Master on Electrical

Vehicle Technologies

Generació d’Energia Elèctrica (GEE)

Generation of Electrical Energy (GEE)

 GEE Course Outline GEE

o Lecture 1: Fundamentals of Electrical Generation.

o Lecture 2: Hydro Power.
o Lecture 3: Wind Power.
o Lecture 4: Photovoltaic Power.
o Lecture 5: Distribution of Electric Power and V2G.

GEE Course Outline 2

 Outline GEE

o System Overview
o Mechanical Part
o Electric Generators for Wind Turbines
o Constant Speed
o Variable Speed
o Synchronous Generator.
o Asynchronous Generator
o Wound Rotor Asynchronous Generator
o Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

o Problems and homework

Lecture 3: Wind 3
 Overview GEE

Lecture 3: Wind 4
 Overview GEE
blades
TURBINE Rt

ElectricGenerator

nr
jeans
RPM
Into
y CONTROL SYSTEM
STEFFLERAmrit
Converter
TY'Restion

1 2 Umm Yeh Iv

Lecture 3: Wind 5
 Overview GEE

Theoretical Available Energy → Ep = m.g.H = P.t

Pideal = ½ Cp.ρ.A.v3
ρ = air density [1.225 kg/m3 at sea level]
2
A = cross sectional area of the stream tube [m2]
A Rr me
v = wind speed [m/s]
Cp = power coefficient [<0.59]
Examples: 
P = P.ηgearbox.ηgenerator t blade

E = ∫P(v).f(v) dv
f
Blades 3 m, 8 m/s
P ≈ 2.5 kW
Lu yield
Blades 15 m, 13 m/s
P ≈ 300 kW

o
f Blades 40 m,  11 m/s
P ≈ 2 MW

Lecture 3: Wind 6
 Overview GEE
CF

Lecture 3: Wind 7
 Overview GEE

• Intermittency and Curtailment ONSHORE CF 30 351

OFFSHORE CF 40
→ histograms and probability density function. 451
→ persistence/weather forecasting.
→ offshore and onshore.   EUROPE

1pf
→ probability and location. 

Histogram of relative wind speeds 
(tvi /tTotal )

Lecture 3: Wind 8
 Overview GEE

o Environmental Impact
o Land use. NOT LARGE
o Damage to flying wildlife and
migratory paths. DANGER is LOW
o Sound, vibration and visual PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS
impact.

Min distance

I
3911
should 1 1.5km
be

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468584420300039

Lecture 3: Wind 9
 Overview GEE

Why Wind?

CAPEX Cost = Turbine + Balance of System + Financial Costs

Hydropower Cost PV Cost Windpower Cost

Source: “2016 Annual technology Baseline (ATB)". National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO.

Lecture 3: Wind 10
 Overview GEE

LCOE? Source: "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Source". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-29.

Lecture 3: Wind 11
 Overview GEE
o Installation Costs

any
J

Yin

(Onshore)

o Operation and  1 MW 40.000Elyear are more

Maintenance Cost? soooo
3MW year

Lecture 3: Wind 12
 Overview GEE

o PV installed capacity: 1000 GW (2022) WindPower 900GW 2022

o Hydro installed capacity: 1200 GW (2022)
Lecture 3: Wind 13
 Overview GEE

je
o PV installed capacity: 1000 GW (2022)
o Hydro installed capacity: 1200 GW (2022)
Lecture 3: Wind 14
 Overview GEE
o Parc eòlic de les colladetes (El Perelló)

https://www.bellera.cat/molins/colladetes.htm

16W I
https://directa.cat/loligopoli‐energetic‐controla‐la‐segona‐onada‐de‐centrals‐eoliques/
Lecture 3: Wind 15
 Mechanical Part GEE
o Drag Turbines (TSR 0.3) o Lift Turbines (TSR 7)

EID

TipSpeedRatio Rt Cp

efficiency

to from
forgeanum
D
Lecture 3: Wind 16
 Mechanical Part GEE

o Vertical Axis o Horizontal Axis

1 % of market 99 % of market
o Savonius (drag) o Three Blades (99 %)
o Darrieus (lift) o Two Blades (1 %)
o Upwind and downwind.

Lecture 3: Wind 17
 Mechanical Part GEE

Wind Turbine Parts

o Drag Turbines (TSR 0.3)

o Lift Turbines (TSR 7)

Power Coefficient

Cp ≤ 0.59 (Betz Limit)

Lecture 3: Wind 18
 Mechanical Part GEE

Power coefficient with respect to tip speed ratio.

