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Chapter4 130621134422 Phpapp01
Chapter4 130621134422 Phpapp01
3
Example of AM transmitter
4
Example of AM (radio) Receiver
5
Baseband and Carrier
Communication
• Baseband signal: is message signal
(information bearing signal) delivered by the
information source or the input transducer .it is
usually low frequency signal.
• Communication that uses modulation to shift
the frequency spectrum of message signal is
known as carrier communication.
– Amplitude modulation (AM),
– Frequency modulation (FM)
– Phase modulation (PM) 6
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
s AM (t ) = m (t ) cos 2π f c t + A cos 2π f c t
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8
Another example of AM Waveform
c (t ) = Ec sin 2π f c t
S (t ) = (Ec + m (t ))sin 2π f ct
m (t ) = Em sin 2π f m t
9
Modulation Index
• The amount of modulation in AM signal is given by
its modulation index:
mp E max − E min
µ= or , m p = min m (t )
A E max + E min
E max = A + m p , E min = A − m p
When mp = A , µ =1 or 100% modulation.
Over-modulation, i.e. mp >A , should be avoided
because it will create distortions. 10
Effect of Modulation Index
µ <1
11
µ =1
µ >1
12
Effects of Modulation Index
µ=1 µ>1
13
Sideband and Carrier Power
A2
Pc =
• Carrier Power 2
Pm
• Sideband Power Ps =
2
• Total power ptot = Pc + Ps
• Power efficiency η = Ps
Pc + Ps
• For single tone modulation
µ2 µ2
η= 100%, Ptot = Pc [1 + ]
2+ µ 2 2
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15
Modulation index
Example
• Conventional AM signal with a sinusoidal
message has the following parameters:
A=10, µ=0.5, fc= 1MHz, and fm= 1kHz
s Am (t )
1. Find time-domain expression
2. Find its Fourier transform
3. Sketch its spectrum
4. Find the signal power, carrier power and the
power efficiency
5. Find the AM signal bandwidth
16
Example
• A given AM (DSB-LC) broadcast station
transmits an average carrier power output
of 40kW and uses a modulation index of
0.707 for sine-wave modulation. Calculate
a) the total output power
b) the power efficiency
c) the peak amplitude of the output if the
antenna is represented by a 50-Ω
resistance load.
17
Generation of AM Signals
diode as NLE or as switch
18
Square-law modulator
v o (t ) = av i (t ) + bv (t )
i
2
m 2 (t ) and M (f − f c )
Switching modulator
v o (t ) = v i (t )w (t ),where
n −1
1 2 (−1)
∞
w (t ) = + ∑ cos 2π f c (2n − 1)t
2 π n =1 2n − 1
A 2
⇒ v o (t ) = [ + m (t )]cos 2π f c t
'
2 π
Demodulation of AM signals
• AM signals can be demodulated by
– Envelope detector
– Rectifier detector
– Coherent (synchronous) detector.
21
Envelope Detector
22
Envelope Detector (Cont.)
23
Rectifier Detector
24
25
Coherent detector
s Am (t )
V(t) LPF
A
2 m (t ) cos θ
A cos(2π f c t + θ )
Local
oscillator
Advantages/Disadvantages of
Conventional AM (DSB-LC)
• Advantages
– Very simple demodulation (envelope detector)
– “Linear” modulation
• Disadvantages
– Low power efficiency
– Transmission bandwidth twice the message
bandwidth.
27
Double-sideband suppressed carrier
DSBSC
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The modulating signal m(t)
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DSBSC signal: m(t) cos(ωct)
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Modulated signal m(t) cos(ωct)
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Example.
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DSBSC Modulators
• DSBSC signal can be generated using
several types of modulators:
– Multiplier Modulators
– Nonlinear Modulators
– Switching Modulators
34
Multiplier modulator
Nonlinear Modulators
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Switching Modulators
a b
+
km (t ) cos 2π f ct
M(t) BPF
v2
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Switching Modulators
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Diode-bridge electronic switch
40
Series-bridge diode modulator
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Shunt-bridge diode modulator
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Ring Modulator
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Ring modulator
44
Demodulation of DSBSC
m (t ) cos(2π f c t )
V(t) LPF
A
2 m (t ) cos θ
A cos(2π f c t + θ )
Local
oscillator
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
46
Transmitter
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Receiver
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QAM cont.
• Quadrature multiplexing is used in color
television to multiplex the signals which
carry the information about colors.
49
Single Sideband (SSB)
50
SSB time representation
52
Selective filtering method (Cont.)
