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Electricity Shobhit Nirwan
Electricity Shobhit Nirwan
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
ELECTRICITY
NOTES
Electric
charge
Electric current
Electric Potential
Electric Potential difference
Electric circuit
circuit Diagram
Ohm 's law
Resistance
factors on which resistance of a
conductor depends
Electricity Resistivity or specific resistance
Alloys
series combination
Parallel combination
Electric
charge [ Symbol of ]
↳ A physical entity which is defined by excess or
deficiency of electron
on a
body .
°
It is a scalar Quantity .
°
SI Unit of
charge is Coulomb K ) .
PROTON =
e =
-11.6×10-19 c
Magnitude of
One on
charged
\
ELECTRON =
e = -
16×10-19 C
1.6×10 MC
As
charge electron
-
°
on one =
T -
e .
-
[ no of electrons click that tree
,
Electric Current p]
symbol
. .
[
↳ ' '
The
section in
amount of charge
unit time 't
O
'
.
flowing through particular area a of cross -
°
It is a scalar Quantity
°
Sz unit of current is Ampere CA ) .
[ LA = I Esoeucbotnnbd ]
34T dldt definition at WH tf 9¥ ¥ current AT formula T F: -
IE=¥T
-
as opposite to the
and 3-HIT circuit ITT EFF current ④ ve terminal of battery tf Ove terminal
AT 4Th 01¥ I
°
Electric current is measured by a device called Ammeter .
-
cross-section
the number of electrons
filament in 16 seconds I
passing through a of the
set : Given : I -
-
LA
t = 16 seconds
To find : no .
of electrons ? ? fifty 419 3114T ? ? )
↳ gene doth but yet q
Hominid I
②
We know
,
E-
If IA =
# 19=16-07
see
Now, D= ne
46C =
n x (¥611049)
1n=Q
→
Electric Potential V]
[
Symbol
↳ The amount of work done 1W) when a unit positive charge (g) is moved
from infinity to a
point
1y=wqT
.
is scalar Quantity
-
° It a .
°
SI unit is volt CV) .
electric potential between two points in an electric field , equal to the work
done per unit quantity of
in electrostatic
charge in moving it from one point to another
an field
potential Difference AV
Wa
- =
or, Vb Va
- =
WAI
Q
° It is a scalar Quantity .
°
SI unit is ) → HIT tret Iit # formulated af acted I
my ,
°
The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit is
measured
using a device called Voltmeter .
a
118 V to a
point at 128 V ?
SEL :
Given : Q
-
2C
charge is taken from point
'
A' to
( AssumingCB !
that
-
VA 118 V VB =L 28V )
point
=
,
To find : we ? !
Now , DV = Vb VA - =
428 -
118)V ⇐ LOV
T
Potential ht @ blog)
DEF
'
diff
GOV) ( 2 C) 20J
.
= =
=
K3B DV atoll formula thaw ?
UET
↳ Anse:
-
get question of line 4-64 stint Dr # definition dial line # , HHT TIFFT I
③
Electric circuit
°
When is closed, then circuit is called closed circuit lie current will flow)
key I switch .
°
When
key I switch is open , then circuit is called open circuit ( i.e current would not flow) .
Circuittsiagram
↳ It is the pictorial representation of a circuit in which different
electrical components of the circuit are
presented by their symbols .
Jes e
# Ratta Maar to
:&::ammo
: #
:÷÷÷÷:÷÷:
no
**
-1
Ohm 's Law .
↳
According to this law the ,
electric current
flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends ,
providing
conditions (such as temperature) remains
the physical unchanged .
of a conductor
through which current I flows , then according to Ohm baba: -
**
V d 2 Cat const .
temp)
org 111=171
Instant of proportionality called resistance .
④
K3B
°
The conductors which obeys Ohm 's law are called ohmic conductors while the
conductors which do not obey Ohm 's Law are called non ohmic conductors -
Vz
or
Ratz ( R is inversely proportional to I) ( If V → const ) .
↳ 27 concept tilht Ate dirt 3ft that F SHH feel INT AHHH i did IA
V, I UT R tf tf Fatt th value AT change tiffs quit at effect ,
⑤
Inversely proportional
End Nature of material
to area of cross section of Inductor F.e.
IRAITL
-
Civ Temperature .
**
Combining eg ② 4 ④
,
Red hat or Rd
at or
/R-;f
←
Constant of prop called Resistivity .
[ symbol S]
or
O S2 unit is r -
m 1ohm -
meter)
°
Resistivity of metallic conductor does not depend on the length or
thickness of wire .
