ven | OBOE) 2 Osi em [Eh 3 | m | OB | 2! Tools | FAR Sign | Commen Natural gas Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogén sulfide, or helium”! It is formed when layers of CECOMPOSET PANE AMIMALIMAtEN are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas. There are two general types of natural gas, defined by their methane content, that reflect differences in the formation processes © Biogenic gas (+ 95% methane), or “dry” gas, which was formed by bacterial decay at shallow depth, + Thermogenie gas (<95% methane), or “wet” gas, which is a lower quality gas formed at high temperatures. Wet gas on the other hand contains compounds stich as ethane and butane, in addition to methane. These natural gas liquids (NGLs for short) can be separated and sold individually for various uses, such as refrigerants and to produce petrochemical products, like plastiesComposition And Properties Of Natural Gas Hydrocarbon content Natural gas is a hydrocarbon mixture consisting primarily of saturated light paraffins such as methane aud ethane, both of which are gaseous under atmospheric couditions. The misture also may contain other hydrocarbons, such as propane, butane, pentane, and hexane. In natural gas reservoirs even the heavier hydrocarbons occur for the most part in gaseous form because of the higher pressures, Non hydrocarbon content Other gases that commonly occur in association with the hydrocarbon gases are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and such noble gases as helitu on, Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are noncombustible and may be found in substantial proportion ‘Thermal and physical properties Commercial natural gas stripped of NGL. and sold for heating purposes usually contains 8596090 ‘PRTORTIEEMEMHMED with the remainder mainly nitrogen and ethane. It usually has a calorifie, or heating, value of approximately 38 mega joules (MJ; million joules) per cubic metre or about 1,050 British thermal units (BTUs) per cubic foot of gas.NG Compressed natural gas (CNG) (methane stored at high pressure) is a fuel which can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and propane/LPG. CNG is made by compressing natural gas. (which is mainly composed of methane, CH,), to less than 1 percent of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 20-25 MPa (2.900-3.600 psi) 200 to 248 bars, usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes, Advantages ‘* Natural gas vehicle have lower maintenance costs than other hydrocarbon-fuel-powered vehicles, ‘+ CNG fuel systems are sealed. preventing fitel losses from spills or evaporation ‘* Increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil Soe a eee eee aen Window We = AO FOR So CeO woe ™ IE Bia le.” + Less pollution and more efficiency Tools | FN & Sign | Commer Drawbacks Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage than conventional gasoline powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather than a liquid like gasoline, CNG takes up more space for each GGE (gasoline gallon equivalent). However, the tanks used to store the CNG take up space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck which has been nodified to additionally rua on CNG. This problem is solved in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the tanks under the body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free (¢.2., Fiat Multipla, New Fiat Panda, Volkswagen Touran Ecofuel, Volkswagen Caddy Ecofuel, Chevy Taxi - which sold in countries stich as Peru). Another option is installation on roof (typical on buses), but this could requie structural modifications. In 2014, a test (by the Danish Technological Institute) of Euro6 heavy vehicles on CNG and diesel showed that CNG had higher consumption, but same noise and pollution of CO2 and particulates, however NOx emission was lower LPG Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as firel in heatingsl means LPG Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as suuply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fitel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a fel which can power cars, buses and lorries, however due to factors discussed below. and other altemative fuels being available, LPG is best suited to light vehicles stich as cars and small vans which normally run on petrol. Typically the gas is predominantly propane (C3H8) with some butane (C4H10) derived mainly fiom oil refineries,Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a ftel which can power cars, buses and lorries, however due to factors discussed below, and other alternative fuels being available, LPG is best suited to light vehicles stich as cars and small vans which normally run on