Lecture 3: Wind 19
 Mechanical Part GEE

Manufacturers
o Ecotecnia → Alstom → GE Renewable
o Gamesa → Siemens Gamesa
o Vestas
o Enercon
o Goldwind
o Envision

Lecture 3: Wind 20
 Mechanical Part GEE

Wind Speed → histograms and probability density function

o Cut‐in speed (3‐5 m/s)

o Rated/Nameplate speed (12‐14 m/s)
o Cut‐off speed (>25 m/s)

Histogram of relative wind speeds  Histogram of yearly hours against 
(tvi /tTotal ) wind speed (8760 h)
MWh
Promis 1MW Tomi 61 87604 526hours Egm5526
Lecture 3: Wind 21
 Mechanical Part GEE

Wind Speed → histograms and probability density function

→ Weibull probability density function wind speed

A = scaling factor  vmean

i
k = form factor

Form factor
Fountains
plains
openterrain
coast
islands
I
Lecture 3: Wind 22
 Problem Example 1 GEE

Example 1. Weibull PDF Integral

When wind speed is within 8 and 9 m/s, the turbine generates 1 MW.
Find out how much energy will be produced thanks to this range of wind speeds.

T 557 hours
557MWh
E 1MW 55th
É

𝑘 𝑣
𝑓 𝑣  𝑒 𝑒 𝑒

4
𝐴 𝐴

EE et et
1 c e e
0.169 0.105 0.063 of8760h
Lecture 3: Wind 23
 Mechanical Part GEE
For a known wind speed, what is the rotational speed of the blades
for maximum power?
Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) λ Optimal TSR 8 a

Cp o
i ve see some
what's the wr
𝑣 𝜔𝑅 2π 𝑅 𝜔𝑅 𝑅

𝑅
O
sradf
WIyI
E trip
Wr raff III ER Erny Wr R
Lecture 3: Wind 24
 Mechanical Part GEE

Generating unit power curves with respect to wind speed and rotational speed.

Lecture 3: Wind 25
 Electric Generators GEE

1) Constant Speed: Asynchronous generator. CONSTANT SPEED

2) Variable Speed: Asynchronous generator.

VARIABLE
3) Variable Speed: Synchronous generator. SPEED

Lecture 3: Wind 26
 Electric Generators GEE
1) Asynchronous generator with constant speed.
Connected directly to the grid. SLIP E CO 37
Electric
Grid
SCIG
PG
run ω

it
P
G 3 3
3~
QG

VAC, f
Pitch Clutch a
Angle System
Motor Generator
Or And
Stall Brakes

► No ac-ac power converter.

► Stator frequency f is constant and the generator allows a very small range of slip variations (< -2 %).

► Grid connection procedure → Inrush current must be limited.

Lecture 3: Wind 27
 Electric Generators GEE

1) Asynchronous generator with constant speed.

Ai

a Mr RPM TE s a
lo i
windspeed lol mls

Lecture 3: Wind 28
 Electric Generators GEE

 Power Control in Constant Speed WT

Reference
Speed

Pitch I Speed
Controller

Pitch Motor
EG Power
Reference

I
Power

Pmec Electromagnetic
Torque Controller

Converter

Pelec

Lecture 3: Wind 29
 Electric Generators GEE

 Characteristics in Constant Speed WT

1) Asynchronous generator with constant speed.
• Simple induction machine with squirrel cage rotor.
• A negative slip generates power. Slip about 2 %, hence rotational
speed is considered constant.
• Wind gusts cause, in such case, a sudden variation of the torque and a
quick variation of power. Direct grid-connection is only feasible in
heavily controlled grids, where the short-circuit power is large.
• Fixed-speed turbines can be stall-regulated or pitch regulated.
• A large part of the available power is not absorbed by the turbine, due
to the constant rotational speed, which induces non-optimal TSR.

Lecture 3: Wind 30
 Electric Generators GEE

 Can we operate with variable speed?

slips
Can we control the wind turbine so that the maximum power point (MPP) is followed for any
wind speed below the nominal speed?
→ Wind speed must be measured and the power curve of the turbine must be known.

Lecture 3: Wind 31
 Electric Generators GEE

 Can we operate with variable speed?

Reference
Speed

Pitch
Speed
Controller

Power
Pitch Motor Reference
Power

ate
Pmec Electromagnetic

Y
Torque Controller

Ifj torque

Pelec
ITEMS
Converter

n n n

Lecture 3: Wind 32
 Electric Generators GEE

2 & 3) Variable speed.

