DATA:

Data is raw unorganized facts that need to be processed.

The values entered by user into the computer is called data.
Ex: List of dates - this data is meaningless
67,27
INFORMATION:
When data is processed, organized or structured then it is called information.
Processed data is called information.
Ex: dates of holidays
dates of festivals

INSTRUCTION:
A small command given to the computer to perform a specific task is called
Instruction.
a=10;
b=20;
c=a*b;
print c;

PROGRAM:
Set of instructions is called Program.
PROGRAMMING:
The Process of writing a program is called Programming.

SYNTAX:
The grammar of a particular programming language is called syntax.

SOFTWARE:
Set of programs is called Software
(or)
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined
function.

TYPES OF SOFTWARES:
1. Application software
2. System software
3. Utility software
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Application software also known as apps are designed to allow the user of the
system complete a specific task or set of tasks.
Ex: web browsers, notepad, gaming softwares, office softwares, etc..

SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software is the software used to manage and control the hardware
components and which allows interaction between the hardware and the other types of
software.
Ex: OS, compilers, Assemblers, Interpreters, Linkers, Loaders, Debuggers etc...

UTILITY SOFTWARE:
Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure,
optimize, or maintain a computer.
(or)
Utility software is used to perform basic maintenance tasks on a computer.
Ex: antivirus softwares, disk utilities like defragmenters, compressors, cleaners,
firewall programs, device driver softwares, backup softwares etc..

HARDWARE:
Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of a computer system.
Computer hardware is what you can physically touch.
Ex: monitor, mouse, keyboard, harddisk etc..

PLATFORM:
It is a software and hardware environment on which the software applications or
programs can run.

PLATFORM DEPENDENT:
If an application or program run in one os and it is unable to run in another
os then it is known as platform dependent application.
to develop platform dependent applications we need platform dependent programming
languages.
Ex: c, vb

PLATFORM INDEPENDENT:
If an application run in one os and it is able to run in any other os then it
is known as platform independent application.
To develop platform independent applications we need platform Independent
programming languages.
Ex: java, python,etc..

COMPUTER LANGUAGE:
is a mediator between user and the computer.
computer language is a means of communication between user and the computer.
computer languages are categorized into two types:
1. Low level Language
2. High level Language
- low level languages
1. Machine language/Binary language
2. Assembly language

0,1 bits /binary digit

4 bits - 1 nibble
8 bits - 1 byte
1024 bytes - 1 kilo byte
1024 kb - 1mega byte
1024 mb - 1 giga byte
1024 gb - 1 tera byte
1024 tb - 1 peta byte
1024 pb - 1 exa byte
1024 xb - 1 zetta byte
1024 zb - 1 yotta byte
1024 yb - 1 geop byte

- machine language/binary language:

the language which uses 0's and 1's for writing the programs
Ex: ABC-->65 66 67 --> 1000001 1000010 1000011
2- 65
2- 32 -- 1
2- 16 ---0
2- 8 ---0
2- 4 ---0
2- 2 ---0
- 1 --0

2 -- 66
2 -- 33 --0
2 -- 16 --1
2 -- 8 --0
2 -- 4 --0
2 --2 --0
--1 --0

2 -- 67
2 -- 33 --- 1
2 -- 16 --- 1
2 -- 8 --- 0
2 -- 4 --- 0
2 -- 2 -- 0
-- 1 -- 0

2 -- 32
2 -- 16 - 0
2 -- 8 -- 0
2 -- 4 -- 0
2 -- 2 -- 0
-- 1 --0
ASCII --american standard code for information interchange.
ADVANTAGES:
--> computer understands only machine language.
-->execution is faster
DISADVANTAGES:
--> It takes more time for writing the programs
-->Its very difficult to write programs
-->understandability and readability is very less.
-->if we get any errors its very difficult to rectify
-->machine dependent

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:
the language which uses mnemonics or symbolic codes for writing the programs
add,sub, mul, div, store, read, print, load,etc...
Ex:
read a,b
add a,b
store acc,c
print c

-------------
LD A 10
LD B 20
ADD A,B
LD(1000) A
PRINT A
HALT

ADVANTAGES:
its very easy to write programs in AL
readability is good
its easy to understand
its easy to rectify the errors
DISADVANTAGES:
--> machine dependent
-->here 100's of mnemonics its very difficult to remember
-->by using this language we can develop only small programs its not possible to
develop large projects
-->it will takes more execution time

high level languages:

C, Cpp,Java, dot net, oracle, python, perl
machine independent.
C language is platform dependent and machine independent.

TRANSLATORS/LANGUAGE PROCESSORS:
Language processor or translator is a special system software that can be used
to translate the high level or assembly language programs into machine language
programs.

There are 3 types of Translators:

1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler

COMPILER:
Compiler is a translator or program or system software which translates high
level language programs to machine language programs at ones. i.e., entire code
will be translated into machine code at ones.
HLL ---> COMPILER ---> ML

INTERPRETER:
Interpreter is also a translator or program which translates high level language
programs to machine language programs in step by step procedure(line by line
translation).
HLL ---> INTERPRETER --> ML

ASSEMBLER:
Assembler is a translator or program which translates assembly language
programs to machine language programs.
AL --> ASSEMBLER -->ML

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPILER AND INTERPRETER: