltage are p02 2 gelyate vo) 11 y Vv, ra [=a]! @ a |] 0 ‘a2 1a a)\O (8.11) Mog =¥a Vea = The condition that sum of the sequence currents being zero and sequence voltages being equal is realized by the parallel connection of the sequence networks as shown in Figure 8.8. Reference bus Figure 8.8 Connection diagram for LLG fault. The sequence currents can be computed from the connection diagram. E, E, 43 ZZ 2,422 _ (a+%). 221 +Z,Zy+ ZZ, % 2 Zz, 242) ZZ, +22, +Zgh, lag =-— 2+Zy 22,422,422, °% Int 1 hy + Ty thy + hat Ly + Ly Flag + lay + alg + Lg aly + aly 2g Tuy ~ lq since 1 +a +a? 9 =3ho since 1 + 1, t+1,=0Unbalanced Fault Analysis 159 3z, 2-3 (Lz, 422,422, 8 (8.12) V,= Weg = Bl gZy= -—— 322 ° Zt ZqZy + ZoZ, Eo a EXAMPLE 8.4 Find the subtransient currents and the line. : LU s to-line voltages at the fault when g double line-to-ground fault occurs at the terminals of the ge bund nerator described in Example 8.1. Solaion Connection diagram for the LLG fault is shown in Figure 9. S,=20MVA, VA = = BS, : tase = BB KV, Pose ay a kV Irae =e = 0.837 kv me “Bx8 — —> = i Ty Tao j0.25 3 Va Vag 40.35 Ya) 3 i0.1 + 120 Reference bus Figure 8.9 Connection diagram for Example 8.4. Since the generator is unloaded, di Faas jo7s ~ 70.3278 i = 73.05 pu = 3.052-90° Ze 0.35 2 = 3.05 Ta +2 J0.35 + j0.1 "237 + 3.05.2150° + 0.682210°160 Power System Analysis = j2.37 — 2.641 + j1.525 — 0.589 — 0.34 23 + j3.555 = 4.82132.3° pu lag + Alyy + Ply j2.37 + 3.05230° + 0.682-30° = j2.37 + j2.641 + /1.525 + 0.589 — j0.34 .23 + 3.555 = 4.8247.7° pu I, +1, = 7.110 pu —j0.68 x j0.35 = 0.237 pu 0.711 pu 837 x 4.8 = 4.017 kA .837 x 4.8 017 kA J-= 0.837 x 7.11 = 5.951 kA 13.8 ¥,,=0.711 x BS = 5.66 kv = 3 me 13.8 v,=0.711 x BS ~ 566 Ky 3 EXAMPLE 8.5 An alternator of negligible resistance having 1 pu v teactance is subjected to different types of solid fault at its terminals, magnitude of fault current are oltage behind transient . The pu values of the (i) Three-phase fault current= pu (ii) LL fault current pu Gii) LG fault current pu Determine the pu values of the sequence reactances of the machines, Solution Typ = AUnbalanced Fault Analysis 161 = 0.43 yu 4 2 9433 ~ 0.2 = 0.233 pu 3E, Ges oe 242,42, = 0.5 ~ 0.433 = 0.067 pu 8.4 Unbalanced Faults on Power Systems The analysis of unbalanced faults on Power systems is similar to that of such fault on unloaded generator except that each of the sequence networks is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent between the fault point and reference bus and E, by the pre-fault voltage Vat the fault point, EXAMPLE 8.6 A 50 Hz, 50 MVA, 13.2 kV star grounded alternator is connected to a A-Y transformer as shown in Figure 8.10. The positive-, negative- and zero-sequence impedances of the alternator are 0.1, 0.1 and 0.05 Pu, respectively and that of transformer rated 13.2 kV 4/120 kV Y 80 MVA with Y solidly grounded 0.1, 0.1 and 0.1 pu. Determine the fault current for a (i) three-phase, (ii) LG fault, (iii) LL fault and (iv) LLG fault at point P. Draw the connection diagram for the sequence network for each fault, A a Figure 8.10 One-line diagram for Example 8.6. Solution S, = 80 MVA, = 13.2 kV on generator side = Baxi = 120 kV at fault point P 80 = Xjyg = O.1X— = 0.16 pu Xig= Nag = 01X55 Xyg= 0.05 x 80/50 = 0.08 pu Xip= Nop = Nor = OL pu “phase fault It is a symmetrical fault. Hence, only positive-sequence