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ESC L1 Power and Energy OUT
ESC L1 Power and Energy OUT
Vehicle Technologies
Lecture 1 Outline 3
Electric Power
ill
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P V I v A W t
H PdI k
I E aN
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7 fksj.ms sw
Instantaneous Power and (average) power
if
N f
g.ee
+
HH
po
iii iii
coskwttpp.ee
EIf Fz.Iz
oTpfHdt VzfIfG aoskwtDdt
if pH
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Energy
Mechanical Power and Energy
Force F =
off m
F ma kg.mg
F F d
Work W = F d kg.ms
fJ ENERGY n
P F v
Energy is equivalent to Work: E = W
II
Power P =
g Ez C Hw
ageleration traditor
Taffies
In a vehicle:
g mass
ofthevehicle
Mechanical Power and Energy
• This is a feedback system, where the controller is the driver.
• The reference is the driving cycle.
• Sizing and management of energy storage components.
Driving Cycle (EPA75)
• 30 min.
• Distance
17.77 km
11.04 miles
time Cs • Avg. Speed
34.11 km/h
21.2 mph
• Max. Speed
91 km/h
56.7 mph
https://www.epa.gov/vehicle‐and‐fuel‐emissions‐testing/dynamometer‐drive‐schedules 10
E FIFE
Driving Cycle (EPA75)
100
is
• Nissan Leaf
II Eespeed of vehicle
Sized Example
50
0
0
it
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Dissipative braking
Average Power
40
pal 7.5 kW (219 Wh/km)
20
ANNA
-20 Regenerative braking
Average Power
-40
3.7 kW (108 Wh/km)
Time (s)
11
Needs in an Hybrid Vehicle
• The hybrid requires large instantaneous power but small energy storage.
40
20 pH
0 P
-20 sufficedby
-40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Suffusedby
eHl fPdt
2.5
eH fpHdt
1.5
0.5
Time (s)
12
Needs in an Hybrid Vehicle
• The hybrid requires large instantaneous power but small energy storage.
FromESS
40
µ pal
20
0 p
-20
y
-40
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
Energysupplied by ESS
f 100Wh
1.8
p
1.6
t
100Wh
Time (s)
13
Needs in a Plug‐in Electric Vehicle
• The plug‐in vehicle requires large instantaneous power and also large
energy storage.
40
18km drive
20
0
Iv
2kWh
-20
-40
2.5
1.5
0.5
Time (s)
14
Electric and Mechanical Parts
FtLO
Ft O
• The electric drive consists of the AC Machine + Inverter.
• The power command corresponds to some torque.
• The voltage and current feeding the electric drives comes from the ESS.
• Regenerative braking implies current in both directions.
15
Average Power
• Energy spend in the trip
I 1.85kt 108Wh1km
17.7km
Efuel Ebat EI 11
1.80 2 17kW
r
2 lt Wh
• MPG and Liters per 100 km 123Wh km
17.7km
us
123whlkmoffitfwn ffook.fm
us
1.28liters1100km
16
The Range Problem ECE
How much energy storage is needed?
Gas: 12.5 kWh/kg - 9.617 kWh/liter
II
EV Bat-to-Wheel Efficiency: 85 %
ICE Tank-to-Wheel Efficiency: 25 %
Average use of the vehicle
7 Battery: 0.1 kWh/kg (LiFePO4 battery)
Gas Electric
Single drive : 15 km / Per day: 40 km
Tank‐to‐wheel
Total per year: 15000 km 25% 85%
efficiency
For a plug in vehicle just like the one we 219 Wh/km 108 Wh/km
Ev
have seen: 8.76 kWh 4.32 kWh
Efuel 35.04 kWh 5.08 kWh
Looks bad even being 7 times more efficient than conventional cars.
17
The Range Problem ECE
Not only a problem of specific energy (Wh/kg)
o Charging time and charging needs.
l
1.2 € / liter: 9.6 kWh per 1.2 € or 11 km per 1.2 €
s
0.12 ct € / kWh 10 kWh per 1.2 € or 78.7 km per 1.2 €
o Maintenance.
- Cycle life.
- Stability.
Poland 82g1km
o CO2 emissions.
Conventional car: [120 - 160] g CO2/km France
4g 1km
Ip
EV: 34 CO2/km (European electricity mix)
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_en
https://www.electricitymap.org
18
Current Energy Storage Systems ECE
Hybrid Powertrain - Toyota Prius (4th gen)
Payload: 1390 kg
Drag Coefficient: 0.24
Power train: 53 (electric) + 71 (gas) kW
ICE
Ni‐Mh Battery (202 V)
28 battery modules @ 7.2 V
6 cells (1.2 V) per module
I
Densities: 46 Wh/kg and 1.3 kW/kg
Energy: 1.3 kWh (28 kg)
Power: 28 kg x 1.3 kW/kg = 36 kW
Depth ofdischarge
DoD: 38 % – 82 % (44 % Swing)
> 4000 cycles
Life‐of‐car component
Cost: <500 €/kWh : 700 €
19
Current Energy Storage Systems ECE
Plug-in Electric – Tesla Model S
Payload: 2108 kg
Drag Coefficient: 0.24
Power train: 283 kW
07
Li‐ion NCA Battery (352 V) 11865
14 battery modules (6216 cells)
432 cells (3.6 V) per module
Densities: 225 Wh/kg
200 W/kg (unconfirmed)
Energy: 60 kWh (266 kg)
Power: 266 kg x 200 W/kg = 53 kW
http://www.roperld.com/science/TeslaModelS.htm 20
Current Energy Storage Systems ECE
Drone DJI S800
Payload: 2.6 kg + Accesory
Power requirement: 2.1 kW
Li‐ion LCO Polymer Battery (22.2 V)
1 battery module (6 cells @ 3.7 V)
Weight: 1.386 kg
Energy: 222 Wh
Densities: 160 Wh/kg
4 kW/kg
C‐Rating: 25C (10Ah∙25 = 250 A)
Power: 5.5 kW
Cost: <800 €/kWh : 200 €
https://www.dji.com/es/spreading‐wings‐s800/spec 21