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GEE L2 Hydro OUT
GEE L2 Hydro OUT
GEE L2 Hydro OUT
Vehicle Technologies
o System Overview
o Synchronous Generator or Alternator.
o Types
o Electric model
o Grid connected control
o Islanded control
Lecture 2: Hydro 3
Overview GEE
RUNNING WATER
CONTINENTAL
DAMS
TURBINE
Water Mill
I
V, f
ω
3 STAGES
Lecture 2: Hydro 4
Overview GEE
Head 1000 m, 100 l/s
P ≈ 1 MW
Lecture 2: Hydro 5
Overview GEE
1 2 TW 8760hours 710.000 720.000TWh
Source: Tsao, J., Lewis, N., Solar FAQS. US Dept. Of Energy, 2005.
Lecture 2: Hydro 6
Overview GEE
o Intermittency
o Availability depends on seasonal rains and waterways.
o In dams, power production can be controlled.
o Energy storage
o Water storage can be seen as a form of energy storage.
o Pumped hydropower plants.
Source: https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/pumped-storage-hydropower
Lecture 2: Hydro 7
Overview GEE
EL HIERRO
UpperRESERVOIR
wimp far
pipe
LOWERRESERVOIR
PUMP
EGENERATOR
AUXSUPPLY
Lecture 2: Hydro 8
Overview GEE
o Environmental Impact
o Land use.
o Damage to wildlife and migratory
paths.
o Source of carbon dioxide and
methane.
F
• https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b05125
• https://www.mdpi.com/2071‐1050/10/1/138/htm
• https://www.e‐ir.info/2014/01/30/china‐dams‐the‐world‐the‐environmental‐and‐social‐impacts‐of‐chinese‐dams
Lecture 2: Hydro 9
Overview GEE
Capacity factor Insqgfpo ff.tw I365x2
https://www.irena.org/‐/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2012/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis‐HYDROPOWER.pdf
Lecture 2: Hydro 10
Overview GEE
Hydroelectric Installations and Power
• (Large) Hydroelectric → > 10 MW
• Small Hydroelectric → 10 ~ 1 MW
• Mini Hydroelectric → 1 ~ 0.1 MW
• Micro Hydroelectric → 100 ~ 10 kW
• Pico Hydroelectric → < 10 kW
Lecture 2: Hydro 11
Overview GEE
In Catalonia:
• 38 plants > 10 MW
Lecture 2: Hydro 12
Overview GEE
KAPLAN
FRANCIS
PELTON
ENOZZLE
Lecture 2: Hydro 13
Overview GEE
Pelton
Lecture 2: Hydro 14
Overview GEE
Cross-flow
Efficiency (%)
Hèlix
% of nominal flow
Lecture 2: Hydro 15
Overview GEE
Mpp
Maximumpowerpoint
I
Pmec (W)
ONE MULTIP
FEN OF PERIODS OF
THE VOLTAGE
to u
v u
I RRII
p
MPP
µ WRUN
RUNAWAY n (rpm)
Units: n rotationalspeed RPM 1 turns s 2aradls
1 min 609
Lecture 2: Hydro 16
Overview GEE
– Synchronous Generators
– Asynchronous Generators
1
ROTOR
STATOR
Lecture 2: Hydro 17
Synchronous Generator GEE
D8
- Frequency (Hz)
- Speed (RPM)
ONE TURN PER SECOND Atua s GoRPM
- Pole pairs (or sets)
2 F 6041 1 Ha Its
Lecture 2: Hydro 18
Synchronous Generator GEE
Why?
60 1. Constant power.
2. Weight, cost and efficiency.
4polepairs Apolepairs
Source - http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/few-words-about-three-phase-alternator
Lecture 2: Hydro 19
Synchronous Generator GEE
Source – http://www.hho4free.com
Generation of the magnetic field in the rotor
statue
aging
Vac
n Vac
G
3~
GM
or brushes.