component is ii vn in Fij AL. fe. The connection diagram is shown in Figure 8 © Three. *PPlicaby,104 Power System Analysis Speen een oh p 3 16 1Z0" Figure 8.11 Connection diagram for three-phase fault of Example 6.6, 1Z0” J, = = = 3.84622-90" pu 1 50.26 p 80 = = 0.3849 kA trae” Bx 120 Trans = 3-8462 % 0.3849 = 1.48 kA (ii) LG fault All the sequence networks are connected in series as shown in Figure 6.12, Jot ALLS da SONG 120" 2 Va pig % JOA —— : 70.08 ta Figure 8.12 Connection diagram for LG fault of Example 8.6 MP fas 40.26 + j0.26 + j0.1 l= ‘at and —__3x1Z0° 70.26+ 70.264 70.1 483872-90° pu MY acust ~ 4.8387 % 03849 = 1.862 kA: Unbalanced Fault Analysis 163 Gi) LL fault Positive- and negative-sequence networks are connected in parallel as shown in Figure 8.13. 0.1 Figure 8.13 Connection diagram for LL fault of Example 8.6. 120° Fo26+jo26 9 = Blu yah 3120" __ 5.3309 90° 70.26 + j0.26 Tyga = 3:3309 X 0.3849 = 1,282 kA (iv) LLG fault All the three sequence networks are connected in parallel as shown in Figure 8.14, Jj0.1 OOO. 55 ==> u = 0.16 Jay Tag - J. 3 2 j0.16 snos 3 go + 120° Figure 8.14 Connection diagram for LLG fault of Example 8.6. 120° ‘a x j3.01 Iq =—25—-= aaa fi a3 i 24 926+ 2 A+*7 4m 70.26 + j0.1 1 22 9.1739 pu "7, +Zo Ty =3lqq =~ 9.5217 pu | = 6.5217 x 0.3849 = 2.51 kA Ty seus EXAMPLE 8.7. A group of four identical synchronous motors is connected through a “ansformer to a 4.16 kV bus of a generating plant. The motors are rated 600 V and operate | =164 Power System Analysis serving fall load at unity power factor and rated voltage, The sym f thei i | MAW, The reactances in per unit of cach motor based on its So i MA ae ™ im NX, = 0.2 and Xp = 0.04 and Gal is eee though a reactance of 0.02 pu, The transformer is a bank of three single-phase rar 7 h of which is rated 2400/60 V, 2.5 MVA. The 600 V windings are connected in A to the motors and the 2400 V windings in Y. The leakage reactance of each transformer is 10%. The generator is rated F5 MVA, 4.16 KV with reactances of "=X, = O.L pu and Xp = 0.05 and X,, from neutral. to-ground is 0.05 pu. Each of the identical motors is operating 2 r ted voltage, when a sing 8 sion side of the transformer bank, Determine the at $9,5% efficieney when line-to-ground fault occurs on the low te subtransient fault current. Solution The one-line diagram of the system is shown in Figure 8.15. ft a) 2 3 tO) A3 AC 3 MA t—O Figure 8.15 One-line diagram of the system of Example 8.7. ‘The 600 V and the 4.16 kV buses are numbered 1 and 2, respectively. Ratings of generator are chosen as bas 4.16 KV 0.05 pu Line-to-line voltage ratio of the transformer bank is 2400V3 16, 3 4.16 1, 0.6 0.6 VA rating of transformer bank is 3X25 = 7.5 MVA Treating group of motors as a single equivalent motor, the input rating is he reactance € equivaler i i . The reactance of the equivalent motor in per unit is the same on the base of the combine! ating as the reactance of the individ s C . na lual motors on the base of the individual motor ratingUnbalanced Fault Analysis 165 — hn ot O3 03 EG Ey 0.1 fle ©. fo. 3 3 j0.3 @ th la 0.05 70.06 0.15 j0.09 Figure 8.16 Connection of sequence networks for Example 8.7. 