They
higher this is why used make elements of devices iron
at temp , they are to
heating such as ,
heaters etc .
is almost used
Tungsten exclusively for fitment of bulbs , whereas copper and aluminium are
used for electric transmission lines [close 20183
generally .
⑤
(3)
(t) 2) f All 3 are
& (
made up of
LI:
-
tf Az
s s
2A
same material
2L
g
.
← L - s
Which of resistance I
them have
highest ←
z→
set : -
Given are
length and area of cross section of each conductor
-
.
Also given
Is
that all 3 are of same material ,
:O S will be same for all .
Now Rs
g .
=
1¥ )
( 2¥ ) 4¥
)
Is Re
rina've highest
-
-
l 4k "" " >
res :#me
Ems Roll f¥I te r÷
.
-
is increased to twice its original Calculate resistance of
were in the new situation
length .
.
soft :
Initially
let length =L & area of cross section A &
-
resistivity =P
-
A
Lg RT
given) -10
fat 20 (
=
e =
finally ,
ALD :
.
2e
4 ( will not
Ak
=
4120) 80€
Efrem ④
.
KBB E
Re
ftp.rf A sit question tf radius Cr) ut diameter lethal ef
=
area ,
area of cross section circle # area the formulae tf tant Itt
a
g V' = 120 Vg R -
-
15h
to find 8=2.2 .
1218AM
→
⑥
Series Combination
°
HIT Resistances end to end attached ef and Hart same current EITI
Ww 22 R2 I R3 Req
mm > wir Mur
tu ← Va → ←Vs→
N Tv
nI v ya
1. I
K
s
V
Hn s
f
/-1
-
Req Rs R2 Rs
= t t
K' B o
Equivalent resistance Is the sum connected in series
of all the resistances .
Parallelcombinaton
° tetane¥aoss V l potential difference) same test I
RL
←IYm→ I Ii
I
9 I' Rz z Req I
> >
zz←NYM- 3 > 7 ←mmf→ >
µ
,
I
'
23
←mR3yn_ 13 NI
-
a
e,
I
H
n
s
'
s it s
. It,
v
fair Kirts
+
,
K3B 0
The reciprocal of equivalent resistance Ps equal to the sum of the reciprocals of
all individual resistances connected in parallel .
°
The equivalent resistance is less than the resistance of either resistor ,
: HI 2A Resistance minimize that EF if 3T Hath Parallel tf tot of
**
u
°
Parallel tf et Resistance I across v same →
different
I→
°
As it divides the current the components ( electric
gadgets) , so that they
among
can have
necessary amount of current to operate properly This is the reason
.
LP : . Reading of voltmeter
- fins current across Lr resistor
H
K
s
, 11 L2V
④
SEL : since they in series so
all are I → same & V- diff .
across 3h resistance .
and we
already know current CHELA
o :
Again by Ohm 's law , KIR
f- ② (3) GV →
reading of ①
quid 2A (: all will have same current as
they are in series ) .
2h
Ii Nhk
y 2,
I ,
sea mini Y I find current in each resistance
Lpo .
> > .
of and in ammeter
.
A Knin 72, .
Hn '
a lbov
Lol: Since they all are in parallel g
:. V → same and I→ diff .
lRee=LI
Leg =L first
+
for 2 r I
=L 3oz 15A
→ =
g ,
→
for 3r g Iz
IR 3yd-
e > LOA
a
for Gr 5A
If 3ft
→
g Iz =
=
MEEEE
-
calculate net resistance of circuit
FEI
Ip :
↳
. .
Foam
-
Ii
SOI 's Rs and Rz in series -
Rit R2 25N g Rst Ry =
25N
o : above circuit can be - mm-
µIfn
→ Now both in parallel
EETs
, +
Is
→
(-
Reg -12.5N
⑧
rest of it
may be dissipated
the current in form of heat This is known as
g
.
/H=I2R t in seconds
from ②
→
,
¢
-
high resistivity and high melting point of tungsten g when voltage is applied across
the filament it
gets heated to a very high temperature . It then becomes white
hot and starts
radiating heat and light .
°
Electric fuse used as a safety device in household circuits It consists
: It is .
of an alloy of lead and tin which has appropriate melting point When .
the current
flowing through the circuit exceeds the safe limit , the temp .
of fuse wire increases , the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit This .
helps to protect the other circuit elements from hazards caused by currents .
Lpo .
.
200J of heat is produced to see in a 5N resistance find the .
potential diff
the resistor
-
across .
f- IR
Power [symbol p] K (2) (5) =
LOK
G defined consumed in
It is as the amount of electric charge a circuit per unit time .
° It is a scalar Quantity .
