MATHEMATICS 11 INTERMEDIATE

PART 1

7/18/2020
Chapter 5.
Partial Fraction

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 Contents
Exercise 5.1 ............................................................................. 1
Exercise 5.2 ............................................................................. 4
Exercise 5.3 ............................................................................. 8
Exercise 5.4 ........................................................................... 12
Class 11 Chapter5 www.notes.pk.com
Rational fraction: iv Solve the resulting equations for the
𝑃(𝑥) coefficients.
The quotient of two polynomials 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0
Case I
with no common factor is called rational fraction. 𝑷(𝒙)
For example Resolution of 𝑸(𝒙) in to partial fractions when Q(x)
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥4 has only repeated linear factors.
,
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2 + 1 The polynomial 𝑄(𝑥) may be written as
Proper rational fraction: 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎1 )(𝑥 − 𝑎2 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑛 ) where
𝑃(𝑥)
A rational fraction 𝑄(𝑥) is called a proper rational 𝑎1 ≠ 𝑎2 ≠ ⋯ ≠ 𝑎𝑛
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
fraction is the degree of polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) is less than ∵ = + + ⋯+
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑥 − 𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑛
the degree of polynomial 𝑄(𝑥)
Are numbers to be found.
For example
Note:
2𝑥 − 5 3
, Which can be factorize, first of all can be factorized it
𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + 1
Improper rational fraction:  We uses partial fraction when the fraction
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑷(𝒙)
A rational fraction 𝑄(𝑥) is called an improper ration 𝑸(𝒙)
is proper rational fraction.

fraction if the degree of the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) is greater  If we are given improper fraction (division is
than or equal to the degree of polynomial 𝑄(𝑥) possible) then first of all divide the fraction
3𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 4 and make it proper fraction. After this sues
, partial fraction.
𝑥 − 1 𝑥2 − 1
Partial fraction:
To express a single rational fraction as a sum of two or Exercise 5.1
more single rational fractions is called partial fraction.
Resolve the following into partial fractions.
Partial fraction resolution:
Question No.1
Expressing a rational fraction as a sum of partial 1
fraction is called partial fraction resolution. 2
𝑥 −1
Conditional equation: Solution:
It is an equation which is true for a particular valves of 1 1
=
𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
the variable
1 𝐴 𝐵
For example: = + …………… (Z)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) (𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)
3 Multiply both sides by (x-1)(x+1)
2𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑥 =
2 1=A(x+1)+B(x-1) ……………(1)
For simplicity, a conditional equation is called an
Put x-1=0 ⟹ x=1 in equation (1)
equation.
1=A(1+1)+B(1-1)
Identity: 1
1=A(2) ⟹ A=2
It as an equation which holds good for all valves of
variable. Now put x+1=0 ⟹ x= -1 in equation (1)
For example 1=A(-1+1)+B(-1-1)
1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 1=B(-2) ⟹B=− 2
The symbol " = " be used both for equation and Now put A and B in equation (Z)
identity. 1 𝐴 𝐵
Hence (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) = (𝑥−1) + (𝑥+1)
𝑷(𝒙)
Resolution of a rational fraction in to partial 1 1
𝑸(𝒙) = −
2(𝑥−1) 2(𝑥+1)
fractions.
Following are the main points of resolving a rational
𝑃(𝑥)
Question No.2
fraction 𝑄(𝑥) in to partial fraction. 𝑥2 + 1
i The degree of 𝑃(𝑥) must be less than that of (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑄(𝑥). If not, divide and and work with the 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
Solution:- (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) = 𝑥 2 −1
remainder theorem.
𝑥 2 +1 2
ii Clear the given equation of fractions. 𝑥 2 −1
=1+𝑥 2 −1
iii Equate the coefficients of like term s (power of 2 𝐴 𝐵
Now consider (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)= + …………… (Z)
(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)
x)
Multiply both sides by (x-1)(x+1)

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2
2=A(x+1)+B(x-1) ……………(1) 3(−5) − 4(−5) − 5=B(-5-2)(-5+2)
Put x-1=0 ⟹ x=1 in equation (1) 90
90=B(21) ⟹B=21
2=A(1+1)+B(1-1) 30
B= 7
2=A(2) ⟹ A=1
Now put x+1=0 ⟹ x= -1 in equation (1) Now put x+2=0 ⟹ x= -2 in equation (1)
1=A(-1+1)+B(-1-1) 3(−2)2 − 4(−2) − 5=C(-2-2)(-2+5)
−15
2=B(-2) ⟹B=−1 15=C(-12) ⟹C= 12
Now put A and B in equation (Z) C=− 4
5
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) (𝑥−1) (𝑥+1) Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)
1 1 3𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 −1 30 5
= (𝑥−1) − (𝑥+1) Hence (𝑥−2)(𝑥+5)(𝑥+2) = 28(𝑥−2) + 7(𝑥+5) − 4(𝑥+2)
𝑥 2 +1 1 1
Hence (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)= 2 + (𝑥−1) − (𝑥+1)
Question No.5
Question No.3
1
2𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
2𝑥+1
Solution:- (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) 1
Solution:- (𝑥−1)(2𝑥−1)(3𝑥−1)
Now consider
2𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐 Now consider
= + (𝑥+2) + 𝑥+3 …………… (Z) 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) (𝑥−1) =
(𝑥−1)(2𝑥−1)(3𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)
+ (2𝑥−1) + (3𝑥−1) …………… (Z)
Multiply both sides by (x-1)(x+2)(x+3)
Multiply both sides by (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1)
2x+1= A(x+2)(x+3)+B(x-1)(x+3)+C(x-1)(x+2) ……………(1)
1= A(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1)+B(𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1)+C(𝑥 −
Put x-1=0 ⟹ x=1 in equation (1)
1)(2𝑥 − 1)……………(1)
2(1)+1=A(1+2)(1+3)
1 Put x-1=0 ⟹ x=1 in equation (1)
2(1)+1=A(12) ⟹ A=4 1=A(2(1)-1)(3(1)-1)
Now put x+2=0 ⟹ x= -2 in equation (1) 1=A(12) ⟹ A=
1
2(-2)+1=B(-2-1)(-2+3) 2
1
-3=B(-3) ⟹B=1 Now put 2x-1=0 ⟹ x= in equation (1)
2
Now put x+3=0 ⟹ x= -3 in equation (1) 1 1
1=B( -1)(3( )-1)
2 2
2(-3)+1=C(-3-1)(-3+2) 1
−5 1=B(-4) ⟹B=−4
-5=C(4) ⟹C= 1
4
Now put 3x-1=0 ⟹ x= 3 in equation (1)
Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)
1 −5 2 1
2𝑥+1 1 1=C(− 3) (− 3)
Hence (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)= (𝑥−1)
4
+ (𝑥+2) + 𝑥+3
4
2 9
2𝑥+1 1 1 5 1=(9)C ⟹C=2
⟹ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)= 4(𝑥−1) + (𝑥+2) − 4 (𝑥+3)
Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)
Question No.4 1 1 4 9
Hence (𝑥−1)(2𝑥−1)(3𝑥−1)= 2(𝑥−1) − (2𝑥−1) + 2(3𝑥−1)
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10) Question No.6
𝑥
3𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 3𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)
Solution:- AS (𝑥−2)(𝑥2 +7𝑥+10)=(𝑥−2)(𝑥+5)(𝑥+2) ∴
Solution:-
𝑥
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)
𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10=𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10 Now consider
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
= + (𝑥−𝑏) + (𝑥−𝑐) …………… (Z)
x(x+5)+2(x+5)=(x+5)(x+2) (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) (𝑥−𝑎)
Now consider Multiply both sides by (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)
3𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 x= A(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) +B(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑐)+C(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 −
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+5)(𝑥+2)
= (𝑥−2) + (𝑥+5) + 𝑥+2 …………… (Z)
𝑎)……………(1)
Multiply both sides by (x-2)(x+5)(x+2) Put x-a=0 ⟹ x=a in equation (1)
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5= A(x+5)(x+2)+B(x-2)(x+2)+C(x-2)(x+5) a=A(a-b)(a-c)
……………(1) 𝑎
⟹ A=(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)
Put x-2=0 ⟹ x=2 in equation (1)
3(2)2 − 4(2) − 5=A(2+5)(2+2) Now put x-b=0 ⟹ x= b in equation (1)
−1 b=B(b-a)(b-c)
−1=A(28) ⟹ A= 28 𝑏
⟹B=(𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)
Now put x+5=0 ⟹ x= -5 in equation (1)
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Now put x-c=0 ⟹ x= c in equation (1) −2𝑥+3 −1 8 1
⟹𝑥(2𝑥+3)(𝑥−1) = 𝑥 + 5(2𝑥+3) + 5(𝑥−1)
c=C(𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎) −2𝑥+3 1 8 1
𝑐
⟹C=(𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏) Hence 1 + 3 2 =1− + +
2𝑥 +𝑥 −3𝑥 𝑥 5(2𝑥+3) 5(𝑥−1)

Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)

𝑥 𝑎 Question No.9
Hence (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)= (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)(𝑥−𝑎) +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5)
𝑏 𝑐
(𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)(𝑥−𝑏)
+ (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6)
Question No.7 Solution:-
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥−5𝑥+15)
6𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7 =
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6) (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −4𝑥−6𝑥+24)
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥−5𝑥+15) (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15)
Solution:-Its is an improper fraction we first convert it =
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −4𝑥−6𝑥+24) (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −10𝑥+24)
3 2
𝑥 −9𝑥 +23𝑥−15
into proper fraction by division =𝑥 3 −12𝑥2 +44𝑥−48
7𝑥−3
⟹3x+4 +2𝑥 2 −𝑥−1
7𝑥−3
=3x+4 +(𝑥−1)(2𝑥+1) Its is an improper fraction we first convert it into
Now consider proper fraction by division
7𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵 3𝑥 2 −21𝑥+33
= (𝑥−1) + (2𝑥+1) ⟹1 +
(𝑥−1)(2𝑥+1) 𝑥 3 −12𝑥 2 +44𝑥−48
3𝑥 2 −21𝑥+33
Find value of A and B yourself you will get =1 +
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6)
4 13
A=3 and B= 3 3𝑥 2 −21𝑥+33 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Now consider (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6) = (𝑥−2) + (𝑥−4) +(𝑥−6)
7𝑥−3 4 13
So (𝑥−1)(2𝑥+1) = 3(𝑥−1) + 3(2𝑥+1)
Find value of A and B yourself you will get
6𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −7 4 13 3 3 15
Hence = 3x+4 + + A= , B= and C=
2𝑥 2 −𝑥−1 3(𝑥−1) 3(2𝑥+1) 8 4 8
3 3 15
3𝑥 2 −21𝑥+33
So (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6) = (𝑥−2)
8
+ (𝑥−4)
4 8
+ (𝑥−6)
Question No.8
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−5) 3 3 15
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 Hence
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6)
=1+
8(𝑥−2)
+ +
4(𝑥−4) 8(𝑥−6)
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 Question No.10
Solution:- Its is an improper fraction we first convert it 1
into proper fraction by division (1 − 𝑎𝑥)(1 − 𝑏𝑥)(1 − 𝑐𝑥)
−2𝑥+3
⟹1 +2𝑥3 +𝑥2 −3𝑥
−2𝑥+3 1
=1 +𝑥(2𝑥 2 +𝑥−3) Solution:- (1−𝑎𝑥)(1−𝑏𝑥)(1−𝑐𝑥)
−2𝑥+3 Now consider
=1+𝑥(2𝑥2 +3𝑥−2𝑥−3)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
−2𝑥+3 = + (1−𝑏𝑥) + (1−𝑐𝑥) …… (Z)
1+ (1−𝑎𝑥)(1−𝑏𝑥)(1−𝑐𝑥) (1−𝑎𝑥)
𝑥(2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−2𝑥−3)
−2𝑥+3 Multiply both sides by (1 − 𝑎𝑥)(1 − 𝑏𝑥)(1 − 𝑐𝑥)
1+𝑥(2𝑥+3)(𝑥−1) 1= A(1 − 𝑏𝑥)(1 − 𝑐𝑥) +B(1 − 𝑎𝑥)(1 − 𝑐𝑥)+C(1 −
Now consider 𝑎𝑥)(1 − 𝑏𝑥)……………(1)
−2𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 1
= + + ……………(Z) Put 1-ax=0 ⟹ x= in equation (1)
𝑥(2𝑥+3)(𝑥−1) 𝑥 (2𝑥+3) (𝑋−1) 𝑎
1 1
Multiply both sides by𝑥(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) 1=A(1-b(𝑎))(1-c(𝑎))
-2x+3= A(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) +B𝑥(𝑥 − 1)+C𝑥(2𝑥 + (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)
1=A
3)…………… (1) 𝑎2
𝑎2
Put x=0 in equation (1) ⟹ A=(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)
-2(0)+3=A(3)(-1) Similarly we can find the value of B and C
3=A(-3) ⟹ A=−1 𝑏2
3 ⟹B=(𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)
Now put 2x+3=0 ⟹ x= − 2 in equation (1)
𝑐2
3 3 3 ⟹C=(𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)
-2(− 2)+3=B(− 2)(− 2 − 1)
3 15 8 Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)
-2(− )+3=B(- ) ⟹B= 1 𝑎2
2 4 5
Now put x-1=0 ⟹ x= 1 in equation (1) Hence (1−𝑎𝑥)(1−𝑏𝑥)(1−𝑐𝑥)= (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)(1−𝑎𝑥) +
-2(1)+3=C(1)(2(1)+3) 𝑏2 𝑐2
(𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)(1−𝑏𝑥)
+ (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)(1−𝑐𝑥)
1
-2+3=5C ⟹C=
5
Now put A,B and C in equation (Z) Question No.11