75 Xw =02%25 -03pu, Xyy =0.2x 22203 pu Xy = 0.04 x 2 0.06 pu The neutral reactance in the zero-sequence network is 15 3A yyy = 30.02 x “= 0.09 pu Figure 8.16 shows the connection of the sequence networks, Since the motors are operating at rated voltage, the pre-fault voltage of phase a at the fault is 7 Néatea ; Vp= 1 pu ‘glecting pre-fault current, E, = BG = Ef = V7 =1Z0° Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of the positive-sequence network is shown in Figure 8.17. Afier network reduction, the connection of sequence network is shown in Figure 8.18.0.1 + 0.1) 403 “170.14 j0.1 +703 012 0.1 + j0.1) j03_ jO.1 + 0.1 +j93 JO! j0.15 ° Z, = j0.06 + j0.09 = j0.15 Figure 8.17. Thevenin equivalent circuit of Figure 8.18 Connection diagram of sequence positive-sequence network of networks after reduction for Example 8.7. Example 8. lye = | _g- nsis J 4Z,42Zq j0.12+ j0.12+ j0.1S 70.39 Ty = 31g) =3% (~j2.564) = j7.692 pu 15 Tease at fault point = 7.217 kA ¥3x0.6 1 seyat = 7-692 X 7.217 = 55.5 KA 8.5 Fault through Impedance The fault may not be a solid or bolted one, in which case the fault impedance may be non-2e"0 and finite. It may be due to the impedance of the material causing fault and it may even be resistance of earth which is significant if the earth is dry. The effect of impedance in the fault is found by deriving equations similar to those for faults through zero impedance. 5 A balanced system remains symmetrical after the occurrence of a three phase fault having the same impedance between each line and a common point. Only positive-sequence cures flow. With the fault impedance z, equal in all phases the voltage at the fault is ¥,=/2/ shown in Figure 8.19(a). Since only positive-sequence currents flow, (i)i } f i 1 Loa df -to-line fault (0) Three-phase finilt—(b) Single line-to-ground—_(¢) Double line-to-ground (d) Lin faut fault Figure 8.19 Connection diagram of hypothetical stubs for various faults through impedance. For an unloaded generator with neutral grounded, a single or double line-to-ground faults through z, is no different with respect to the value of the fault current than the same type of fault without impedance but with z, placed in the connection between the generator neutral and ground, To account for impedance 2, networks. Thevenin’s theorem enables us to apply th on a power system. So the sequence network connections for a single lin for a double line-to-ground fault are shown in Figure 8.19(b) and (c), res From Figure 8.19(b) for a single line-to-ground fault through 2, the neutral of a generator we add 3z, to the zero-sequence © same reasoning 0 these types of faults to-ground fault and To = tan =I. I ———— (8.15) 1 + 3zy From Figure 8.20(d) for a double line-to-ground fault through 2), Va = Kon —— at Tyldy * 324) Zz + %y +32, (8.16) A tine-to-line fault through impedance is shown in Figure 8.194). ‘The conditions at the fault are 1,20, becte Vem Men hy With 1, =—1, and J, = 0, the symmetrical components of current are po = A-tyete pil 0 to) 4 ellen L,|e5{ 4 4 A af 3} : Iya ta a)168 ‘a Ya (c) Double-line-to-ground fault (d) Line-to-line fault Figure 8.20 Connections of the sequence networks to simulate various types of faults through impedance at point P. From this aye fa = 3 (aly~ @h,) = 5(a - a), 3 3 » aie 1 y= 3th, ~al,) = ye -a)l, The sequence components of voltage are given by Yoo | ie ll vr. 1 a V, |= = 2 . — 3! ae a Vv, 2 laa Aes | j ; 1Unbalanced Fault Analysis 169 (a~ @) 1z,= 53 Iz, (8.17) (8.18) (@ ~ all, = -iN3 1, (8.19) (8.20) = 0, zero-sequence