CHAPTER - 10

DESIGN OF SLAB AND BEAM

DESIGN OF SLA4B
PART- A
10.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

used structural elements forming floor

Slabs are most widely loads and
of buildings. Slab support mainly transverse
and roof action in one or more
directions.
transfer them to supports by bending
volume
concrete slab covers large area and requires large
Reinforced of slab leads to
reduction in depth
of and hence small
concrete
care has to be
taken to see that its
considerable economy. But
to excessive
(serviceability) is not affected due
performance
defection and cracking.

10.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS

into the following types:
Slabs are mainly classified circular
slabs may be rectangular, square,
8) On the basis of shape:
and other shapes. end conditions
0On the basis of supporting
conditions : Based on

Slab simply supported

along its
ne slabs categorized as :
are number of supports,
over
Continuous slab running and flat slab
uges, end and free at other end
antilever slab fixed at
one

Oirectly supported by columns.

direction: When
the main
reinforcement

(c)On
h e basis of spanning while when the
main steel
a one -way slab
One direction it is is a two-way
directions it
slàb.
POVIded in two orthogonal
edges, it
on two opposite parallel
paneCn
Whe the slab is supported
to the supporting
edges. It
spans only nin the
the direction
perpendicular
in the
direction of

bends
ends
the
he
in one direction and main one-way slab.
steel is provided

span. Such a slab is known as its all four edges

and when

he Whe n the slab is supported

along
each other, the slab bends
in two
Supports are pe
Dn at are
perpendicular
to
supporting edges, such a slab is
lions right angles to the runs across
called two-vway
atright
this slab, the
reinforcement
main
bending
both thhe slab. In
bending. The
two-way
pans
to resist two-way
 234 Design of slab and Beam.
action is dependent on the ratio of long span L, to
short Chapter 10
case ofrectangular slab supported along all four edges thepan L, n
bending is predominant only when L, /L, is less than two.
is greater than two it bends more
ay
along the short span and ans ratio thisNO-Way
one-way slab. acts as a

| Moin stee

Lx

Divection of
Sponningg
D

Ly

(a) One way Slab

(b) Two - way Slab
Fig. 10.1
Concrete slabs behave
design is similar to that of primarily as flexural members and
because of the beam, although it is the
following reasons simpler to some extent
(i) The breadth of
in calculations. the slab is known and
(ii) The shear
a unit width of I m is
stresses are us
observed that usually low and
shear they
reinforcement
(ii) Usually the
fail at experimentally
is very slightly high shear stress
it een
hashence
o
rarely ana no

requirement depth of the

of slab is rèquired.
(iv) deflection than by governed
Compression reinforcement by the servicea
the flexural
10.3
is
seldom strength
strength of slal
sia
EFFECTIVE SPAN
The
required.
conditions effective span is calculated
(clause 22.2)
(a) For depending upon
simply supported slab
with its
upon the suppor ting
supp
supports,
of support less and for
or
beam which
than clear continuous slab is not built built integrall
span/12 or
beam m
inad having readth
Sech. 1 0 4
One-way Slab 235
Fefective span = L = (centre to centre distance between supports)

OR (clear span + effective depth) whichever is less.

.Eor continuous slab or beam having breadth of support greater
athan
(b)n clear
cle span/12 or 600 mm whichever is less the effective span
taken as under
shall be
with one end fixed and the other continuous or for
) For end span
intermediate spans,

Effective span clear span between supports.

=

with one end free and the other continuous

i ) For end span
of slab or beam)
Effective span (clear span + half the effective depth
=

OR (clear span + half the width of discontinuous suPport),

whichever is less.

(c)For cantilevers

(i) Isolated cantilever

cantilever to the face of support
Effective span =
Length of the
+half the effective depth.
(i) Cantilever at the end of the continuous beam.
to the centre of support.
Effective span =
Length of the cantilever

(d)In case of a continuous frame,

of supports.
Effective span = distance between centers
distance is taken as an
centre to centre
However, in practice
effective span on the safer side. discussedd
for slabs and beams are
The detailed design procedure
in the following sections.

