A Control Strategy for Power Management of an

Isolated Micro Hydro-PV-Battery Hybrid Energy

System
Somnath Das Ashok Kumar Akella
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India-831014 National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India-831014
somnathdasju@gmail.com akakella@rediffmail.com

Abstract—In this paper a control strategy for the power power management of the HRES is proposed and implemented
management in an isolated micro hydro-PV-battery based hybrid in MATLAB/Simulink. The control strategy presented here
renewable energy system is presented. The overall control strategy combines both the generation side converter control and load
consists of two level control structures. The top level control control. Implementation of the control strategy is very
structure determines the various reference powers for the various important aspect as it determines the system performance.
components and the device level controller acts according to the
top level controller. The top level controller also controls the load II. CONFIGURATION AND MODELING OF VARIOUS
in order to avoid systems blackout in case of insufficient power COMPONENTS OF THE HRES
generation and storage power. The overall control strategy ensures The configuration of the HRES shown in Fig. 1 consists of
that the system power flow at different time is balanced between micro hydro turbine, PV array and deep discharge lead acid
the supply and demand. The proposed control strategy is
battery. These are connected to the DC bus through power
implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software and is tested under
different solar radiation, water flow rate and load demand.
electronic converters. AC loads are connected via an IGBT
based inverter, LC filter. The rated power of PV, micro hydro
Keywords—Power management; micro-hydro; hybrid energy is 3.5 kW and 3 kW respectively.
system; optimal control strategy A. Modeling of Micro-hydro and its Converter control
I. INTRODUCTION The micro-hydro system consists of cross flow water turbine
(CFWT), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
In remote area power supply, grid extension is too costly and and a DC-DC boost converter. The equation for power
sometimes not a feasible solution. So an alternative energy extraction from micro hydro turbine is given by equation (1) [7]
sources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass etc. are very much
attractive solution in these remote area. A hybrid renewable 1
PT = .ρ .C p .S.w 3
energy system (HRES) is more reliable and a cost effective 2 (1)
solution to single energy system though it is very much
depending on the local weather conditions [1]. Intermittent Where ρ is the water density, Cp is a non dimensional power
nature of such renewable sources causes fluctuation in power co-efficient, S is the surface swept area, w is the water flow rate.
supply. For this reason, energy storage plays an important role The turbine shaft torque Tt is written as
to match the supply and demand and suppress the fluctuation
[2]. Energy storage devices flexible power management of the PT
Tt =
hybrid renewable system which can supply good quality power ΩT (2)
to remote area application [3]. There are various power
management strategies presented in literature but generation Where ΩT is the turbine shaft rotational speed. The turbine
side and load control both are not presented in most of these is connected to the PMSG. The dynamic d-q reference frame
strategies [4-6]. In [4] power management of hybrid system is model of PMSG is represented by equations (3), (4), (5). [8,9]
presented by battery charge/discharge control but the generation
side and load control is not presented. In [5] load management diq Rs ωφ πVred iq (3)
=− iq − ωei d + e e − .D mh
is presented but it has not been discussed about the generator dt Ls Ls 3 3Ls iq 2 + i d 2
side control. In [6] it is shown that in case of power generation
less than load demand and battery SOC is less than its minimum
value then load shedding occurred even though some power is di d R πVred i d (4)
= − s i d + ωe i q − .D mh
still present there. Generation control and load control both are dt Ls 3 3L s i q 2 + i d 2
essential to avoid system black out and to supply a quality
power to remote area. In this paper a control strategy for the

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 Dmh

AC DC
PWM
~ = DC Vdc LC AC
DC IGBT
DC Link filter Load
= Inverter
=
Boost Converter
Rectifier
Water flow Ppvref Pmhref Pbatref Pcurtail
+ DC
Battery = DC
_ = Db Power Management System
Micro-Hydro (PMS)
Turbine+PMSG Bidirectional Converter
DC
= Ppv Pmh SOC Pload
Sun ray DC Dpv
=
PV Array Boost Converter