network is not present. From Eq. (8.18) and (8.19), the connection im for Tine-to-line fault is shown in Figure 8.23(c), inserting z, between the fault points the positive- and neg to Rt +z, ¥, is the pre-fault voltage in the positive-sequence network Bus impedance matrix can also be used to find Z,, Z, and Z, 8.6 Unbalanced Fault Analysis using Bus Impedance Matrix The bus impedance matrix, composed of positive-sequence impedances, is used to determine _ currents and voltages upon the occurrence of a balanced three-phase fault. This method can easily be extended to unbalanced faults by realizing that the negative- and - zero-sequence networks, and can be represented by bus impedance equivalent networks similar _ 0 the positive-sequence network. Figure 8.21 shows the sequence networks represented by the bus impedance equivalent networks (transfer impedances have, however, not been shown for clarity). The additional subscripts 1, 2 and 0 have been attached to the impedance to identify the sequence networks to which they belong. Depending upon the bus under fault and the type of fault, the connection diagram is drawn. For example, the connection diagram for LLG fault # bus n is shown in Figure 8.22. ©2020 000 0086 413 ZF Zor ee oe | y, 2 230 Reference bus Reference bus Reference bus (2) Positive-sequence (b) Negative-sequence (c) Zero-sequence Figure 8.21 Bus impedance equivalent sequence networks.AO Figure 822 Connection diagram for LLG fault of bus impedance equivalent sequence networks Zaye Zag and Z, g ae oust to ZZ, and Zp ifthe fault is on bus 1. Thus self impedances are used to calculate the fault current ‘and transfer impedances (0 calculate the un-faulted bus walt current ean be computed by dividing the potential difference voltages. Contribution of % i acres the line by its impedance, and adding it to pre-fault load current we can get post-fault current in various parts of the network, Algorithm for calculation of unsy mumetrical fault current using Zyu. Read the s Draw the ne Form the bus impedance matrix 2... * and currents J) over line ij from power flow =, = fault impedance Z,, = self impedance of rth bus Vi = 2,17 Step 6 — Compute new bus voltages. a 0 7 tye fim ner 3 where Z, is the mutual impedance between ith bus | tlt by ual and rth 5 Step 7 Calculate fault contribution by lines‘transformers (i — 7 i of pf Eh where =, is the impedance of the li ; 4 i : line between buses i ; fs contribution by the line'transformer (i — j) for ae ee i me Tig. is theis 171 Unbalanced Fault Anal Total fault current is obtained by superposing this current over the pre-fault current 8 . step § cyused by all generators with subtransient reactance, ym it = inte +My step 9 Check whether fault at all the buses are computed. If not, increase bus count r=r+ Land go to Step 5. Flow chart for calculation of unsymmetrical fault current using Z,,.i8 given in Figure 8.23. Read system data, fault impedance 2, Draw seqeunce networks formulate Zy yu Zs nan Zam ¥ Run power flow program Obtain pre-fault bus voltages V7 and currents J) over line i-j ¥ Set bus count, r= 1 LG fault LLG fault LL fault ve f Zara *357) Zp-a + Zn. + 3H Z, Zia * 2y-0 38 Cai * 100) [alot Bla + alan Tyg * aly) + lag >| Figure 8.23 (Contd)Figure 8.23 Flow chart for calculation of unsymmetrical tault cutrent using ZacFault Analysis m gi mpl 1 and also