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2 2
𝑥 +𝑎
(𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑥 2
+ 𝑐 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑑2 ) Exercise 5.2
Solution:
Resolve the following into partial fractions:
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Question No.1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑑2 ) 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4
𝟐
Replace 𝒙 𝒃𝒚 𝒚
(𝑥 − 1)3
𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐 Solution:
=
(𝒚 + 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒅𝟐 ) 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4
Suppose
(𝑥 − 1)3
𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐 Resolve into partial fraction
(𝒚 + 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒅𝟐 ) 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 Now consider = + +
(𝑥−1)3 (𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3
= 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ → (𝒊)
𝒚+𝒃 𝒚+𝒄 (𝒚 + 𝒅𝟐 ) …………… (Z)
"𝒙"by (𝒚 + 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒅𝟐 ) + 𝒄(𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐 )(𝒚 + Multiply both sides by (𝑥 − 1)3
𝒄𝟐 ) → (𝒊𝒊) 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4= A(𝑥 − 1)2 +B(𝑥 − 1)+C……………(1)
Put 𝒚 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝒃𝟐 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊𝒊) Put x-1=0 ⟹ x=1 in equation (1)
−𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝑨(−𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(−𝒃𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 ) 2(1)2 − 3(1) + 4= C
𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 3=C ⟹ C=3
 𝑨 = (𝒄𝟐−𝒃𝟐)(𝒅𝟐−𝒃𝟐) Now equation (1) implies
Put 𝒚 + 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝒅𝟐 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊𝒊) 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4= A(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)+B(𝑥 − 1)+C
−𝒅𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒄(−𝒅𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )(−𝒅𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) 𝑐omoaring the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 0
𝒂𝟐 −𝒅𝟐 2=A
 𝒄 = (𝒂𝟐−𝒅𝟐)(𝒄𝟐−𝒅𝟐)
-3=-2(2)+B
Put valves in (i) -3=-4+B ⟹ B=1
𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐 Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)
(𝒚 + 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒅𝟐 ) 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4 2 1 3
𝟐 𝟐
Hence (𝑥−1)3
= (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥−1)3
𝒂 −𝒃
= Question No.2
− (𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒅𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒚 − 𝒃𝟐 )
−𝟐
𝒂 −𝒄 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
+ 𝟐 + (𝑥 + 2)3
(𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒅𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 ) (𝒃𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 )(𝒄𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 )
Thus Solution:
5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 ) (𝑥 + 2)3
Resolve into partial fraction
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
= 𝟐 Now consider
(𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒅𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 )(𝒚 − 𝒃𝟐 )
5𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
−𝟐
𝒂 −𝒄 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 (𝑥+2)3
= (𝑥+2) + (𝑥+2)2 + (𝑥+2)3 …………… (Z)
+ 𝟐 +
(𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒅𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 ) (𝒃𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 )(𝒄𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 ) Multiply both sides by (𝑥 + 2)3
5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3= A(𝑥 + 2)2 +B(𝑥 + 2)+C……………(1)
Case II Put x+2=0 ⟹ x=-2 in equation (1)
When 𝑸(𝒙) has repeated linear factors. 5(−2)2 − 2(−2) + 3= C
𝒊𝒇 𝑸(𝒙) has a factor (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒏 ,𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 and n is +ve 27=C ⟹ C=27
𝑷(𝒙)
integer, then 𝑸(𝒙) may be written as the following Now equation (1) implies
5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3= A(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4)+B(𝑥 + 2)+C
identity
𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝒏 𝑐omparing the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 0
∵ = + + ⋯+ 5=A
𝑸(𝒙) (𝒙 − 𝒂𝟏 ) (𝒙 − 𝒂𝟐 ) (𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏 )
Where 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … . 𝑨𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 numbers to found. B=-22
Now put A,B and C in equation (Z)
5𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3 5 22 27
Hence (𝑥+2)3
= (𝑥+2) − (𝑥+2)2 + (𝑥+2)3
Question No.3
4𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)
Solution:

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4𝑥 1 = 𝐵(3 + 1)
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)  1 = 4𝐵
1
Resolve into partial fraction  𝐵=
4
Now consider Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
4𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1)2 + (𝑥−1) …………… (Z) 1 = 𝐶(−1 − 3)2
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)  1 = 𝐶(−4) 2

Multiply both sides by (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1) 1 = 16𝐶

4𝑥= A(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)+B(𝑥 − 1)+C(𝑥 + 1)2 ……………(1) 1
𝐶=
Put x-1=0 ⟹ x=1 in equation (1) 16
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 9 − 9𝑥)
4(1)= C(1 + 1)2
1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 9𝐶 − 9𝐶𝑥
4=4C ⟹ C=1 Equating coefficients
Put x+1=0 ⟹ x=-1 in equation (1) 𝑥 2; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶
4(−1)= B(−1 − 1)  0=𝐴+
1
16
⟹B=2 1
 𝐴=−
Now equation (1) implies 16
(i) becomes as
4𝑥= A(𝑥 2 − 1)+B(𝑥 − 1)+C(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)
1 1 1 1
𝑐omoaring the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 0 =− + +
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 1)
2 16(𝑥 − 3) 4(𝑥 − 3) 2 16(𝑥 + 1)
0=A +C
0=1+A
⟹A=-1 Question No.6
Now put A,B and C in equation (Z) 𝑥2
4𝑥 −1 2 1
Hence (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1) = (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1)2 + (𝑥−1) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)2
Solution: Suppose
Question No.4
𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
9 = + + → (𝑖)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 2(𝑥 − 1)2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
Solution:
9 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 2)
2
= + 2
+ → (𝑖) → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥−1
Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 2)
9 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 8(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 2)2 → (𝑖𝑖)
→ (𝑖𝑖)
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
9 = 𝐶(1 + 2)2 ⇒ 9 = 𝐶(3)2
(2)2 = 𝐴(2 − 1)2
 9 = 9𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
⇒4=𝐴
Put 𝑥 + 2 = 0
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
(1)2 = 𝐶(1 − 2)
9 = 𝐵(−2 − 1) ⇒ 9 = −3𝐵
 1 = −𝐶
𝐵 = −3
 𝐶 = −1
From (ii)
From (ii)
9 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥) − 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑥)
9 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑥) 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 − 2𝐶
𝑥2, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 + 1 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶
2 2

= 𝐴 = −1 Equating coefficients
(𝑖) becomes as 𝑥2; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
9 1 3 1 1=4+𝐵
2
=− − 2
+ 𝐵 =1−4
(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1)
Question No.5 𝐵 = −3
𝟏 (𝑖) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
𝑥2 4 3 1
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = − −
Solution: (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐 Question No.7
= + + → (𝑖) 𝟏
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 3)2 𝑥 + 1
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥 + 1), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 3)2 → (𝑖𝑖) Solution: Suppose
Put 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)