Vdc
or
Rotor with Electromagnets (exciter) O Vdc
Lecture 2: Hydro 20
Synchronous Generator GEE
O
If Rf
Lf
O ωLS RS IS
ES VRS
Vf
n
ES VS
VS
VXS
IS
Fator
Vector diagram
TT
The induced voltage depends on the flux (magnetizing current) and the speed.
Lecture 2: Hydro 21
Synchronous Generator GEE
Detail of a nameplate
o Number of poles.
o Number of phases.
o Rated speed and f.
o Rated voltage and
rated current.
o Exciter voltage and
current.
o Why is power given
in VA?
257RPYj14pdipai_
6047
Lecture 2: Hydro 22
Synchronous Generator GEE
Star/Delta
Windings are accessible. Connections
Lecture 2: Hydro 23
Synchronous Generator GEE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiKH48EMgKE
Lecture 2: Hydro 24
Synchronous Generator ARID GEE
É Pg, Qg
n Vac, f
crib
Ig
If SYNCHRONISATION
G G
SYSTEM
Lecture 2: Hydro 25
Synchronous Generator GEE
STANDALONE
Factors that Limit Regulation of PG and QG
lit rent
Ex
Load O
n VG, f
Pvariable y
Impedatiable
IL
If
d
ft
f it
i
n
Lecture 2: Hydro 26
Synchronous Generator GEE
Load
n VG, f
IL
If AUR
Automats
5888
Q
VG* voltage
n Regulator
n*
of
Lecture 2: Hydro 27
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Rotation of stator
Principle of Operation:
magnetic field results in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGNOP_3o
induced field in the rotor
Asynchronous machines
generate power by turning Squirrel-cage
Ei
their rotors faster than induction
Lecture 2: Hydro 28
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Principle of Operation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGNOP_3o
Lecture 2: Hydro 29
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Lecture 2: Hydro 30
Asynchronous Generator GEE
1 3phase 50HZ
2 Nominal or rated power
3,4 UcHager and currents
6 PF Power factor
PF cos 4 0.9
FIJI
ROTOR
Q 0 PFC I
s
Ff 355
Source - https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/motor-nameplate
5 300888910 7 3 ship
Lecture 2: Hydro 31
Asynchronous Generator GRID GEE
Turbine Generator
Grid
PG
VAC, f
gig
MONTROL QG
PG* Motor
I
Generator
M
- Grid-connection procedure. Induction Motor Turn-On.
- PG regulated by turbine, QG compensated by capacitor bank.
- The system allows a small range of slip values above the sync. speed.
Lecture 2: Hydro 32
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Any other option to control the rotational speed, and Affect Number ofstages
the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage?
Global efficiency
power converter Effie goy g
Maintenance
fetish Y't e
o AC-AC Power Converter. Also named: variable speed controller, inverter,
variable frequency drive.
o This is not typically used in hydro systems connected to the grid, because
the water flow can be controlled accurately.
Lecture 2: Hydro 33
Asynchronous Generator STANDALONE GEE
Load Vat
Turbine
I
Generator
Capacitor
T Est
Bank
O
Iload
Lecture 2: Hydro 34
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Transformer NPballast
AC-DC Converters
Load
0
Capacitor Bank
C Voltage
sensor
Compensator
Lecture 2: Hydro 35
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Load
The generator can work at any operating point (different rotational speeds)
and the load is supplied at a constant voltage and frequency.
Lecture 2: Hydro 36
Asynchronous Generator GEE
Lecture 2: Hydro 37
Problem Example 1 GEE
STABLE Region
If 3 P If
UNSTABLE REGION ne f
If p I n 3000RPM
ftp.t
pig p 2 n 1500 RPM
P3 n 1000RPM
P Y n 750 RPM
P 5 n 600 RPM
2304ms
SA f capacitors
this exact
need to absorb
amount of
current to have PF I
i
III t.tl
124
TIFF C
238 1501
trad