find the synton We refer to Figure 8.16 Sol 8.7, ‘olta ‘0 find the bus imp > find the subiransient “to-neutral at bus 2, edance mat 5 s impedance matrix: post . Pen Add 29 1=/ 03 from bus | (new) to bus 0 (rep) Pras = 4 (70.3) 2, Add 2, =J0.1 from bus 2 (new) to bus 1 2 Zoot = as 503 } 1 (existing) 2140.3 703+ j0.1 J0.3 j03 ~ (70.3 70.4 =J 0.1 from bus 2 (existing) to bus 0 (ref) J0.3° 70.3 1 a] aa ki - —— 0.3 70.4) Po-1 (03 ‘al J0.4+ j0.1 Cn ae J0.3 70.3) (70.18 na) ~ (j0.3 70.4)” (jo.24 0.32 3. Add zy 1 2 > (ote io} 2\ 70.06 0.08 Similarly, negative-sequence bus impedance matrix is 1 2 1/ 70.12 ped 2ous-2 = { 0.06 0.08 Zero-sequence bus impedance matrix: 1. Add z= 0.15 from bus 1 (new) to bus 0 (ref). 1 Fuso | (0.15) 2 Add 2, = 01% 102 _ 59.067 from bus 2 (new) to bus 0 (ref). 0.1 j0.2 1 2 Zosgo= 1(J015 0 } 210 70.067 oe current in a single ices of the three sequence174 _vower Systevn Analysis The current in the fault on bus | is ! 12.564 Ian” Fotg+ j.t2+ jo.ls If = M,, = -f7.692 which agrees with the value found using network reduction in Example 8.7 7.692 x 7.217 = 55.5 kA 75 2 7217kA as f voltage at bus 2 are Using the transfer impedances the symmetrical components 0} Via, T,2 ' 1- (-/2.564) (0.06) = 0.8462 ‘ 122 {-j2.564) (0.06) = -0.1538 v, =0 r + = 0+ 0.8463 - 0.1538 = 0,6924 ¥, + yg Mig t My + = 0 4 0,8462(-0.5 ~ /0.866) — 0.1538( 0.5 + 0,866) 0.3462 ~ j0.8660 VieVigt Vit Voe gt av, + aN, 0 0+ 0.8462(-0.5 ~ 70.866) — 0.1538(-0.5 + j0.866) 40.3462 + 70,8660 Short Answer Questions 1 Draw the equivalent sequence network for a line-line bolted fault in a power system (Figure 8.24). ta Va Reference bus Figure 8.24 Equivalent sequence network for line-to-line bolted fault. 2. Name the fault in which all the sequ oe lence cu Single line-to-ground fault. 7 rents are equal. 3. Name the faults which do not hav " © ZeTO-sequencs ' The faults are line-to-line fault and theve-plase fot Peteegmeanentanced 4, Name the fault in which pos Un itive- and nepati SE fault Analysis 175 zero-sequence current in Magnitude, CLalive.. equence currens tage recs The fault is line-to-line fault or double Bother is equal to line-to-ground fault, 5, Name the fault in which positive. . Posie Lalive-sequey but opposite in direction, The fault is line-to-line fault, . Name the fault in which positive. g ie 6. The fault is double Tingietaraten fai Reeative-sequence Voltages are equal, 7. Name the faults involving ground, The faults are: + Single line-to-ground fault + Double line-to-ground fault and + Three-phase line-to-ground fault. 8 Name the various unsymmetrical faults ii The faults are: + Single line-to-ground fault * Line-to-line fault * Double line-to-ground fault and * Open conductor fault 9. State the boundary conditions for single line-to-ground fault, The conditions for an single line-to-ground fault on phase a are and ney NCE currents 4 it SUTENS are equal in magnitude in a power system. V, = 1,2,for fault through fault impedance z, = 0 for solid fault and =0 Exercises — and rated 50 MVA, 30 KV has positive-, 15 and 5 per cent respectively. What 1 {o limit the fault current for a bolted [Ans. 1.8 Q] 814 generator having a solidly grounded neutral Negative- and zero-sequence reactances of 2 bd Teactance must be placed in the generator neu hase fault? mit tneso-ground fault to that for a bolted threeshase Toul ao imi 2 What reactance must be placed in the neueal of the generon MATIN A the magnifier ot uke fault eurrent for a bolted double Tine [Ans. 0.825 2] Magnitude of the fau i three lted three-phase fault? are, conmestod 9 3 Three 15 MYA, 30 kV synchronous & "2ctors to a common bus bar as shown i © so {he neutral of generators A and B ae Tn 'S grounded through a reactor of 2 2- enerators A, B and C in Figure E8.1. grounded, and ator data are enerator C the neutral of genera tabulated in Table E8.1.