53
Phase–Shift Method
54
Phase–Shift Method
55
Hilbert transform
56
Phase–Shift Method (Cont.)
• Advantages:
– Does not deploy bandpass filter.
– Suitable for message signals with
frequency content down to dc.
• Disadvantage:
– Practical realization of a wideband 90 o
phase shift circuit is difficult.
57
Demodulation of SSB Signals
• Demodulation of SSB signals can be
accomplished by using a synchronous detector
as used in the demodulation of normal AM and
DSBSC signals.
59
Vestigial-Sideband Modulation (VSB)
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VSB modulator
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Demodulation of VSB
• Demodulation of VSB signals can be
accomplished by using a synchronous detector.
62
Vestigial-Sideband Modulation (VSB)
63
VSB modulator
64
Demodulation of VSB
• Demodulation of VSB signals can be
accomplished by using a synchronous detector.
65
Transfer function of LPF in VSB
receiver
1
H LPF (f ) = ,f ≤B
H BPF (f − f c ) + H BPF (f + f c )
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VSB+C
• VSB modulated signals can also be
detected by an envelope detector.
69
Comparison of conventional AM,
DSB-SC, SSB and VSB.
• Conventional AM: simple to modulate and to
demodulate, but low power efficiency (50%
max) and double the bandwidth
• DSB-SC: high power efficiency, more complex
to modulate & demodulate, double the
bandwidth
• SSB: high power efficiency, the same
(message) bandwidth, more difficult to
modulate & demodulate.
• VSB: lower power efficiency & larger bandwidth
but easier to implement. 70
Multiplexing
• Multiplexing: combining a number of message
signals into a composite signal to transmit them
simultaneously over a wideband channel.
• Two commonly-used types: time-division
multiplexing (TDM) and frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).
• TDM: transmit different message signals in
different time slots (mostly digital).
• FDM: transmit different message signals in
different frequency slots (bands) using different
carrier frequencies. 71
FDM
72
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Time Division Multiplexing
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TDM
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AM receiver for many radio stations ?
77
Frequency mixing
• It is desired in communication system to translate
the spectrum of the modulated signal up word or
down word in frequency to be centered around
desired frequency
f 0 = f l −fc
f l − f c : up conversion
⇒f0 =
f c − f l : down conversion
Superheterodyne AM Receiver
79
• The RF amplifier
amplifies the
incoming signal
and start the
process of
selecting the
wanted station
and rejecting the
unwanted ones.
80
The Mixer and the IF Amplifier
81
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84
Introduction to Carrier Acquisition
• Consider a DSB-SC demodulator where a
received signal is m(t) cos(ωct) and the
local carrier is 2 cos[(ωc+∆ω) t+δ ] . Find
the LPF output if
a) ∆ω=0, and
b) δ=0
85
Carrier Acquisition
• To ensure identical carrier frequencies at the
transmitter and the receiver, we can use quartz
crystal oscillators, which are generally very
stable.
86
Phased-Locked Loop (PLL)
• Phase-locked loop is one of the most
commonly used circuit in both
telecommunication and measurement
engineering.
87
• A PLL has three basic components:
1. A voltage controlled oscillator
2. A multiplier
3. A loop filter H(s)
H(s)
vout(t) Voltage-Controlled
Oscillator (VCO)
88
recovered carrier signal
• In every application, the PLL tracks the
frequency and the phase of the input signal.
However, before a PLL can track, it must first
reach the phase-locked condition.
• In general, the VCO center frequency differs
from the frequency of the input signal.
• First the VCO frequency has to be tuned to the
input frequency by the loop. This process is
called frequency pull-in.
• Then the VCO phase has to be adjusted
according to the input phase. This process is
known as phase lock-in. 89
How the PLL works?
vin (t ) = A sin(ω c t + θ i )
vin(t) x(t) Loop Filter e0(t)
H(s)
vout(t) Voltage-Controlled
Oscillator (VCO)
vout (t ) = B cos(ω c t + θ o ) 90
Signal Squaring Method
m(t) cos(ωc t) c cos(2ωc t)
BPF
( )2 PLL
@ 2 ωc
2:1 Frequency
k cos(ωc t) divider
91
Suggested Problems
• 4.2-1 4.2-2 4.2-3 4.2-4 4.2-6, 4.2-8
• 4.3-1 4.3-2 4.3-3 4.3-4 4.3-7 4.3-8
• 4.5-1 4.5-2 4.5-3 4.5-5, 4.5-6
• 4.6-1
• 4.8-1 4.8-2