petrol. Typically the gas is predominantly propane (C3H8) with some butane (C4H10) derived mainly from oil refineries. The gas is liquefied by moderate compression at normal temperatures and is stored in appropriate tanks and cylinders, The liquefaction is necessary to provide « reduction in volume and produce acceptable energy densities. In general this moderate, well tried, process gives jt a portability and makes ita fuel with a myriad of applications The chemical composition of LPG is CsHs, which is also the chemical formula of LPG (propane) LPG is Liquefied Petroleum Gas, a mixture of propane and butane liquefied at 15 °C and a pressure of 1.7 - 7.5 bar Comparison chartConstituents Source Uses Environmental effects Properties NG versus LF'G comparison chart CNG Methane Obtained from natural gas- and-condensate wells, oil wells, coal bed methane wells. Substitute for gasoline in automobiles. Releases lesser greenhouse gas. Itis lighter than air and hence disperses quickly in the event of spillage. LPG Propane and Butane Automatically generated from gas fields when natural gas is extracted from the reservoir. By-product of cracking process during crude-oil refining Heating and cooking in homes. refrigeration, industrial, agricultural, catering and automobile fuel Releases CO2 which is a greenhouse gas buts cleaner when compared to gasoline Highly inflammable. It is heavier than air and on leakage will settle to ground and accumulate in low lying areas,Environmental effects Properties Safety Releases lesser greenhouse gas. Itis lighter than air and hence dispersesiquickly in the event of spillage Easily disperses, hence risk of ignition is minimized. Releases CO2 which is a greenhouse gas but is cleaner when compared to gasoline. Highly inflammable. It is heavier than air and on leakage will settle to ground and accumulate in low lying areas. Since itis difficult to disperse risk of fire is moreVer Window Hp |B 6S BO | 0.0) 4175) | EB | a | et Tools | FiltSign | Commen |. Producer Gas A gas mixture containing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2). Producer gas, also known as suction gas, means a fuel gas made from coke or other carbonaceous material. Air is passed over the red-hot fuel and carbon monoxide is produced in an exothermic reaction which reads 2C + 02 # 2C0. The nitrogen in the air remains unchanged and dilutes the gas, so it has a low calorific value. The gas may be used to power gas turbines which are suited to fuels of low calorific value. b Applications of Producer Gas + Producer gas can fite! hot-air generators of the kind used to produce hot air in industries stich as those involved with production of fertilizer and cement + Producer gas can also be used for heating water in a number of industrial applications + Another benefit of producer gas is its suitability for melting of glass in the production of antifacts, + Inaddition, producer gas can be employed in food processing industry to provide heat for drying vegetables. seeds and to heat ovens in bakeries.dt Vow Write oven |B) £2 LB > FB 6. | 9) 4) 05) oe mT) | 3, | Tools | Fil Sign | Comment ) 2C + 02 # 2C0. The nitrogen in the air remains unchanged and dilutes the gas, so it has a low calorific value. The gas may be used to power gas turbines which are suited to fuels of low calorific value. Applications of Producer Gas + Producer gas can fitel hot-air generators of the kind used to produce hot air in industries such as those involved with production of fertilizer and cement + Producer gas can also be used for heating water in a number of industrial applications © Another benefit of producer gas is its suitability for melting of glass in the production of antifacts + In addition, producer gas can be employed in food processing industry to provide heat for drying vegetables, seeds aud to heat ovens in bakeries.y 2. Water Gas Water gas is a combustion fuel containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H:). Water gas is made by passing steam over heated hydrocarbons. The reaction betweenWater gas is a combustion fuel containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H:). Water gas is made by passing steam over heated hydrocarbons. The reaction between steam and hydrocarbons produces synthesis gas. The water-gas shift reaction can be used to reduce carbon dioxide levels and enrich hydrogen content, making water gas. The water gas shift reaction is: H20 + C = H2 + CO (AH = +131 ki/mol) Uses of Water Gas Water gas ued in the synthesis of some industrial processes: + To remove carbon dioxide from fuel cells. + Reacted with producer gas to make fuel gas. + Itis used in the Fischer-Tropsch process. + It is used to obtain pure hydrogen to synthesize ammonia.