, ⇐
if → p=
VII) =
In
III form # than
34T Htt Edt I
I ⑨
of P = VI = IR = VI ( cbse 2020,201912018J
R
O L kilowatt 1kW =Pt7
L
megawatt ((Mw) -106W
109W
T
L gigawatt GW) =
energy
1 HPK 746W
horse Power (
°
Commercial unit of electrical energy
1kWh =
1000Wh
= 1000 X 3600 WS
=
3.6×106 Ws or 3.6×1065
Number of units consumed electric appliance mattxhours
by
° =
1000
LI: An electric bulb runs from the 220V mains The current .
Rate of
Energy transformed power ( P) V2 220×0.6 =
=
132 IN
=
Energy Transformed CE ) Pt =
132×120
=
15840%
Q5. Name the device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor. [1 M,2016]
Ans 5. Any source of electricity like battery, cell, power supply, etc. helps to maintain a potential
difference across a conductor.
Q6. Name the physical quantity which is the same in all the resistors when they are connected in
series. [1M,2011]
Ans 6. Current is the physical quantity.
Q8. The resistance of a resistor is kept constant and the potential difference across its two ends is
decreased to half of its former value. State the change that will occur in the current through it.
[1M,2011]
Ans 8. Current will be half of its former value.
Q9. What happens to the resistance of a conductor when its area of cross section is increased?
[1M,2011]
Ans 9. Resistance decreases.
Q10. Mention one reason why tungsten is exclusively used for making filaments of electric lamps.
[1M,2014]
Ans 10. Tungsten metal is selected for making filaments of lamp bulbs because tungsten can
sustain high temperatures and it has high melting point, combined with the fact that it also has
high resistivity.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q11. Why are the coils of electric toasters made of an alloy rather than a pure metal? [2M,2008]
Ans 11. Resistivity of an alloy is higher than its constituent metal and alloys do not oxidize as easily
as constituent metal at high temperature. That is why the coils of electric toasters are made of an
alloy rather than a pure metal.
Q12. A piece of wire of resistance 200 is drawn out so that its length is increased to twice its
original length. Calculate the resistance of the wire in the new situation. [2M,2009]
Ans 12. R = L 4 If the length is increased to twice the original length, keeping the area of cross
section same, then resistance will become double of its original value. So new resistance = 2 × 20
= 40 ohm.
Q13. While studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I)
passing through it, in order to determine the resistance of the resistor, a student took 5 readings
for different values of current and plotted a graph between V and I. He got a straight line graph a
passing through the origin. What does the straight line signify? Write the method of determining
resistance of the resistor using this graph. [2M,2019]
Ans 13. Straight line signify that the potential difference applied across the resistor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it. To determine the resistance from the graph, read the
current value, in amperes corresponding to a given voltmeter reading and take the ratio 7. Thus the
resistance of conductor is determined in ohms.
Q14. What would you suggest to a student if while performing an experiment he finds that the
pointer/ needle of the ammeter and voltmeter do not coincide with the zero marks on the scales
when circuit is open? No extra ammeter/ voltmeter is available in the laboratory. [2M,2019]
Ans 14. If the pointer is above the zero mark, the zero error is negative. The number of division it is
above the zero mark are to be subtracted from reading. If the pointer is below zero mark, the zero
error is positive. The number of division it is below the zero mark are to be added to reading.
Q16. State the factors on which at a given temperature the resistance of a cylindrical conductor
depends. State the SI unit of resistivity. [2M,2012]
Ans 16. Factors on which the resistance of a cylindrical conductor depends:
(i) Area of a cross-section of the conductor.
(ii) Nature of the material.
SI unit of resistivity is ohm • metre.
Q19. Draw a schematic diagram of an electric circuit comprising of 3 cells and an electric bulb,
ammeter, plug key in the ON mode and another with same components but with two bulbs in
parallel and a voltmeter across the combination. [2M,2012]
Ans 19.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q20. Two resistor, with resistances 52 and 102 respectively are to be connected to a battery of
emf 6 V so as to obtain:
(a) How will you connect the resistances in each case?
(i) Minimum current flowing
(ii) Maximum current flowing
(b) Calculate the strength of the total current in the circuit in the two cases. [3M,2009]
Ans 20. (a) (i) To obtain the minimum current, the resistances should be connected in series.
(ii) To obtain the maximum current, the resistances should be connected in parallel.
(b) (i) Resistances in series:
Q22. (a) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape of a wire depends.
(b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity?
Give reason.
(c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical heating devices? Give reason. [3M,2018]
Ans 22. (a) Resistance of conductor depends on following factor :
(i) Resistance of conductor is directly proportional to length (I) of the conductor.