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1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵
2 3 2
= + + → (𝑖)
2
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1) 2 𝑥+1 +𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 3 − 𝐷 − 3𝐷𝑥 2 + 3𝐷𝑥
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
2

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2 → (𝑖𝑖) + 𝐷𝑥 3 − 𝑑 − 3𝐷𝑥 2 + 3𝐷𝑥

Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
1 + 𝐷𝑥 3 − 𝐷 − 3𝐷𝑥 2 + 3𝐷𝑥 2 + 3𝐷𝑥
1 = 𝐵(1 + 1) ⇒ 1 = 2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
2 Equating coefficients
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 1
1 = 𝐶(−1 − 1)2 𝑥3; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐷 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 −
8
1 = 𝐶(−2)2 1
𝐴=
1 = 4𝐶 8
1 = 𝑥 2 ; 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 3𝐷
𝐶= 1 1
4 1 = − + 𝐵 − 3 (− )
From (ii) 8 8
1 3
1  1 = −8 + 𝐵 + 𝐵
1 = 𝐵(1 + 1) ⇒ 1 = 2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
2 1 3
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 8=1+ −
8 8
1 = 𝐶(−1 − 1)2 8+1−3 6 3
1 = 𝐶(−2)2 8= = =
8 8 4
1 = 4𝐶 3
 𝐵=4
1
𝐶= (i) becomes as
4
From (ii) 𝑥2
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)
1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 1 3 1
= + 2
+
Equating coefficients 8(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥 − 1)3
1
𝑥2; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 −
1 8(𝑥 + 1)
⇒0=𝐴+ Question No.9
4
1 𝑥−1
𝐴=−
4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)2
(𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 Solution:
1 Suppose
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐 𝑑
= + + +
1 1 1 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)3
=− + + → (𝑖)
4(𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥 − 1)2 4(𝑥 + 1)
Question No.8 ′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)3 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 (𝑖)
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)3 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑥2
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 + 1) +𝑑(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖𝑖)
Solution: Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 2 − 1 = 𝐴(2 + 1)3 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(3)3 ⇒ 1 = 27𝐴
= + + +
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)
3 2 (𝑥 − 1) 3 𝑥+1 1
𝐴=
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 27
𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
+ 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥 − 1)3 → (𝑖𝑖) −1 − 1 = 𝐷(−1 − 2)
 −2 = −3𝐷
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 2
1  𝐷=
3
(1)2 = 𝐶(1 + 1) ⇒ 1 = 2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = From (ii) 𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 1 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 +
2
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) +2𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷𝑥 − 2𝐷
(−1)2 = 𝐷 = (−1 − 1)3 𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥
⇒ 1 = 𝐷(−2)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 2 − 4𝑥)
2
+𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 − 2𝐷
1 = −8𝐷
1 𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 3 − 3𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2
 𝑑 = −8 − 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 + 𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐷
From (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 3 − 3𝐵𝑥
3

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 − 2𝐷

+𝐷(𝑥 3 − 1 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) Equating coefficients

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1
𝑥 3; 0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵
27
1
𝐵=−
27
1
𝑥 2 ; 0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒⇒ 0 = 3 ( )+𝐶 Question No.11
27 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
1
𝐶=− (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
9
So (i) becomes as Solution:
𝑥−1 1 1 1 Suppose
= − − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)3 27(𝑥 − 2) 27(𝑥 + 1) 9(𝑥 + 1)2 = + +
2 (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟐
+ 𝑫
3(𝑥 + 1)3 + → (𝒊)
Question No.10 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
4𝑥 3 ′𝒙′ 𝒃𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕
(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝑨(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝑩(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 +
Solution: +𝑪(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑫(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏) → (𝒊𝒊)
4𝑥 3 4𝑥 3 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊𝒊)
= 𝟐(−𝟑) + 𝟏 = 𝑨(−𝟑 − 𝟏)(−𝟑 + 𝟐)𝟐
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1)
2 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)2
4𝑥 3 −𝟔 + 𝟏 = 𝑨(−𝟑 − 𝟏)(−𝟑 + 𝟐)𝟐
= −𝟔 + 𝟏 = 𝑨(−𝟒)(−𝟏)𝟐 ⇒ −𝟓 = 𝑨(−𝟒)(𝟏)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)3
𝟓
Suppose −𝟓 = −𝟒𝑨 ⇒ 𝑨 =
𝟒
4𝑥 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + + Put 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊𝒊)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 3 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)3 𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟏 = 𝑩(! + 𝟑)(𝟏 + 𝟐)𝟐
→ (𝑖) 𝟑 = 𝑩(𝟒)(𝟗) ⇒ 𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔𝑩
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)3 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝟑 𝟏
4𝑥 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑩= =𝑩=
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
+ 𝐷(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖𝑖) Put 𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊𝒊)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝟐(−𝟐) + 𝟏 = 𝑫(−𝟐 + 𝟑)(−𝟐 − 𝟏)
4(1)3 = 𝐴(1 + 1)3 −𝟒 + 𝟏 = 𝑫(𝟏)(−𝟑)
1  −𝟑 = −𝟑𝑫
4 = 𝐴(2)3 ⇒ 8𝐴 = 4 ⇒ 𝐴 =
2  D=1
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
From (ii)
4(−1)3 = 𝐷(−1 − 1) ⇒ −4 = −2𝐷
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑥)
𝐷=2
+ 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑥)
From (ii)
+𝐶(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3)
2
4𝑥 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 1 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) + 3𝑎𝑥
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 12)
+ 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 1 − 2𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 2
+ 𝐶(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6)
− 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷
+ 𝐷𝑥 2 + 2𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷
4𝑥 3 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 7𝐵𝑥 2 + 16𝐵 + 12𝐵
− 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷
+ 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 6𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 2
Equating coefficients
+ 2𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷
1
𝑥 3; 4 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 4 = + 𝐵 Equating coefficients
2 𝑥 3; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
1 8−1 7 7
𝐵 = 4− = = =𝐵= 5 1
2 2 2 2 0= + +𝐶
𝑥 2 ; 0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 4 12
5 1 −15−1 16
1 7  𝐶=− − = =−
4 12 12 12
0 = 3( )+ +𝐶 4
2 2
3 7 10 𝐶=−
𝐶=− − =− = −5 = 𝐶 = −5 3
2 2 2 So (i) becomes as
So (i) becomes 2𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 3 1 7 −5 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)3 2(𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥 + 1) 2(𝑥 + 1)2 5 1
2 = 2
+
4(𝑥 + 3) 12(𝑥 − 1)
+
(𝑥 + 1)3 4 1
− +
Or 3(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2)2
4𝑥 3 1 7 5
= + −
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 3 2(𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥 + 1) 2(𝑥 + 1)2 Question No.12
2 2𝑥 4
+
(𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)2
Solution:
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Case III
2𝑥 4 When 𝑄(𝑥) contains non represented irreducible quadratic
(𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)2 factors:
2𝑥 4 If 𝑄(𝑥) contains non-repeated irreducible quadratic factor
= 𝑃(𝑥)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) than may be written as the identity having partial
𝑄(𝑥)
2𝑥 4 𝐴𝑥+𝐵
= 3 fractions of the form where 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are numbers
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 12
2 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
2𝑥 4 to be found
= 3
𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 12 Irreducible Quadratic:
2𝑥 − 2 A quadratic factor is irreducible if it cannot be written as the
product of two linear factors with real coefficient
2𝑥 4
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 12 √ 𝑒. 𝑔 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 3
±2𝑥 4 ± 2𝑥 3∓ 16𝑥 2 ∓ 24𝑥
−2𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 Exercise 5.3
∓2𝑥 3 ∓ 2𝑥 2 ± 16𝑥 ± 24 Question No.1
18𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 24 9𝑥 − 7
So (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
2𝑥 4 Solution:
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 12 9𝑥−7 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
Suppose (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥+3) = + 𝑥+3 → (𝑖)
18𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 24 𝑥 2 +1
= 2𝑥 − 2 + 3 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟)
𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 12 '×' 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1) → (𝑖𝑖)
Now suppose 𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑥 + 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖)
18𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 24 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 9(−3) − 7 = 𝐶((−3)2 + 1)
= + +
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 34 17
′𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 −27 − 7 = 𝐶(9 + 1) ⇒ 𝐶 = − =−
10 5
18𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 24 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)
2
17
+ 𝐶(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖𝑖) 𝐶=−
5
Put 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) From (ii)
18(3)2 + 8(3) − 24 = 𝐴(3 + 2)2 9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶
162
162 + 24 − 24 = 25𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = Equating coefficients
25
Put 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 17
𝑥2; 0= 𝐴+𝐶 ⇒0 = 𝐴−
18(−2)2 + 8(−2) − 24 = 𝐶(−2 − 3) 5
72 − 16 − 24 = −5𝐶 17
⇒𝐴=
32 = −5𝐶 5
32 17
𝐶=− 𝑥; 9 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 9 = 3 ( ) + 𝐵
5 5
18𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 24 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6) 51 51
+𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶
⇒9= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =9−
5 5
18𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 24 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 − 6𝐵 45 − 51 6 6
+ 𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶 𝐵= =− ⇒𝐵=−
5 5 5
Equating coefficients So (i) becomes as 17x-6
162 17 6 17
𝑥 2 ; 18 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 18 = +𝐵 9𝑥 − 7 𝑥− −
25
= 5 5 + 5
162 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 + 3)
𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 18 = +𝐵
25 Or
162 450 − 162
𝐵 = 18 − = 9𝑥 − 7 17𝑥 − 6 17
25 25
2
= 2
−
288 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 5(𝑥 + 1) 5(𝑥 + 3)
𝐵=
25 Question No.2
So (i) becomes 1
18𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 24 162 288 32 2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
= + −
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)2 25(𝑥 − 3) 25(𝑥 + 2) 5(𝑥 + 2)2 Solution: Suppose
Hence 1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
2𝑥 4 162 288 2
= 2 +
= 2𝑥 − 2 + + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)2 25(𝑥 − 3) 25(𝑥 + 2) × 𝑏𝑦( 𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
32
− 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1) → (𝑖𝑖)
5(𝑥 + 2)2
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
1 = 𝐶((−1)2 + 1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐶(1 + 1)
1
𝐶=
2
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From (ii) (𝑥 2
′ × 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2
1 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑥 + 15 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6) → (𝑖𝑖)
2