Fig. 1. Configuration of HRES

dω e P 3P B. Modeling of PV and its Converter Control

= (Tt − φ eiq )
dt 2J 4 (5) The PV system consists of PV array, a DC-DC boost
converter. The dynamic model of the PV system is given by
Where id and iq are the direct and quadrature currents
equations (7), (8), (9) [11]
respectively. Ȧe, Rs and Ls indicates the angular speed, stator
phase resistance and inductance, respectively. P, J, ࢥe and Vred q(Vpv + ipv R s )

indicates the pole number of the generator, the inertia of the I pv = n p I ph − n p I rs (e n s AkT
− 1)
rotating parts, the flux linkages and the rectifier voltage, (7)
d I pv V pv V
respectively. Dmh denotes duty cycle of the boost converter. The = − (1 − D p v ) d c
output current Io can be written as dt L L (8)
d V dc V dc I pv
= − + (1 − D )
π dt C
pv
C (9)
Io = (iq 2 + i d 2 ).D mh
2 3 (6) Ipv is the generated current from the PV array. ns is the
The duty ratio Dmh is determined by the control method number of series connected solar cells, np is the number of
shown in Fig. 2. Depending on the mode of operation and parallel connected solar cells, k is the Boltzman constant, A is
reference power determined by the power management system cell deviation from ideal p-n junction characteristic, Iph is photo
duty ratio is calculated. In Maximum power point tracking generated current, Irs is reverse saturation current. Power
(MPPT) maximum power is extracted and in power regulation, injected by the PV system into the DC bus can be written as
reduced power is extracted from source to load. Very well P p v = I p v .V d c
known P&O technique is used for the maximum power (10)
extraction [10]. This power is indirectly depending on the duty ratio Dpv. The
duty ratio Dpv is determined by the control method shown in
Boost Converter Fig.3. It is same as the control method used for micro-hydro
AC DC system.
~ =
DC DC DC link
= =
Rectifier Dmh DC-DC
Converter DC Link
Pmhmaxm MPPT
Pmhlimit PV Array Dpv
Power Regulation
Ppvmaxm MPPT
Micro Hydro Turbine
+ Ppvlimit Power Regulation
PMSG
Fig. 2. Micro hydro system converter control Fig. 3. PV system converter control

C. Modeling of Battery and its Converter Control

In this work, a Lead acid battery model is considered as

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controlled voltage source which is connected in series with a condition and load requirement. Different modes are described
fixed resistance [4]. The battery voltage (Vbatt) is given by as follows:
equation
Mode 1) In this mode of operation, battery SOC is more than
Vbatt = E − R batt I batt 95% and power generated from micro-hydro is more than the
(11)
load demand. So the PV system is inactive and micro-hydro
Ibatt, Rbatt and E are the battery current, internal resistance and power is regulated to match the load demand. Battery system is
voltage. switched off. During this period power balance equation is

E = Eo − K
Q
+ A exp(−B³ Idt) Pmh lim it = Pload ½
Q − ³ Idt Ppvref = 0 °
(12) ° (16)
¾
Here, Eo, K and Q are the battery constant voltage, the Pbatref = 0 °
polarization voltage and the battery capacity. œIdt defines the Pmhref = Pmh lim it °¿
actual battery charge by taking I as current. A is the exponential
zone amplitude and B is the exponential zone time constant Where Pmhlimit is the regulated micro-hydro power, Pbatref is the
inverse. The state of charge (SOC) of the battery is presented in battery reference power.
equation
Mode 2) In this mode battery SOC is more than 95% and
³ Id t ) power generation from micro-hydro is less than load demand
S O C ( t ) = 1 0 0 (1 −
Q (13) but the total power generation is more than demand power. The
micro hydro power transfer is maximized and PV power is
To increase battery life, state of charge of a battery must be regulated to meet the load requirement. Hence the power
maintained with in allowable limits. The SOC minimum and balance equation in this mode of operation
maximum limits of the Lead-acid battery are taken as 40% and
95% [12]. The battery bank connected to the dc bus through a Pmh max m + Ppv limit = Pload ½
bidirectional DC-DC converter. The dynamic model of DC-DC Pbatref = 0 °
°
(17)
converter is given by equations (14), (15) [4]. ¾
Pmhref = Pmh max m °
Ppvref = Ppvlimit °¿
dI batt V − R bat .dI batt − V dc D b
= − bat Where Pmhmaxm is the maximum micro hydro power, Ppvlimit is the
dt L (14) regulated PV power.
dVdc V
= D b I batt − dc − I dc
dt C (15) Mode 3) Here battery SOC is more than 40% and total
power generation from micro hydro and PV is less than load
The duty ratio Db is determined by the following control method demand. Battery discharges during this time period. PV system
shown in Fig. 4.Vbat is the battery voltage. and micro-hydro system transfers maximum power. The
equation for power balance in this mode
Pbatref Ibat Db Pmh max m + Ppv max m + Pbat = Pload ½
PWM Pmhref = Pmh max m ° (18)
°
Vbat ¾
Ppvref = Ppv max m °
Fig.4. Battery bidirectional converter control Pbatref = Pbat °¿

III. POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) AND
OVERALL CONTROL STRATEGY
The PMS ensures a reliable operation of the hybrid system
by coordinating the micro-hydro, PV, battery system, and loads.
The PMS works in three stages. In the first stage, the PMS sense
Pmh, Ppv, SOC and Pload which are power generation from micro-
hydro, PV, battery charge conditions and load demand
respectively. In the second stage, the PMS determines the mode
of operation depending on the measurements in the first stage.
In the third stage, it determines the reference power for each
component of the HRES. In the PMS micro hydro is given more
priority than PV system.
The power management strategy comprises of generation
management and load management depending on the
availability of generated power, battery state of charge
Mode 4) Here battery SOC is less than 95% and total power
generation from micro hydro and PV is more than load demand.
Battery is charged during this time period. PV system and
micro-hydro system transfer maximum available power to load.
Pmh max m + Ppv max m − Pbat = Pload (19)
Mode 5) Here battery SOC is less than 40% and total power
generation from micro hydro and PV is less than load demand.
Load shedding is occurred in this mode. The load power
curtailment is needed in order to balance the supply and
demand. The battery system will be switched off to avoid over
discharge. PV system and micro-hydro system transfer
maximum power to load.
The power balance equation

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 Pmh max m + Ppv max m − Pcurtail = Pload ½
¾ (20)
Pbatref = 0 ¿
Pcurtail is the required load curtailment to match the supply and
demand.
IV. SIMULATION RESUTS AND DISCUSSION
For the simulation the various parameters of the HRES is
given in Table I. Two cases are considered for the simulation
works. For the first case battery SOC is taken at 95.05% which
is more than 95%. In second case SOC is taken at 35 % which
is less than 40 %. Load is varied from 3.5 kW to 3 kW at time
5 sec for both the cases. The input data for the water flow and
solar radiation are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
Fig. 7(d) shows the power regulation of PV and micro-hydro
respectively.
Case 2: Various simulation results obtained in second case
are given in Fig. 9(a)-9(d). From time 0-2 sec and from 5 to 10
sec power management works as per mode 4. Battery is charged
during this time period. During the time 2 to 5 sec total
generation is less than load demand and as battery SOC is less
than 40%, battery is not discharged more as per the mode 5
operation. Different mode of operations is shown in Fig. 10 for
the case 2.

TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Simulation parameters Values
Micro hydro power system
Nominal power 3 kW
Phase inductance of stator Ls 8.4 mH
Phase inductance of rotor Rs 0.425 Ω
Flux linked by stator φe 0.433 Wb
Moment of inertia J 7.856 kg/m2
Numbers of poles P 10
PV module
Maximum power 200 W
Maximum voltage 30 V
Maximum current 8A Fig. 7. (a) Different powers without power management, (b) different powers
Open circuit voltage 36.5 V with power management, (c) Regulated PV power & maximum PV power, (d)
Short circuit current 7.8 A Regulated micro hydro power & maximum micro hydro power, (e) Battery SOC
Battery
Voltage 200 V
Ah rating 20 Ah

Fig. 8. Mode of operations

Fig. 5. Solar radiation (kW/m2)

Fig. 6. Water flow (m/s)

Case 1: Simulation results are shown in Fig. 7 (a)-7(e). In

Fig. 7 (a) different powers micro hydro, PV power, load demand
and total power (=PV power + Micro hydro power) are shown.
From time 0 to 2 sec total power generation is more than load
demand and as battery SOC is more than 95 %, generation needs
Fig. 9. (a) Different powers without power management, (b) different powers
to curtail which is shown in Fig. 7(b). From time 2 to 5 sec total with power management, (c) Load power and load curtailment, (d) Battery SOC
generation is less than load demand so the battery is discharged
then. During time 5 sec to 10 sec total generation is more than
load demand so the generation curtailment is there. The
different modes of operations are shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 7(c) and

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 Generation Systems with Battery Energy Storage," IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 3032-3045, Oct. 2011.

Fig. 10. Mode of operations

V. CONCLUSION
A control strategy for micro hydro-PV-battery hybrid
renewable energy system is proposed and simulated. The
effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is evaluated under
different scenarios of renewable sources and battery SOC. From
the simulation results it is proofed that the HPS is operated in
reduced power extraction and maximum power extraction under
the different situation to suppress power fluctuation and also
maintain battery SOC within certain limit. As battery SOC
maintained within its maximum and minimum limit, it will
prolong battery life. The power management system effectively
curtails the load demand in case of low battery charge to provide
a good quality power.

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