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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By: M. Azaan Iqbal
Roll No: 20-CE-41
SYMESTER: 3rd
Section: A
Subject: Islamic Studies
Submitted To: Sir Syed M.Abdur Rehman
Submitted Date: 28/10/2021
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Major Incidents occurred in the life of HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H)

Call to Prophet Hood: (610 C.E.)

By the age of 40, Muhammad was prone to withdraw to a nearby cavern when he wanted isolation. He
would go through his days examining the condition of his kin and the more profound realities of life.
During one of these retreats, the holy messenger Gabriel appeared to Muhammad and let him know that
God had picked him as a Courier. The Prophet Muhammad accepted his first expressions of disclosure:

"Peruse! For the sake of your Master who made

Man from a sticking substance.

Peruse: Your Master is generally liberal,–

He who instructed by the pen–

Instructed man what he knew not."

Muhammad was normally shaken by this experience and returned home to be with his adored spouse,
Khadija. She consoled him that God would not lead him adrift, as he was a true and liberal individual.
Over the long run, Muhammad acknowledged his calling and started to implore decisively. Following a
three-year stand by, the Prophet Muhammad started to get further disclosures through the Heavenly
messenger Gabriel.

Year of Sadness: 619 C.E.

During these years of persecution, there was one year that was particularly difficult. It became known as
"the Year of Sadness." In that year, the Prophet Muhammad’s beloved wife Khadija and his
uncle/caretaker Abu Talib both died. Without Abu Talib’s protection, the Muslim community
experienced increasing harassment in Makkah.

Left with few choices, the Muslims began looking for a place other than Makkah to settle. The Prophet
Muhammad first visited the nearby city of Taif to preach the Oneness of God and seek asylum from the
Makkah oppressors. This attempt was unsuccessful; the Prophet Muhammad was eventually mocked
and run out of town.

In the midst of this adversity, the Prophet Muhammad had an experience which is now known as Isra’
and Mi’raj (the Night Visit and Ascension). During the month of Rajab, the Prophet Muhammad made a
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nighttime trip to the city of Jerusalem (isra’), visited the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and from there was raised up
into heaven (Mi’raj). This experience gave comfort and hope to the struggling Muslim community.
Mission and early efforts:
Muhammad's early efforts in preaching the new faith focused on the preaching of a single
ideal: monotheism. Surah’s of the Quran believed to have been revealed during this period, known as
the Meccan surah’s (Arabic: ‫ور الم ّكيّة‬OO‫)الس‬, command Muhammad to proclaim and praise the name
of Allah, instruct him not to worship idols or associate other deities with Allah and to worship Him
alone, warn the pagans of their eschatological punishment, sometimes referring to the Day of
Judgments indirectly, while providing examples from the history of some extinct communities. Early
converts to Islam included Muhammad's wife, Khadija, his cousin Ali, his adopted son Zayd, his
nursemaid Umm Ayman, and his friend Abu Bakr.
Very few of the Quraysh gave weight to Muhammad's message; most ignored it and a few mocked
him. According to Welch, early Qur'anic verses were not "based on a dogmatic conception
of monotheism but on a strong general moral and religious appeal," further adding that the key themes
of these Meccan surahs include the moral responsibility of man towards his creator: the resurrection of
the dead, the Day of Judgement supplemented with vivid descriptions of the tortures in hell and
pleasures in paradise, the wonders of nature and everyday life, the signs of God, and the proof of the
existence of a greater power who will take into account the greed of people and their suppression of the
poor. The foundations of early religious duties were also laid and included belief in God, asking for
forgiveness of sins, offering frequent prayers, assisting others with emphasis on those in need, ejecting
cheating and the love of wealth, chastity, and the prevention of femicide which was prevalent in
early Arabia.
There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants,
people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it, and the weak, mostly
unprotected, foreigners. Abu Bakr, who used to purchase slaves to set them free in accordance with
Muhammad's principle of equality, attracted a large number of converts. Nevertheless, the number of
these early converts remained small, and Muhammad concentrated on quietly building a small, but
spiritually strong, community. Around 613, the Quran commanded Muhammad to "admonish your
nearest kinsmen," initiating the phase of public preaching. One day, Muhammad climed the As
Safa mountain, and called out the tribal chiefs. After receiving assurances that the chiefs, who reportedly
never heard Muhammad tell lies, would believe him, he declared the Oneness of God. Later
Muhammad organized dinners in which he conveyed and advocated the substance of his message. At
these events, Muhammad met fierce opposition from one of his uncles, Abu Lahab, while others such
as Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib and al-'Abbas accepted him. Several reasons have been given for the
resentment of the Quraysh toward Muhammad's message; the most accepted is that the Quraysh also did
not accept Muhammad as a prophet since he came from a clan less powerful than he came from his
opponents’.