Equating confidents Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0

1 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥2, 𝐴+𝐶 =0⇒𝐴+ =0
2 (1)2 + 15 = 𝑐((1)2 + 2(1) + 5)
1 16 = 𝐶(1 + 2 + 5) ⇒ 16 − 8𝐶
𝐴=−
2 𝐶=2
1
𝑥; 𝑜 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 From (ii)
2 𝑥 2 + 15 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 2𝐶𝑥 + 5𝐶
1
𝐵=− Equation coefficients
2
So (i) becomes 𝑥2; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 + 2
1 1 1 𝐴 = 1 − 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = −1
1 −2𝑥 + 2 𝑥; 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶
= 2 + 2
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 +1 𝑥+1 0 = −(−1) + 𝐵 + 2(2)
1 −𝑥+1 1
Or(𝑥2 +1)(𝑥+3) = 2(𝑥2 +1) + 2(𝑥+1)  1+𝐵+4⇒0=𝐵+5
𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = −5
Question No.3
So (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
3𝑥 + 7
𝑥 2 + 15 (−1)𝑥 + (−5) 2
(𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 3) = 2 +
2
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥−1
Solution: 2
3𝑥 + 7 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥 + 15 −𝑥 − 5 2
= 2 + → (𝑖) 2
= 2 +
(𝑥 2+ 4)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 − 1
′ ×′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑥2
3𝑥 + 7 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 4) → (𝑖𝑖) Question No.5 (𝑥 2 +4)(𝑥+2)
Put 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) Solution: suppose
3(−3) + 7 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 4) → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
Put 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 + 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 2
= 2 + → (𝑖)
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2
3(−3) + 7 = 𝐶(−3)2 + 4
′ ×′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 2), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
−9 + 7 = 𝐶(9 + 4)
𝑥 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥2 + 4) → (𝑖𝑖)
⇒ −2 = 13𝐶
Put 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
2
𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = − (−2)2 = 𝐶((−2)2 + 4) ⇒ 4 = 𝐶(4 + 4)
13 1
From (ii) 4 = 8𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
3𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 4𝐶 2
From (ii)
Equating coefficients 1
2 𝑥2; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 +
𝑥2; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 2
13 1 1
2 1− =𝐴 ⇒𝐴 =
𝐴= 2 2
13 0 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑥; 3 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 1
2 6 0 = 2 ( ) + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
⇒ 3 = 3( ) + 𝐵 = 3 − 2
12 13 So (𝑖) becomes as
39−6 33
 𝐵 = 13 ⇒ 𝐵 = 13 1 1
𝑥2 2 𝑥 + (−1)
So (i) becomes as = + 2
2 33 12 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥+2
3𝑥 + 7 𝑥+ − 1 1
= 13 13 + 3 𝑥2 𝑥−1
(𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥+3 = 2 + 2
3𝑥 + 7 2𝑥 + 33 12 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 + 2
2
= 2
− 𝑥2 𝑥−2 1
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 3) 13(𝑥 + 4) 13(𝑥 + 3) = +
2 2
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2) 2(𝑥 + 4) 2(𝑥 + 2)
Question No.4
𝑥 2 + 15 Question No.6
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥2 + 1
Solution: 𝑥3 + 1
Suppose Solution:
𝑥 2 + 15 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
= 2 + → (𝑖) =
2
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 3 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)