‘System Analysis A ees Table E81 Generation data a en ES Hem ea ~G, 025-0155 0.056 pg Reactor Gi, 0.155 0.056 py Ge 02 O15 0.06 py Reactor 6 6 6 a Figure E8.1. Circuit for Problem 8.3. A line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a of the common bus bar. Neglect pre-fault currents and assume generators are operating at their rated voltage. Determine (i) fault current in phase a. (ii) bolted line-to-line fault between phases b and c. (iii) double line-to-ground fault on phases 6 and c. [Ans, (i) 122-90° pu, (ii) -9.116 pu, (iii) 12.520? pu} 8.4 The reactance data for the power system shown in Figure E8.2 in per unit on a common base is given in Table E8.2 Gy G; Figure £8.2 One-line diagram for Problem 8.4. Table E8.2- Reactance data Item xX; x, X, G, 0.1 01 0.05 G 0.1 0.1 00s qr, 0.25 0.25 0.25 r 025° 0.28 0.25 LineI-2 0303 Q'5 Obtain the Thevenin’s sequence impedances for th It e faul current in per unit for the following faults: fault at bus 1 and compute the A he re fault (ii) A bolted single line-to-ground fault (HY A bolted Tine-to-tine fault (iv) A bolted double line-to-ground fault (Ans. 4.395290", 4.6692-90°, -3.907-90°, 4.979.290" PU 8. The zeto-, posiive- and negative-sequence bus impedance ‘ ver system are matrices for a three-bus POW 0.2 0.05 0.12 016 Zs =} 0.05 0.1 0.08 |pu zh _ (016 01 0.45 0.12 0.08 03 ad = 4/010 0.2 0.12 |pu O15 0.12 0.25Utila vt auth Analyele 177 Determine the persunit tut CUMCHL An the Du vottayey (i) A bolted threesphaye fit (i) A bolted single Hnetooground file Gil) A bolted Hnesto-tine Vivult (iv) A bolted double tine. * diting faut At baw 2 for lo-pround fault Aus, 8.6 Determine the fault current And MYA at fin © bus 4 of a system aw shown in Figure 18,4 Gy Gy OU MYATT RY, a oye i506, yn 5%. X= 0% Ty Ty + 100 MVA, 117220, ky, Kea, = % byt i A Nom 10%, Yon 10% om a have of 100 MYA, a Consider a fault on phase a, [Ams. 42.75 kA, 414.55 MYA] 5290", 47 D0", 4332-00, 1.5 2997 pay ted bun for A linetosround Ciolid) fault at Figure E8.3° Circuit for Problem 6.6, 87 7 in Figure ¢ one-line diag) system is shown in Figure ine di fa simple power system ii gure | ‘The one-line diagram of a simp! Bese in ea i es in per unit on a common 100 MVA base is tabulated in data expressed Problem 8.7. ; for e diagram «ure 68,4 One-line Figure E8.Table E8.3 System data Item Voltage, kV xX x Xo 2 0.15 0.05 a 0 0.15 0.05 qT, 20/220 0.1 o.1 T, 20/220 01 O1 Lis 220 0.125 03 ye 220 0.15 0.35 . xD 0.25 0.7125 The neutral of each generator is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 pu on a 100 MVA base. The generators are running on no load at their rated voltage. Determine the fault current for a (i) single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance of 0.1 pu. (i) line-to-line fault. (iii) double line-to-ground fault. [Ans. (i) ~j2.7523 pu, (ii) 3.2075 pu, (iii) 1.9732.290° pu