10.4 ONE.WAY SLAB. in one

slab predominantly bends
AS Stated earlier, one-way like a wide beam
of unit width. The
direc on across the span
and acts
is a one-way slab. If the slab
slab support two opposite edges
along > 2 it
behaves as a
isis sporled and if L, lL,
Supported on all four edges of one-way
one-v the short span. The design
sah4 Slab bending along
DCarried out in the following steps as one-way slab o r two-way
Decidev whether the slab is to be designed conditions.
slab bas ratio and supporting
a e d on
L, IL,
I. Span
determine the effective span
conditions
De upon end also dependent
on

see Sending
ee Sect.10.3) of the slab. Since effective span is
obtain the trial
he eff.3) of steel and
deptheffective dep assume percentage
epth ofe
of the
depth,
slab.
 236 Design of slab and Beam.
Comments : In of the slab is not known, (as
act, initially the depth (as it is to
Chapter 10
.

e designed) and the width of support is normally greater than han the eftectivet
the
aepth of the slab hence in practice, the
effective span 1S taken equal to centte
to centre distance between the supports on safer side.

2. Trial Depth
As mentioned earlier, the total depth (D) of the slab is
govern..
by serviceability requirements of deflection. Calculate the
the slab based on LId
ratio. of depth
pan
Required D=
Allowable Ld ratio +effective cover i.e. D (L/y,)+d
=

Allowable Ldratio= Y basic Ld ratio x modification

=

The values of basic LId ratios are factor (a ,)

in Fig. 8.1 forf. 290
given in Sect. 8.4. Initially use graphs given
N/mm', 240 N/mm* and 145 N/mm for steel
=

Fe500, Fe415 and Fe250 grade

corresponding to p, %.
respectively
to get modification factors
Assume p,% =
0.7 % to 1.0% for Fe 2500
=
0.25 % to 0.45 % for Fe 415
-0.2 % to 0.35 % for Fe 500
where, p, % is the
required percentage of tension steel
Obtain appropriate value of Lid ratio from Eg. 8.2
factor from Fig. 8.1 and and modification
calculate the required total
3. Loads
depth.
Calculate load in kN/m on 1
Dead load, DL m wide strip
=
self of the slab.
weight of slab + floor finish 25 D +
Live
where, D is in
meter
= t
Load, LL as given in
Total
working load, w = DL + LLAppendix A Table A-1
Total ultimate
load, w, 1.5 =

Maximum design load (DL + LL)

Minimum =w,u= W l.5 =

design load = w,. (DL + LL) .. (10.1)

The min DL
DL
superimposed
excludes self
load includes
live load and
weight of the
permanent loads but
4. Design Moments:
slab/beam
For simply supported
For continuous slab, M, =

slab, M, =
w, L/8
where, a,
The
wud= 1.5 X DL and
w
wL+a,
1.5
w., L)L2 (10.2)

Tablecoefficients for
x LL
10.l. bending moment and
shear forco rOn in
 One-way Slah 237
S 104

Bending and Shear force coefficients for continuous

moment
Teble 10.1
10.1 Bem
beam/slab with three or more equal spans.

Moment Coefficients
Bending
(a)
End Penultimate Interior
support supports
Support

- 1/12 +1/16 -1/12

+1/12 - 1/10 +1/16
- 1/9 +1/12 -1/9
DL +1/10 1/9 +1/12

) Shear Coefficients
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.6 0.55 0.6
DL
0.6 0.65 0.6 0.6
0.45
not fixed.
Note LL Live load or imposed load
=
the
DL Dead load
=

