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Unit – II 2D Stress Strain Problems

ST4101 - Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity
E.Mohamed Najeeb
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli-7
 Plane stress and Plane strain
 Simple two dimensional problems
in Cartesian Co- ordinates
Simple two dimensional problems
in Polar Co- ordinates

(ii) Strain-Displacement equations:

Basic Equations in Cartesian Coordinates [3D]
𝜕𝑢
𝜀 =
(i) Equilibrium equations: 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝜀 =
𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑦
+ + +𝐵 =0 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜀 =
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑧
+ + +𝐵 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝛾 = +
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜎
+ + +𝐵 =0 𝛾 = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛾 = +

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(iii) Stress-Strain relations:

Plane Stress [2D]
𝜀 = 𝜎 −𝜇 𝜎 +𝜎
𝜀 = 𝜎 −𝜇 𝜎 +𝜎 The state of stress, by neglecting the stress components in the z
direction,
𝜀 = 𝜎 −𝜇 𝜎 +𝜎
ie σz= τyz= τzx= 0 and
𝛾 = σx, σy, τxy = f(x,y)
𝛾 = represents a state of plane stress.
𝛾 =
Ex: a thin plate subjected to forces applied at
Therefore there are 15 equations and 15 unknowns [6σ, 6ɛ, 3u]. the boundary, parallel to the plane of the plate
This system of equations is not convenient to solve, so a different and uniformly distributed over the thickness.
system of equations is required.

The governing equations for plane stress are (iii) Stress - Strain relations:
(i) Equilibrium equations 𝜀 = 𝜎 − 𝜇𝜎
𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜀 = 𝜎 − 𝜇𝜎
+ +𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜀 = 𝜎 +𝜎
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜎
+ +𝐵 =0 𝛾 = 𝛾 =0 𝛾 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

(ii) Strain-displacement relations: (iv) Strain compatibility equation:

= +
𝜀 = ; 𝜀 = ;𝛾 = +

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Plane Strain
(v) Stress Compatibility equation:
The state of strain,
From (iii) and (iv) when the length of a member in the z-direction is either very
large or the movements along the z-axis are prevented,
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐵 ie ɛz= γyz= γzx= 0 and [σz ≠ 0]
𝛻 𝜎 +𝜎 =− 1+𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 and ux= ux (x,y) uy= uy (x,y) uz = 0
𝛻 = + represents a state of plane strain.

Ex: a long cylindrical tube under internal pressure,

a dam restrained at both ends
a tunnel etc

(iii) Stress - Strain relations:

The governing equations are:
(i) Equilibrium equations 𝜀 = 𝜎 −𝜇 𝜎 +𝜎 =0
⇒ 𝜎 =𝜇 𝜎 +𝜎
𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏
+ +𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜎 𝜀 = 𝜎 −𝜇 𝜎 +𝜎
+ +𝐵 =0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜀 = 1 − 𝜇 𝜎 − 𝜇𝜎

(ii) Strain-displacement relations

𝜀 = 1 − 𝜇 𝜎 − 𝜇𝜎
𝜀 = ; 𝜀 = ;𝛾 = +
𝛾 =

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(iv) Strain compatibility equation: Airy’s Stress function:

 In general, from equilibrium equations, stress-strain relations and

= + strain-displacement equations, there are 15 equations and 15
unknowns which can not be solved easily.
 The stresses are written in terms of the Airy stress function ϕ and a
(v) Stress Compatibility equation: new differential equation is obtained, which can be solved more
easily.
From (iii) and (iv)
 By using the Airy stress function representation, the problem of
determining the stresses in an elastic body is reduced to that of
1 𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐵 finding a solution to the biharmonic partial differential equation
𝛻 𝜎 +𝜎 =− +
1−𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 whose derivatives satisfy certain boundary conditions.

Equilibrium equations are  the above stress components satisfy the equilibrium equations for
two dimensional problems and on substitution into the stress
𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 compatibility equations yields the Biharmonic equations.
+ +𝐵 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 For plane stress case,
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜎
+ +𝐵 =0 𝛻 𝜑 = 1−𝜇 𝛻 𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
If there exists a body force potential V such that
For plane strain case,
𝐵 = 𝐵 =
1 − 2𝜇
𝛻 𝜑= 𝛻 𝑉
and Let 𝜎 = −𝑉 ; 𝜎 = −𝑉 ; 𝜏 = 1−𝜇
If the body forces are zero,
where φ = Airy’s stress function 𝛻 𝜑=0 where, 𝛻 = +2 +

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Types of Stress functions:

 For obtaining the solution of biharmonic equations, the following

types of stress functions are used.

Algebraic function
Polynomials
 Fourier series
Complex function
Trigonometric series
Harmonic function

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Examples

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c) ϕ = A (x4 – 3x2y2)

∅ ∅
= 𝐴(4𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 ) = 𝐴 12𝑥 − 6𝑦
∅ ∅
= 𝐴 24𝑥 = 24𝐴

∅ ∅
= 𝐴 −3𝑥 . 2𝑦 = 𝐴 −6𝑥
∅
=0

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END

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