The regulation of the operating point of the generator is usually realized by means of power
converters (electronic systems) that are typically connected between the stator (or the rotor) and
the grid.

it
AC DC DC AC

DIRECTDRIVE
Controller
V1, I1 V2, I2

Lecture 3: Wind 33
 Electric Generators GEE

2 & 3) Variable speed. controller

re
Y p

if i

NrRPM
windspeed o Mls

Lecture 3: Wind 34
 Electric Generators GEE

2a) SCIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

With a power converter (frequency converter) interfacing the generator and the grid.

i
i
i i ► The converter limits the inrush current and
processes all power send to the grid.

6 ► Rotor speed and grid frequency are

independent. Synchronous speed is controlled
by means of the AC-DC converter.

Lecture 3: Wind 35
 Electric Generators GEE

2b) DFIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

sippin
► Rotor is connected to the grid by
Electric
means of a bidirectional converter.
Grid
RETIRED
► Two axis vector control or direct-
torque control can be used to
regulate the rotor current.

► Rotor side control establishes the

t
frequency according to ns = nr + ng.

Pitch
Angle
a ► Grid side control according to
real and reactive power (P and Q)
that is required to be transferred
between the rotor and the grid.
Controller

Lecture 3: Wind 36
 Electric Generators GEE

2b) DFIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

► When control operates the rotor

below the synchronous speed,
Electric power is injected into the grid.
Grid

► Total power transferred to the

grid is

► 2/3 of the power is transferred

through the stator (directly). 1/3 of
Pitch the power is transferred through the
Angle rotor (converter).

►This approach allows slip changes

Controller of -30 %. It is more efficient than
the SCIG.

Lecture 3: Wind 37
 Electric Generators GEE

2) Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

• Simple induction machine with squirrel cage rotor. A frequency
power converter is required between the stator of the generator and
the grid.
• Wound rotor (no squirrel cage!) asynchronous generator. There are
two approaches: with external variable resistor or with a frequency
converter supplying the rotor. The latter approach is called doubly-fed
induction generator. In that case, the synchronous speed is a function
of the difference between the grid frequency and the frequency of the
rotor current (30 % slip variation is achieved).

Lecture 3: Wind 38
 Electric Generators GEE

3) Synchronous generator with variable speed.

- Frequency (Hz)
- Speed (RPM)
- Pole sets

Lecture 3: Wind 39
 Electric Generators GEE

3a) Synchronous generator with variable speed.

In a grid-connected system, V and f are constant, but the mechanical system (hence
the rotor) is inherently of variable speed → VG and fG are variables.
► A power converter (frequency converter) is required for the connection of the alternator to the
grid. The power converter processes the full power transformed by the alternator.
► In order to reduce the variability of VG and fG the speed range of the generator (nG ) can be
reduced → pitch control of the blades can be employed for this purpose, according to the wind
speed (v). The amplitude of the stator-generated voltage VG can be regulated by means of the
rotor inductor current (If).
If Control

ωP

if J
v

T
If
VG Electric
nG fG Grid

β Pitch
Angle Control System

Lecture 3: Wind 40
 Electric Generators GEE

3b) PMSG Synchronous generator with variable speed.

In a grid-connected system, again with a variable-speed mechanical system and with
the rotating magnetic field created by permanent-magnets (PMSG) → Φ is constant
→ VG = K.nG (K relates voltatge and rot. Speed)
► The PMSG is more power efficient and is smaller than the synchronous generator with
field coils (for the same power).
► Also a power converter is required here. The converter processes the full power of the
alternator, allowing active and reactive power control (P and Q). The converter can store
energy produced by wind gusts, mitigating the effects of these disturbances in the electric
grid.
v ωP
VG
Electric
nG fG
Grid

β Pitch
Angle Control System

Lecture 3: Wind 41
 Electric Generators GEE

3) Synchronous generator with variable speed.

• The rotor is a DC magnet with n pole pairs, either permanent-magnet
based or electromagnet.
• In such case, the frequency of the rotation speed of the rotor is
directly proportional to the frequency of the stator voltage.
• To allow variable speed (and grid connection), a frequency converter
can be interposed between the stator and the grid.
• Direct drive: no speed multiplier gearbox is required. Wind gusts can
be used for storing energy.

Lecture 3: Wind 42
 Problem Example 2 GEE

Example 2. In a turbine, the radius of the blades is R = 35 m.

now
2.5MW 141 12
RatedPower Rated windspeed
Prated
895
Cut in speed is 6 m/s.
Cut off speed is 20 m/s.

FE
Find the anual energy yield if
the system operates at variable
speed.

2 Es.am s 400KW 1300h

3Eio yms 900kW 1100h
Y Elz Bmt 1.5MW 800h

H
Eiu15m11 2.5MW 400h
G Eng.am 2 yaw zoon
19mi 2.5MW 100h
Mf Eis
Eyear ÉÉE
Lecture 3: Wind 43