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PSY101 Chapter 2

PSY101 Chapter 2
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Nervous System ↔ A network of cells that carries information to and from

all parts of the body.
Neuroscience ↔ branch of life sciences that deals with the structure and
functioning of the brain, and the neurons, nerves and nervous tissue that
form the nervous system.
Behavioral Neuroscience ↔ Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the
biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning.
Dendrite ↔ The parts of the neuron that receive messages from other
cells.
Soma ↔ Referred to as the "cell body". The part of the cell that contains
the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning.
Axon ↔ A fiber that carry messages out to other cells.
Axon Terminals ↔ Responsible for communicating with other nerve cells.
Glial Cells ↔ Serve many functions. Can be the structure on which
neurons develop and hold them in place, can guide migrating neurons to
form outer layers of brain, getting nutrients to neurons, cleaning up
remains of neurons that have died; neuroplasticity
Oligodendrocytes ↔ Type of glial cell; produces myelin in the central
nervous system.
Schwann Cells ↔ Type of glial cell; produces myelin in the peripheral
nervous system.
Myelin ↔ Layer of fatty substance created by special kinds of glial cells
(Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells). Wraps around shaft of axon, creating
 protective
aNerves layer. axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central
↔ Bundled
nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
Resting Potential ↔ When the cell is resting (channels in the cell
membrane are closed, sodium ions cannot enter)
Inside: Negatively Charged Protein mostly, and some Positively Charged
Pottasium.
Outside: Positively Charged Sodium and Negatively Charged Chloride
Action Potential ↔ When electrical potential is in action (when cells
receives strong enough stimulation from other cells/dendrites activated,
cell membranes open channels and sodium ions rush through)
Synaptic Vesicles ↔ Little sac-like structures filled with chemicals
suspended in fluid, which are molecules of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters ↔ Substances that reside in the neuron and transmit
messages.
Synapse ↔ is a fluid filled space between the axon terminal of a neuron
and the dendrite of the next neuron.
Receptor Sites ↔ Proteins that allow only particular molecules of a
certain shape to fit into.
Excitatory Synapses ↔ Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the
receiving cell to fire.
Inhibitory Synapse ↔ Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the
receiving cell to stop firing.
Curare ↔ Blocks the acetylcholine receptor sites, leaving the body
paralyzed.
Antagonist ↔ A chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of
a neurotransmitter.
Agonist ↔ A chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a
neurotransmitter.
Acetylcholine (ACh) ↔ neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention,
memory and controls muscle contractions. too little can cause
alzheimers/dementia
Norepinephrine (NE) ↔ neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood.
Dopamine (DA) ↔ neurotransmitter involved in control of movement and
sensations of pleasure. too little can case parkinson's and too much can
cause schizophrenia.
Serotonin (5-HT) ↔ neurotransmitter involved in sleep, mood, anxiety and
appetite. too little can cause depression
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ↔ neurotransmitter that can help
anxiety
Endorphins ↔ neurotransmitter involved in pain relief.
Glutamate ↔ neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory
Neural peptides ↔ neurotransmitters that control other
neurotransmitters
Reuptake ↔ Neurotransmitters that can't find an area across the synapse
to attach to will be reabsorbed by the sending neuron.
Central Nervous System ↔ composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Brain ↔ Core of the nervous system; part that makes sense of the
information received from the senses, makes decisions, and sends out
commands out to muscles and rest of the body (part of CNS).
Spinal Cord ↔ Long bundle of neurons that serves two functions for the
nervous system: Outer section is meant to carry out messages from the
body to the brain, and vice versa. Inner section is responsible for certain
reflexes.
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons ↔ Neurons that carry messages from the
senses to the spinal cord (CNS).
Efferent (Motor) Neurons ↔ Neurons that carry messages from the spinal
cord (CNS) to the muscles and glands.
Interneurons ↔ Neurons that connect afferent neurons to the motor
neurons (and make up the inside of the spinal cord and much of the brain
itself).
Neuroplasticity ↔ The ability to constantly change both the structure
and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience/trauma.
Stem Cells ↔ Immature (uncommitted) cells with the potential to develop
into virtually any kind of cell.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ↔ All nerves and neurons that are not
contained in the brain and spinal cord, but run through the body itself
Somatic Nervous System ↔ Part of the (PNS) that consists of nerves that
control the voluntary muscles of the body.
Autonomic Nervous System ↔ Part of the (PNS) that consists of nerves
that control the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. Comprised of two
divisions: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic.
Sympathetic Division ↔ "fight-or-flight system"; prepares the body to
react and expand energy in times of stress.
Parasympathetic Division ↔ "eat-drink-rest system"; maintains body
functions under ordinary conditions & saves energy.