Umar's acceptance of Islam and banishment of the Hashemite’s:

Sunni Muslims believe Muhammad prayed for the strengthening of the cause of Islam through the
conversion of either Umar ibn al-Khattab or Amr ibn Hishām. Umar initially reacted to Muhammad's
preaching by ardently opposing it. Angered by Muhammad's preaching which had led to divisions
within Meccan society, he eventually decided to kill Muhammad, whom he held responsible for the
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divisions. While en route to assassinate Muhammad, Umar was informed of his sister's conversion to
Islam. Approaching his sister's house, he heard her reciting the Quran. Eventually considering the words
beautiful and noble, Umar converted to Islam, making his conversion public instantly. Tempered by
Umar's conversion, Muslims could now pray openly at the Kaaba, as the pagans were reluctant to
confront Umar, known for his forceful character.
Two important clans of Quraysh declared a public banishment against the clan of Banu Hashim in order
to put pressure on the clan to withdraw their protection of Muhammad. The terms imposed on Banu
Hashim, as reported by Ibn Ishaq, were that "no one should marry their women nor give women for
them to marry; and that no one should either buy from them or sell to them." The banishment lasted for
two or three years but eventually collapsed mainly because it was not achieving its purpose and
sympathizers of the Hashemites within the Quraysh finally united to annul the agreement.
Isra, Mi'raj, and pledges at al-'Aqabah:
Sometime in 620, Muhammad told his followers that he had experienced the Isra and Mi'raj, a
supernatural journey to Jerusalem (Isra) and ascension to the Seven Heavens (Mi'raj), said to have been
accomplished in one night along with the angel Gabriel. Muhammad is said to have
toured heaven and hell, and spoken with earlier prophets, including Adam, Ibrahim, Musa, and Isa. Ibn
Ishaq, author of first biography of Muhammad, presents this event as a spiritual experience while later
historians like al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir present it as a physical journey. Some western scholars of Islam
hold that the oldest Muslim tradition identified as a journey traveled through the heavens from the
sacred enclosure at Mecca to the Bayt al-Ma'mur (a celestial recreation of the Kaaba); others identify it
as Muhammad's journey from Mecca to the Bayt al-Maqdis in Jerusalem.
Since the Quraysh gave little weight to Muhammad's message, Muhammad took to spreading his
message to the merchants and pilgrims that frequented Mecca. After several unsuccessful negotiations,
he found hope with some men from Medina. The Arab population of Yathrib was somewhat familiar
with monotheism because a Jewish community existed in that city. Muhammad met with a few members
of the two tribes of Medina, the Aws and Khazraj, twice, at a hill known as al-'Aqabah near Mina, where
they pledged their allegiance to Muhammad and agreed to protect Muhammad if he were too migrated to
Medina. Following the pledges at al-'Aqabah, Muhammad encouraged his followers to immigrate to
Medina. The Quraysh attempted to stop the Muslims from immigrating to the city, however, almost all
Muslims managed to leave.
Migration to Medina: (622 C.E.)
When the situation in Makkah had become unbearable for the Muslims, an offer was made by the people
of Yathrib, a small city to the north of Makkah. The people of Yathrib had more interfaith experience,
having lived near Christian and Jewish tribes in their area. They were open to receiving the Muslims and
pledged their assistance. In small groups, under the cover of night, Muslims began to travel north to the
new city. The Makkans responded by confiscating the property of those who left and devising plans to
assassinate Muhammad. The Prophet Muhammad and his friend Abu Bakr then left Makkah to join the
others in Madinah. He asked his cousin and close companion, Ali, to stay behind and take care of their
final business in Makkah. When the Prophet Muhammad arrived in Yathrib, the city was
renamed Madinah An-Nabi (the City of the Prophet). It is now also known as Madinah Al-Munawarrah
(the Enlightened City). This migration from Makkah to Madinah was complete in 622 C.E., which
marks "year zero" (the beginning) of the Islamic calendar.
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The significance of the migration in the history of Islam should not be underestimated. For the first time,
Muslims could live without persecution. They could organize society and live according to the teachings
of Islam. They could pray and practice their faith in full freedom and comfort. The Muslims began to set
up a society based on justice, equality, and faith. The Prophet Muhammad expanded his role as Prophet
to also include political and social leadership.