Q23. Show how would you join three resistors, each of resistance 9 SO that the equivalent
resistance of the combination is
(i) 13.5
(ii) 6 [3M,2018]
Ans 23. i)
ii)
Q24. What is electrical resistivity of a material? What is its unit? Describe an experiment to study
the factors on which the resistance of a conducting wire depends. [3M,2017]
Ans 24. If I is the length of the conductor, A its area of the cross section and R its total resistance
then,
Where P is a constant of proportionality and is called the electrical resistivity of the material of the
conductor. The SI unit of resistivity is Ohm meter.
Set an electric circuit consisting of a cell, an ammeter, a nichrome wire of length I and a plug key,
as shown in the figure below.
Q25. What is an electric fuse? Why is it used in electric circuits? Should it be placed on a neutral
wire or a live wire? Justify your answer. [3M]
Ans 25. An electric fuse is a safety device which is used to limit the current in an
electric circuit. The use of a fuse safeguards the current and the appliance connected in the
circuit from being damaged.
The fuse wire is always connected in the live wire before the appliance so that as a current in the
circuit exceeds rating of fuse it may melt and break the socket first before the socket reaches the
appliance. Thus no current flows in the appliance.
Q27. Which is the better way to connect lights and other appliances in domestic
wiring and why? [3M,2017]
Ans 27. (i) Parallel connection is a better way to connect lights and other appliances in domestic
circuits.
It is because
(a) When we connect a number of devices in parallel combination, each device gets the same
potential as provided by the battery and it keeps on working even if other devices stop working.
(b) Parallel connection is helpful when each device has different resistances and requires different
current for its operation as in this case the current divides itself through different devices unlike
series connection.
(ii) Electrician has made series connection of all the lamps in electric circuit of house because of
which if one lamp gets fused, all the other lamps stop working. This is due to the fact that when
devices are connected in series then if one device fails, the circuit gets broken and all the devices
in that circuit stop working.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q28. Derive the expression for the heat produced due to a current 'I' flowing in a time interval 't'
through a resistor 'R' having a potential difference 'V' across it ends. With which name is the
relation known? How much heat will an instrument of 12 W produce in one minute if it is connected
to a battery of 12 V? [5M,2010]
Ans 28. Let us take a resistor of resistance R. Let the current flowing
through this resistor is equal to I and the potential difference across it is equal to V.
Suppose in time t, Q amount of charge flows through the resistor.
Work done in moving this charge,
W = VQ ...(i)
According to the definition of electric current, I= Q/t
Q=I*t
Putting this in equation (i),
W =Vx I x t
This work done is dissipated as heat.
Hence, heat produced, H = W = Vit, H = Vlt ... (ii)
According to Ohm's law, V = IR. Putting this in equation (ii),
H = IR x It, H = I2Rt
This relation is known as Joule's law of heating
Numerical :
Power, P = 12 W
Potential difference, V = 12 volt
Time duration, t = 1 min = 60 s
P = H/t
H = P x t = 12 W × 60 s = 720 J
hle.in
The heat generated by the instrument is 720 J.
Q29. Explain with the help of a labelled circuit diagram how you will find the resistance of a
combination of three resistor, of resistance R1, R2 and R3 joined in parallel. Also mention how you
will connect the ammeter and the voltmeter in the circuit when measuring the current in the circuit
and the potential difference across one of the three resistors of the combination. [3M,2010]
Ans 29. Parallel Combination: Connect the three given resistor R1, R2 and R3 in parallel between
the point XY a with a battery, a plug key and ammeter in series as shown in figure.
Connect voltmeter in parallel with these resistors between the terminals X and Y. Close the key
and note the ammeter and voltmeter reading.
Ammeter shows the total current drawn by the parallel combination of these resistors while
voltmeter shows the voltage applied across the combination. Using
Ohm's law, find the equivalent resistance of the combination, i.e. equivalent
resistance, R = Voltmeter reading/Ammeter reading Thus, in parallel circuit,
To find the current flow through any one of the resistor, ammeter will be connected in series with
that resistor and to measure the potential difference across that resistor, voltmeter must be
connected in parallel with that resistor as shown.
Q30. (a) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram prove that the reciprocal of the equivalent
resistance of a group of resistances joined in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual resistances.
(b) In an electric circuit two resistors of 12 each are joined in parallel to a 6 V battery. Find the
current drawn from the battery. [5M,2019]
Ans 30. (a)
Q31. An electric lamp of resistance 20 and a conductor of resistance 4 are connected to a 6 V
battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate : [5M,2019]