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Suppose 1 5
1=𝐵+ +
2 8 8
𝑥 +1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 1 5 6
2
= + 2 → (𝑖) 1=𝐵+ + ⇒1=𝐵+
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 8 8 8
′ ×′ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 3 3
⇒1=𝐵+ ⇒𝐵 =1−
4 4
 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1) → 1
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐵=
4
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
(−1)2 + 1 = 𝐴[(−1)2 − (−1) + 1] 1 1 1 5
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥+ −
= 2 4+ 8 + 8
⇒ 1 + 1 = 𝐴[1 + 1 + 1] (𝑥2 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥+1 𝑥−1
2 = 3𝐴 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2
2 (𝑥2 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝐴= 1
3 (−2𝑥 + 1) 1 5
From (ii) =4 2 − +
𝑥 +3 8(𝑥 + 1) 8(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 2
Equating coefficients (𝑥2 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
2 (−2𝑥 + 1) 1 5
𝑥2; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 1 = + 𝐵 = − +
3 4(𝑥2 + 3) 8(𝑥 + 1) 8(𝑥 − 1)
2 1 Question No.8
⇒1− =𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =
3 3 1
𝑥; 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 2)
2 1
0=− + +𝐶 Solution:
3 3 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
1 = + + 2 → (𝑖)
 0 = −3 + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1) 2 𝑥 +2
1 ′ × 𝑏𝑦(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥2 + 2) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
 𝐶= 3
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷(𝑥 − 1)2 → (𝑖𝑖)
So (𝑖) 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖)
1 1 1
𝑥 +1 2
2 𝑥+
= + 3 3 1 = 𝐵(12 + 2) ⇒ 1 − 3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 3
From (ii)
𝑥2 + 1 2 𝑥+!
= + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2) + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥)
3 2
𝑥 + 1 3(𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) Equating coefficients
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟐
Question No.7(𝒙𝟐+𝟑)(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏) 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Solution: 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷  𝐵 + 𝐷 − 𝐴 − 2𝐶 = 0 → (𝑖𝑣)
= + + → (𝒊) 𝑥; 0 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2𝐷
(𝑥 2 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1
′ ×′ 𝒃𝒚 (𝑥2 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ⇒ 2𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2𝐷 = 0 → (𝑣)
1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) Put 𝐵 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣)
+ 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖𝑖) 1
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 3
+ 𝐷 − 𝐴 − 2𝐶 = 0
(−1)2 + 2(−1) + 2 = 𝐶[(−1)2 + 3](−1 − 1) 1
1 − 2 + 2 = 𝐶(4)(−2) ⇒ 1 = −8𝐶 𝐷 − 𝐴 − 2𝐶 = −
1 3
𝐶=− 2
8  2𝐷 − 2𝐴 − 4𝐶 = − 3 → (𝑣𝑖)
Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
(×′ 𝑏𝑦 2)
(1)2 + 2(1) + 2 = 𝐷((1)2 + 3)(1 + 1)
1 + 2 + 2 = 𝐷(1 + 3)(2) By (𝑣) + (𝑣𝑖)
 5 = 8𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 =
5 −2𝐷 + 2𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0
8 2
From (ii) 2𝐷 − 2𝐴 − 4𝑐 = − 3
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 3) 2 2
+ 𝐷(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3) −3𝐶 = − 3 ⇒ 𝐶 = 9
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶𝑥 2 + 3𝐶𝑥
2 3
So (iii)
− 3𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 3 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 3𝐷𝑥 + 3𝐷
2 2
Equating coefficients 0=𝐴+ ⇒𝐴=−
𝑥 3; 0=𝐴+𝐶+𝐷 9 9
1 5 4 Now (v)
0=𝐴− + ⇒0=𝐴+
8 8 8 2 2
1
 0 = 𝐴 + 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = −
1 2 (− ) + − 2𝐷 = 0
2 2 9 9
𝑥2; 1=𝐵−𝐶+𝐷 2 1
1 5 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 2) ⇒ − + − 𝐷 = 0
1 = 𝐵 − (− ) + 9 9
8 8
10 | P a g e
Class 11 Chapter 5 www.notes.pk.com
1 1 Solution :
− = 𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = −
9 9 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
So (i) becomes =
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥 2
1 2 1 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
=− + +
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 2) 9(𝑥 − 1) 3(𝑥 − 1)2 9(𝑥 2 + 2) = 2 2 =
(𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 2 + (1) − (𝑥)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 − (𝑥)2
Question No.9
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝒙𝟒 = 2
(𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓) (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥)
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 Suppose
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= +
(𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
−𝟏 → (𝑖)
𝒙𝟒 ′ ×′ 𝑏𝑦(𝑥2 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥2 + 1 − 𝑥) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 √ 𝟒 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2
±𝒙 ∓ 𝟏
+ 𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵
2
𝑥4 1
= −1 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟) + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷
1 − 𝑥4 1 − 𝑥4 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
1
= −1 + 𝑥 3 ; 𝑜 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖)
(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑥4 1 𝑥 2 ; 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
4
= −1 + → (𝑖) 𝑥; −2 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
1−𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 3 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑣)
′ ×′ 𝑏𝑦 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣)
1 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )
−𝐵 + 𝐷 = −2 → (𝑣𝑖)
+ (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) → (𝑖𝑖) 1
Put 1 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑣) + (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 2𝐷 = 1 ⇒ 𝐷 =
2
1 = 𝐴(1 + 1)(1 + (1)2 ) 1 1
 1 = 𝑎(2)(2) 𝑁𝑂𝑤 (𝑣) ⇒ 3 = 𝐵 + ⇒ 𝐵 = 3 −
2 2
1 5
𝐴= 𝐵=
4 2
Put 1 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) Put 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3 + 𝐶 − 𝐴 = 1
1 = 𝐵((1 −) − 1)(1 + (−1)2 )  𝐶 − 𝐴 = −2 → (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
1 By (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑣𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 2𝐶 = −2 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
1 = 𝐵(2)(2) ⇒ 𝐵 =
4 So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑜 = 𝐴 − 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
From (ii)
1 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) + 𝐵(1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 (1)𝑥 + 5/2 (−1)𝑥 + 1/2
𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷 − 𝐷𝑥 2 = 2 + 2
(𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1
Equating coefficients 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 5/2 −𝑥 + 1/2
= +
𝑥3; 0 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
1 1 2𝑥 + 5 −2𝑥 + 1
0 = − − 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = −𝐶 = 2
+ 2
4 4 2(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝐶=0 2𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 − 1
1 1 = 2
− 2
𝑥2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐷 ⇒ 0 = + − 𝐷 2(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
4 4
2 1
So (i) 0 = 4 − 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 2
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
1
(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )
1
1 1 2
= + +
4(1 − 𝑥) 4(1 + 𝑥) 4(1 + 𝑥 2 )
Hence
𝑥4 1 1 1
== + +
1 − 𝑥4 4(1 − 𝑥) 4(1 + 𝑥) 2(1 + 𝑥 2 )
Question No.10
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 1
11 | P a g e
Class 11 Chapter 5 www.notes.pk.com
Case IV 1
𝑥4; 0=𝐴+𝐸 ⇒0=𝐴+
When 𝑄(𝑥) has repeated irreducible quadratic factors. 4
𝑖𝑓 𝑄(𝑥) contains a repeated irreducible quadratic 1
𝐴=−
factors. 4
1
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 2 and n is 𝑎 + 𝑣𝑒 integer, 𝑥3; 0 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 ⇒ 0 = 𝐵 − (− )
4
then
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 1 1
𝑄(𝑥) +𝐵 = 0 ⇒𝐵 =−
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 4 4
= 2 + +⋯ 𝑥 2 ; 1 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 2𝐸
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
1 1 1
𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑛 1 = − − (− ) + 𝐶 + 2 ( )
+ 4 4 4
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛 1 1 1
Where 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 , 𝐵𝑛 are 𝑛𝑜. 𝑠 to be found. 1=− + +𝐶+
4 4 2
Exercise 5.4 1 1
𝐶 =1− ⇒𝐶 =
Resolve into partial fractions: 2 2
𝑥; 0 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 − 𝐶 − 𝐷
Question No.1 1 1 1
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 2 0 = − − (− ) − + 𝐷
4 4 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 1 1 1
Solution: Suppose 0=− + − +𝐷
4 4 2
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 1
 𝑜 = −2 + 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 2
1

2 2
= 2 + 2 → (𝑖)
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)2 So (i) becomes
x𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝑥2 −4𝑥 −4 2 𝑥+2
= 2 + 2 + 4
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 +1 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 − 1
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝑥2
Equating coefficients (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 3 ; 1 = 𝐴, 𝑥2; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 −(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥+1 1
= 2
+ 2 2
+
0 = 1 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −1 4(𝑥 + 1) 2(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥; 2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
2 = 1 + (−1) + 𝐶 Question No.3
 𝐶=2 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓
Const. term 2 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 ⟹ 2 = −1 + 𝐷 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝐷=3 Solution: Suppose
So (i) becomes as 2𝑥 − 5 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝐸
= + + → (𝑖)
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥−1 2𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 − 2
2 2
= 2 + 2 ′
′ × 𝒃𝒚 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2) we get
2 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)2
Question No.2 2𝑥 − 5 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 − 2)
𝒙𝟐 +𝐸(𝑥 2 + 1)2 → (𝑖𝑖)
From (ii)
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
Solution: Suppose 2𝑥 − 5 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑥2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝐸 − 2𝐶𝑥
= 2 + 2
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)
2 2 2
+
𝑥−1
→ (𝑖) +𝐷𝑥 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸(𝑥 4 + 4 + 4𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴𝑥 4 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝐴 − 4𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 3 − 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥
′ ×′ 𝒃𝒚 (𝑥2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1) we get
− 2𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵
𝑥 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 − 1) +𝐶𝑥 2 − 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸𝑥 4 + 4𝐸 + 4𝐸𝑥 2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
+ 𝐸(𝑥 2 + 1)2 → (𝑖𝑖) Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 4 − 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 3 − 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵 2(2) − 5 = 𝐸((2)2 + 2)2 ⇒ 4 − 5 = 𝐸(4 + 2)2
+𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷 + 𝐸𝑥 4 + 𝐸 + 2𝐸𝑥 2 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) −1 = 𝐸(36) ⇒ 𝐸 = −
36
1 Equating the coefficients
(1)2 = 𝐸((1)2 + 1)2 ⇒ 1 = 𝐸(2)2 ⇒ 𝐸 =
4 1
Comparing coefficients of eq. (iii) 𝑥4; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐸 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 −
36
1 1
𝑥4; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐸 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐴=
4 36
Comparing coefficients of 𝑒𝑞. (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3
1
𝑥 ; 0 = −2𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = −2 ( ) + 𝐵
36
12 | P a g e
Class 11 Chapter 5 www.notes.pk.com
1 1 5
𝑥 ; 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐸 − 𝐹
0=− +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 = 0 = −𝐴 + 1 − 1 ⇒ 0 = −𝐴
18 18
𝑥 2 ; 0 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 4𝐸 𝐴=0
4
1 1 1 𝑥 ; 0 = −𝐵 + 𝐸 + 𝐹
0 = 2 ( ) − 2 ( ) + 𝐶 + 4 (− ) 0 = −𝐵 + 𝐸 + 𝐹
36 18 36
1 1 1 0 = −𝐵 + 1 + 1 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
0= − +𝐶− 𝑥 3 ; 𝑜 = −𝐶 + 2𝐸 − 2𝐹
18 9 9
1 1 1 0 = −𝐶 + 2(1) − 2(1)
 9 + 9 − 18 = 𝐶
0 = −𝐶 + 2 − 2 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0
2+2−1 𝑥 2 ; 8 = 2𝐸 + 2𝐹 ⇒ 4 = 𝐸 + 𝐹
=𝐶
18 𝑥; 8 = 2𝐸 + 2𝐹 ⇒ 4 = 𝐸 + 𝐹
3 1 𝑥; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐸 − 𝐹
𝐶= =
18 6 Constant term; 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 + 𝐸 − 𝐹
𝑥; 0 =2+𝐷+1+1 ⇒0= 4+𝐷
2 = 2𝐵 − 4𝐴 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 𝐷 = −4
1 1 1 8𝑥 2 (0)𝑥+2 (0)𝑥−4 1 1
2 = 2( ) − 4( ) − 2( ) + 𝐷 (𝑥 2 +1)2 (1−𝑥 2 )
= + (𝑥 2 +1)2 + 1−𝑥 + 1+𝑥
18 36 6 𝑥 2 +1
1 1 1 Or
2= − + +𝐷 8𝑥 2 2 −4 1 1
9 9 3 = 2 + 2 + +
1 (𝑥 2 + 1) (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)
2 2 2 1−𝑥 1+𝑥
𝐷 =2+
3
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 as Question No.5
1 1 1 7 1 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙
2𝑥 − 5 𝑥+ 𝑥+ −
= 36 18 + 6 3 + 36 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 − 2
Solution: Suppose
2𝑥 − 5 𝑥+2 𝑥 + 14 1
= + − 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) 36(𝑥 2 + 1) 6(𝑥 2 + 1)2 36(𝑥 − 2) = + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
→ (𝑖)
′ ×′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + !)2 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
Question No.4 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
𝟖𝒙𝟐 +(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖𝑖)
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 4(1)4 + 3(1)3 + 6(1)2 + 5(1) = 𝐴[(1)2 + 1 + 1]2
Solution: 4 + 3 + 6 + 5 = 𝐴(3)2 ⇒ 18 = 9𝐴
8𝑥 2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 ⇒𝐴=2
= 2 + 2 From (ii)
(𝑥 + 1) (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
2 2 2
4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) +
𝐸 𝐹
+ + → (𝑖) (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 3 − 1) + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥 − 𝐸
1−𝑥 1+𝑥 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
′ ×′ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (−1𝑥)(1 + 𝑥), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑥 4 + 2𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 4 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶 + 2𝐴𝑥
8𝑥 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 1)(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) +𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 4 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥 − 𝐸
+(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐸(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (1 + 𝑥) 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 4 + 2𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 4
4

−𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥 − 𝐸
+𝐹(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (1 − 𝑥) → (𝑖𝑖)
Equating the coefficients
Put 1 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖)
4
8(1)2 = 𝐸(12 + 1)2 (1 + 1) ⇒ 8 = 𝐸(2)2 (2) 𝑥 ; 4=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒4=2+𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =2
8 = 𝐸(8) ⇒ 𝐸 = 1 𝑥 3 ; 3 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 3 = 2(2) + 𝐶
Put 1 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) 3 = 4 + 𝐶 ⇒ 3 − 4 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
2
8(−1)2 = 𝐹((−1)2 + 1)2 (1 − (−1)) 𝑥 ; 6 = 3𝐴 + 𝐷 ⇒ 6 = 3(2) + 𝐷 ⇒ 𝑑 = 0
8 = 𝐹(2)2 (2) ⇒ 8 = 8𝐹 ⇒ 𝐹 = 1 𝑥; 5 = 2𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐷 + 𝐸
From (ii) 5 = 2(2) − 2 − 0 + 𝐸 ⇒ 5 = 4 − 2 + 𝐸
8𝑥 2 = (𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵)(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷) 5=2+𝐸 ⇒5−2=𝐸 =3
(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐸(𝑥 4 + 1 + 2𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥) + So (i) becomes as
𝐹(𝑥 4 + 1 + 2𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥) 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
8𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵 − 𝐴𝑥 5 − 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐵𝑥 4 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
−𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷 − 𝐷𝑥 2 + (𝐸𝑥 4 + 𝐸 + 2𝐸𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥) 2 2𝑥 − 1 3
= + +
+(𝐹𝑥 4 + 𝐹 + 2𝐹𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
8𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵 − 𝐴𝑥 5 − 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐵𝑥 4 − 𝐵𝑥 2
2 3 Question No.6
+𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷 − 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑥 4 + 𝐸 + 2𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑥 5 + 𝐸𝑥 + 2𝐸𝑥 3 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙
+ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝐹𝑥 4 + 𝐹 + 2𝑓𝑥 2 − 𝐹𝑥 5 − 𝐹𝑥 − 2𝐹𝑥 3 Solution: Suppose
Equating coefficients
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Class 11 Chapter 5 www.notes.pk.com
4 3
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹 So (i) becomes as
= + + + → (𝑖)
(𝑥 2 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)2 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 −1 1 𝑥+0 −2𝑥 + 0
′ = + + +
′ × 𝑏𝑦(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2 2 2
(𝑥 2 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)2
2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 2)2 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷) 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 −1 1 𝑥 2𝑥
= + + −
(𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹)(𝑥 + 1)2 → (𝑖𝑖) (𝑥 2 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)2
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖)
2(−1)4 − 3(−1)3 − 4(−1) = 𝐵((−1)2 + 2)2
2 + 3 + 4 = 𝐵(1 + 2)2 ⇒ 9 = 9𝐵
𝐵=1
From (ii)
2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 4 + 4 + 4𝑥 2 ) +
(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥) + (𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹)(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)
2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4)
𝐵(𝑥 4 + 4 + 4𝑥 2 ) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2)
+ 𝐸𝑥 3 + 𝐸𝑥 + 2𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑥 2 𝐹 + 2𝐹𝑥
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 5 + 4𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 4 + 4𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴
4 3

+𝐵𝑥 4 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 5 + 2𝐶𝑥 4 + 3𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 2 + 2𝐶𝑥

𝐷𝑥 4 + 2𝐷𝑥 3 + 3𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷𝑥 + 2𝐷 + 𝐸𝑥 3 + 𝐸𝑥 + 2𝐸𝑥 2 +
𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹 + 2𝐹𝑥
5 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 ;
𝑥4; 2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
𝑥3; −3 = 4𝐴 + 3𝐶 + 2𝐷 + 𝐸 → (𝑣)
𝑥2 0 = 4𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 3𝐷 + 2𝐸 + 𝐹 → (𝑣𝑖)
𝑥; −4 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐶 + 4𝐷 + 𝐸 + 2𝐹 → (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
Constant term,
0 = 4𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 2𝐷 + 𝐹 → (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Now
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐶 = −𝐴 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣)
(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 + 1 + 2(−𝐴) + 𝐷 ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 + 1 − 2𝐴 + 𝐷
2 − 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐷 ⇒ 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐷
𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 1 + 𝐴 → (𝑖𝑥)
Put valves of 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑖𝑛 (𝑣)
(𝑣) ⇒ −3 = 4𝐴 + 3) − 𝐴) + 2(1 + 𝐴) + 𝐸
−3 = 4𝐴 − 3𝐴 + 2 + 2𝐴 + 𝐸 ⇒ −3 = 3𝐴 + 2 + 𝐸
𝑜𝑟 𝐸 = −5 − 3𝐴 → (𝑥)
Put valves of 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 𝑖𝑛 (𝑣𝑖)
(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 0 = 4𝐴 + 4(1) + 4(−𝐴) + 3(1 + 𝐴) + 2(−5 − 3𝐴) + 𝐹
0 = 4𝐴 + 4 − 4𝐴 + 3 + 3𝐴 − 10 − 6𝐴 + 𝐹
0 = −3 − 3𝐴 + 𝐹 ⇒ 𝐹 = 3 + 3𝐴 → (𝑥𝑖)
Put valves of 𝐶, 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 𝑖𝑛 (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
(𝑣𝑖𝑖) ⇒ −4 = 4𝐴 + 2(−𝐴) + 4(1 + 𝐴 + (−5 − 3𝐴) + 2𝐹
−4 = 4𝐴 − 2(𝐴) + 4 + 4𝐴 − 5 − 3𝐴 + 2𝐹
−4 = 3𝐴 − 1 + 2𝐹 ⇒ −4 + 1 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐹
3𝑎 + 2𝐹 = −3 → (𝑥𝑖𝑖)
By (𝑥𝑖) + (𝑥𝑖𝑖) ⇒
−3 = −3𝐴 + 𝐹
−3 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐹
0 = 3𝐹 ⇒ 𝐹 = 0
So
(𝑥𝑖) ⇒ 3 = −3𝐴 + 0𝐴 = −1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = −1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
(𝑖𝑥) ⇒ 1 = −(−1) + 𝐷
1= 1+𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 0
(𝑥) ⇒ −5 = 3(−1) + 𝐸 ⇒ −5 = −3 + 𝐸 ⇒ 𝐸 = −2

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