Battles and Treaties: 624-627 C.E.

The Makkan tribes were not content to let the Muslims settle in Madinah and be done with it. They
sought to destroy the Muslims for the last time, which led to a series of military battles.

Battle of Badr:
In Islamic history, major military victory led by the Prophet Muhammad that marked a turning point for
the early Muslim community (ummah) from a defensive stance toward one of stability and expansion.
The battle damaged Meccan trade and boosted the morale of the ummah as a viable force in its pursuit of
control of the holy city. The prestige of the battle in the Islamic consciousness is marked by the fact that
it is the only battle mentioned by name in the Quran. Nearly two years after the Hijrah, in the middle of
the month of Ramadan, a major raid was organized against a particularly wealthy caravan escorted by
Abū Sufyān, head of the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh. According to the traditional accounts, when
word of the caravan reached Muhammad, he arranged a raiding party of about 300, consisting of
both muhājirūn and anṣār (Muhammad’s Medinese supporters), to be led by Muhammad himself. By
filling the wells on the caravan route near Medina with sand, Muhammad’s army lured Abū Sufyān’s
army into battle at Badr, near Medina. There the two parties clashed in traditional fashion: three men
from each side were chosen to fight an initial skirmish, and then the armies charged toward one another
for full combat. As his army charged forward, Muhammad threw a handful of dust, which flew into the
eyes and noses of many of the opposing Meccans. Despite the superior numbers of the Meccan forces
(about 1,000 men), Muhammad’s army scored a complete victory, and many prominent Meccans were
killed.

Battle of UHUD:
The Battle of Uhud was fought on Saturday, 23 March 625 AD (7 Shawwal, 3 AH), [12][13] in the valley
north of Mount Uhud.[14] The Quraysh Meccans, led by Abu Sufyān ibn Harb, commanded an army of
3,000 men toward Muhammad's stronghold in Medina. The battle was the only battle throughout the
Muslim–Quraysh War in which the Muslims did not manage to defeat their enemy and it came just a
year after the Battle of Badr.
Abu Sufyan became the de facto leader of the Quraysh after the death of Amr ibn Hishām at Badr nine
months prior. Wanting to avenge the Meccan's losses at the Battle of Badr, he marched upon Medina
from Makkah on 10 December 624 AD with a force three times stronger than that of the Meccans at
Badr. Another reason for the battle was to protect the trade route of Abu Sufyan's caravans. The Battle
of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims and the first one in
which the Muslims were on the defensive side. The Muslims readied for war soon afterward and the two
armies fought in the valley below the northern face of Mount Uhud.
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Although outnumbered, the Muslims gained the early initiative and forced the Meccan lines back, thus
leaving much of the Meccan camp unprotected. When the battle looked to be only one-step away from a
decisive Muslim victory, a serious mistake was committed by a part of the Muslim army, which altered
the outcome of the battle. A breach of Muhammad's orders by the Muslim archers, who left their
assigned posts to despoil the Meccan camp, allowed a surprise attack from the Meccan cavalry, led by
Meccan war veteran Khalid ibn al-Walid, which brought chaos to the Muslim ranks. Many Muslims
were killed, and Muhammad himself was severely injured. The Muslims had to withdraw up the slopes
of Uhud. The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims further, as the mountain of Uhud had tough terrain,
but marched back to Mecca declaring victory. For the Muslims, the battle was a significant setback.
Although they had been close to routing the Meccans a second time, their breach of Muhammad's orders
in favor of collecting Meccan spoils reaped severe consequences.
Battle of Khandaq:
Battle of Trench took place in 5 AH. It started in the last week of Shawwal and continued until
Ramadan. Salman Farsi RA gave the suggestion of digging the trench around the city of Madinah; these
trenches were dug in 6 days. Miracle took place at Jabir RA’s house. Mount Dhubab (Also known as
Mount Ra’yah) was the place where Prophet Muhammad PBUH was stuck under a large rock, which
was broken down into pieces and emitted light.
After seeing this light, Prophet PBUH congratulated Muslims for upcoming victory over Persia, Yemen,
and Syria. It was the place where Masjid Ra’yah is located. Due to trenches, Enemy forces were unable
to enter the city of Madinah. Ali Ibn Abi Talib (RA) killed Amr, who was one of the top enemy
commanders and regained the charge of the area called sila. To the south, Banu Qurayaza attacked
Muslim Women and Children. Banu Qurayaza horsed their houses. When Prophet Muhammad PBUH
came to know that Muslim women and children are being attacked in the south, he sent the army to
protect them, which also defeated the Banu Qurayaza there.
Nuaym ibn Masud, who was well respected by the enemy tribes came to Prophet PBUH and told him
that he had accepted Islam. In addition, offers his help to Muslims, Prophet PBUH asked him to break
the trust of Confederates and Banu Qurayaza. Nuaym went back to Banu Qurayaza and told them that
Muslims are going to win this battle, he advises to keep Banu Qurayaza safe is to give some leaders
given as a hostage to Banu Qurayaza. Nuaym went to Confederates’ leader Abu Sufyan and warned him
that Banu Qurayaza is forming an alliance with Muslims again; this caused a big mistrust between these
two groups and that became a reason why 10,000 lost to 3,000. Prophet PBUH prayed and asked Allah
to destroy the Confederates for good. Allah sent down a wind, possibly a storm that took away
everything that belonged to enemy forces. Masjid Fatah was the place where Prophet PBUH prayed to
Allah to defeat the enemy forces.
Conquest of Makkah: 628 C.E.

