Universal Declaration of Human

Rights
▪ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a
declaration adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in
Paris, France.

▪ Social security is a concept enshrined in Article 22 of the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 Provision for Social Security in India
▪ In the Constitution, Article 41 of Directive Principles asks the state
to “within the limits of its economic capacity and development,”
make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education
and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age,
sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.

▪ Article 42 says the state shall make provisions for securing just and
humane conditions of work and for maternity benefits.
 Notes
▪ Economists Amartya Sen and Jean Dreze distinguish two
aspects of social security —“protection” and “promotion.”

▪ While the former denotes protection against a fall in living

standards and living conditions through ill health, accidents,
the latter focuses on enhanced living conditions, helping
everyone overcome persistent capabilities deprivation.
 Bad situation in India
▪ In 2011, in an affidavit to the Supreme Court on the official
poverty line, the Planning Commission estimated that based
on the Tendulkar Committee report 30 percent of the
population live below the official poverty line.

▪ how do these 35 crore people survive on Rs. 32 per person

per day in urban areas and Rs. 26 per person per day in rural
areas? What do they do in contingencies of illness, old age,
and death, and how do they protect themselves from
slipping into further poverty?
 The problem
▪ India is home to one-fifth of the world’s population, which
includes a third of world’s poor and one-eight of the world’s
elderly.

▪ Until recently, family and adult children were considered to

be a reliable source for providing old age security.
 Government initiatives

▪ The government launched the first pensions programme for

the poor, the National Social Assistance
Programme(Ministry of Rural Development), starting with
of a pension of Rs. 75 per month, in 1995.
 NPS
▪ National Pension System (NPS) is a voluntary, defined contribution
retirement savings scheme.
1. Under the NPS, an individual's savings is pooled in a pension fund.
2. These funds are invested by Pension Fund Regulatory and
Development Authority (PFRDA) regulated professional fund
managers as per the approved investment guidelines in the
diversified portfolios comprising of government bonds, bills,
corporate debentures and shares.
3. These contributions would grow and accumulate over the years,
depending on the returns earned on the investment made.
 Difference between NPS and Atal Pension
Yojana
▪ joining Age – The age of joining in Atal Pension Yojana is
from 18 to 40 years whereas in New Pension Scheme age of
joining is from 18 to 60 years.
▪ Who can join – Only resident Indian can join in APY but in
NPS any Indian including NRI can also join.
▪ Guaranteed Pension– In APY there is guaranteed pension
after retirement. In NPS there is no guaranteed pension
although subscriber will have the option to actively decide
as to how his/her NPS pension wealth is to be invested
 Healthcare in India

▪ India does not have a National health insurance or universal

health care system for all its citizens which has allowed the
private sector to become the dominant healthcare provider
in the country.
 Provisions

▪ Article 47 under part IV (DPSP) states that “Duty of the

State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living
and to improve public health”.
▪ Health is a state subject under 7th schedule of the
constitution.
▪ _______________________________________
▪ Achieving Universal Health Coverage is listed as a goal 3.8 in
the sustainable development goals agenda for 2030
 Global Scenario

▪ Germany was the first country to introduce Social security

scheme (1883)
▪ Money from this fund was used for food,lodging, hospital
and feneral expenses of aged and disabled members.
▪ In USA, Social Security Act came into existence in 1935.
 Universal basic Income

▪ Chapter in the Economic Survey 2016-17

▪ 1,500 per month to 200 million people = 3 lakh crore
▪ A defense against automation
Social Security for the disabled