Sensory Pathway ↔ Pathway partially makes up the somatic nervous
system; comprises of all the nerves carrying messages from the senses to
the CNS (nerves containing afferent neurons)
Motor Pathway ↔ Pathway partially makes up the somatic nervous
system; all of the nerves carrying messages from the CNS to the voluntary
or skeletal muscles of the body.
Voluntary Muscles ↔ Muscles that can be moved at will but aren't limited
to only that kind of movement.
Involuntary Muscles ↔ Muscles such as the heart, stomach, intestines,
etc.; controlled by clumps of neurons located near or on spinal column.
Endocrine Glands ↔ organs or groups of cells that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones ↔ Chemical messengers by the endocrine glands, that are
produced in one tissue and affect another tissue.
Pituitary Gland ↔ most influential gland; under hypothalamus; regulates
growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Pineal glad ↔ releases melatonin; in the cerebrum
Thyroid gland ↔ in the neck; responsible for metabolism
Pancreas ↔ controls blood sugar; secretes insulin
Gonads ↔ sex glands, sexual behavior and reproduction; ovaries for
female and testes for male
Adrenal glands ↔ top of the kidney; regulates salt intake and stress
Lesioning studies ↔ Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain
Electrical Brain stimulation (EBS) ↔ milder electrical current that causes
neurons to react
Computer tomography (CT) ↔ series of X-rays to see slices of brain;
brain and skull structure
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ↔ using radio waves and magnetic
fields to produce detailed images
Electroencephalogram (EEG) ↔ An amplified recording of the waves of
electrical activity to know how different areas function; measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp/skull
Positron emission tomography (PET) ↔ uses radioactive glucose; detect
changes in oxygen and energy consumption
functional MRI (fMRI) ↔ tracks changes in oxygen levels over a time
period to know functional examination of brain areas
Hindbrain ↔ Consists of the pons, cerebellum, medulla and reticular
formation
Medulla part of the hindbrain that controls life-sustaining functions like
heartbeat, breathing and swallowing.
Pons ↔ relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex; takes
part in sleep and dreaming
Reticular Formation ↔ running from the hindbrain to the midbrain,
controlling arousal and attention and alertness/selective attention to
changing things
Cerebellum ↔ controls balance, posture and maintains muscle
coordination; controls involuntary rapid motor movements
Limbic System ↔ Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus,
and amygdala; responsible for emotion, learning, motivation and memory
Thalamus ↔ Part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory
organs to the cerebral cortex.
Hypothalamus ↔ responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep,
hunger, thirst, sex.
Hippocampus ↔ Plays a role in long term memories and storage of
memory; seahorse shape
Amygdala ↔ responsible for fear response and memory of fear.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome ↔ a condition, brought about by bilateral
amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes
including reduction in fear and anxiety
cingulate cortex ↔ primary cortical component of the limbic system,
involved in emotional and cognitive processing
Cortex ↔ The outermost part of the brain; made up of tightly packed
neurons; very wrinkled.
Cerebral Hemispheres ↔ divided sections of the cortex; left and right
Corpus Callosum ↔ very hard connector; allows left and right
hemispheres to connect and communicate with each other.
Lobes of the Brain ↔ Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
Occipital Lobe ↔ processes visual information from eyes and make
sense of it; at the back
Pareital Lobe ↔ Lobe located at the top and back of the brain; contains
the centers of touch; area processes from the skin/outside world and
internal body receptorsfor touch, temperature, and body position.
Temporal Lobe ↔ along the side of the brain; contains neurons
responsible for sense of hearing, language and speech.
Frontal Lobe ↔ in the front of the brain; responsible for higher mental
processes, and decision making, as well as fluent speech.
Association Areas ↔ makes connections and interpretation of sensory
information coming into the brain and stored memories, images,
knowledge. Located in frontal lobe.
Broca's Area ↔ devoted to producing speech fluently and smoothly.
Broca's Aphasia ↔ Inability to use or understand written or spoken
language. (for ex. slow uttering of words)
Wernicke's Area ↔ involved in understanding the meaning of words.
Wernicke's Aphasia ↔ Ability to speak fluently and pronounce words
correctly, but using the wrong ones entirely.
spatial neglect ↔ condition produced by damage to the association areas
of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or
body parts in the left visual field
Cerebrum ← The upper part of the brain consisting of the two
hemispheres and structures connecting them.
Split-Brain Research ↔ Special testing involving sending messages to
only one side of the brain, which is possible when the corpus callosum is
cut.
Left Hemisphere ↔ Right hand; spoken language; written language;
mathematics; logic; analysis of detail; reading.
Right Hemisphere ↔ Left hand; nonverbal communication; visual-spatial
perception; music & art process; emotional thought; processes the whole;
pattern recognition; facial recognition; more global?
Brain Stem ↔ Area where brain becomes the spinal cord.