In the sixth year after the migration to Madinah, the Muslims had proven that military force would not
be enough to destroy them. The Prophet Muhammad and the tribes of Makkah began a period of
diplomacy in order to normalize their relations.

After being away from their home city for six years, the Prophet Muhammad and a party of Muslims
attempted to visit Makkah. They were stopped outside the city in an area known as the Plain of
Hudaibiya. After a series of meetings, the two sides negotiated the Treaty of Hudaibiya. On the surface,
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the agreement seemed to favor the Makkans, and many Muslims did not understand the Prophet's
willingness to compromise. Under the terms of the treaty:

 There would be a 10-year peace during which Muslims could travel to Makkah, and Makkans
could travel on the caravan route to Syria, through Muslim lands.
 The Muslims would wait another year before returning to Makkah.
 Any other tribe would be free to align themselves with either side of the agreement.
 Any deserter or refugee from Makkah to Madinah would be returned to Makkah. (However, the
reverse would not be true.)

The Muslims reluctantly followed the Prophet Muhammad's lead and agreed to the terms. With peace
assured, relations normalized for a while. The Muslims were able to turn their attentions from defense to
sharing the message of Islam in other lands.

However, it did not take long for the Makkans to violate the terms of the agreement, by attacking allies
of the Muslims. The Muslim army then marched upon Makkah, surprising them and entering the city
without bloodshed. The Prophet Muhammad gathered the people of the city together, declaring a general
amnesty and universal pardon. Many of the people of Makkah were moved by this open-heartedness and
embraced Islam. The Prophet Muhammad then returned to Madinah.

Death of HOLY PROPHET (P.B.U.H):

A few months after the farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and suffered for several days with fever,
head pain, and weakness. He died on Monday, 8 June 632, in Medina, at the age of 62 or 63, in the
house of his wife Aisha. With his head resting on Aisha's lap, he asked her to dispose of his last
possessions (seven coins), then spoke his final words:
O Allah, to Ar-Rafiq Al-A'la (exalted friend, highest Friend or the uppermost, highest Friend in
heaven).

— Muhammad
According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Muhammad's death may be presumed to have been caused by
Medinan fever exacerbated by physical and mental fatigue. Academics Reşit Haylamaz and Fatih Harpci
say that Ar-Rafiq Al-A'la is referring to God.
Muhammad was buried where he died in Aisha's house. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-
Walid I, al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site
of Muhammad's tomb. The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur
Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign
of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of
his companions (Sahabah), the first two Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar, and an empty one
that Muslims believe awaits Jesus.
When Saud bin Abdul-Aziz took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel
ornamentation. Adherents to Wahhabism, Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in
Medina in order to prevent their veneration, and the one of Muhammad is reported to have narrowly
escaped. Similar events took place in 1925, when the Saudi militias retook—and this time managed to
keep—the city. In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked
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graves. Although the Saudis frown upon the practice, many pilgrims continue to practice a ziyarat—a
ritual visit—to the tomb.