BM coefficients shall be multiplied by

(1) the bending moment, the
2) For obtaining and span
total design load coefficients shall be multiplied
force, the shear force
(3) For obtaining
the shear
load. do not differ by
by the total designare applicable for three or more spans which should be made.
coefficients
(4) These the longest span. In other cases exact analysis loaded,
more than 15%
of are not equally
meet or where the spans
where two unequal spans
moment at the support may
by taken
(5) At supports for the negative
the average of the two values
for design. are used for
calculation bending of
coefficients in the above Table
given
When
(6)
redistribution of moments shall not be permitted.
moment
Check for concrete depth: obtained (in step 2)
from serviceability
slab is
the depth of the moment requirements.
Since to be checked from bending
erations it is required section.
auilate maximum moment carrying
capacity ofthe
. (Eq. 3.86)
Mrmax u.max 0a

obtained from 7Table 3.1

Forslab, b1000 mm and y,max to be moment requirements.
from bending
M section is adequate
Ait r.max M,)m the
Allernately obtain
d (M,)ma which shall be
less than d provided

R x 1000 from
If the
U.maX
provide the depth required
condition is not satisfied
BM considerations.
MCone:
Main Steel
Required,
4 4.6 M,
. (Eq. 3.6c)

-
bd Astmin
ba?

Wnere, b= 1000 mm
238 Design of slab and Beam. Chapter 10
0.12% bD for HYSD bars (Fe415 or Fe 500)
A st.min bD for Fe250
= 0.15%
1000 a
Required, spacing. S Ast (10.3

= area of bar used.

where, a,
A= total
area of steel required.
exceed 3 d or 300 mm whichever is less.
The spacing shall not

7. Checkfor deflection:
Calculate, P,% 100 4 (bd)
-

where, A is the maximum of steel provided at midspan.

area

Calculate steel stress f-0.58 1x(requd) '4a (prov)

From Fig. 8.1 calculate modification factor o, and required depth which shall
be less than the depth provided.

The other short cut method is to check that :

Prequd(P,) assumed
8. Distribution steel

Required A,, = 0.12 xbx D For Fe415 and Fe500

100

0.15
100
xbxD For Fe250

where, b = 1000 mm and D is the verall depth of the slab.

Maximum spacing s (5d or 450 mm) whichever 1s
9.
Check for shear:
Calculate maximum
shear ation continu
coefficients given in Table V... taking into considera
Obtain design shear 10.1
stress T. = 100 A
from Table 6.2. corresponding to Pr
where Ast area of
tension steel consideration.

at the section und

Calculate shear
resistance of slab
where, k accounts for =
V. uc
= k T,, bd Shear due 0t0
membrane action increase in the
C

of slab and
is given in
resistance
Table 10.2.
 One-way Slab 239
Sech 1 0 4

Table 10.2 Values of k for Slab

pepthof
slab in mm2300
275 250 225 200 175
s 150

1.25 1.30
Multiplying factor, k 1.00 1.05 1.10b 1.15|1.20

less than 150 mm therefore

depth of slab in building is
Norn ormally
to 1.3 is used
factor
k equal
then safe else increase
the thickness of slab.
If V.> V.mar
length.
9. Check for development

moment steel i.e. bottom steel at support

(a) For positive
1.3 M . (Eq.6.19b)
discontinuous end
s +,
L at
bars
section assuming all
moment of resistance of the
where, M,
stressed to fy (= 0.87 , )

)
.(Eq.3.6b)

M, M,-0.87/,4
available at
the support.
of steel be approximately
nCre, A, = area
at the support
M, can

Wher
0 % bars a r e
available

laken equal (M, )ma2. plus

the centre ofsupport
anchorages beyond
sum of 10.2)
allowance (h,) (see Fig.
hook

and x - ( r+ O) in greater.
=b2-*1 mm or
2 0)
whichever

* e n d cover
= (25

T 2 for Fe 250
bars
4 for HYSD
Breadth of Support
1 6 for 180° bend
for 90° bend
8
Qu
ON 238 Design of slab
and Beam.
Chapterlo10
bD for
HYSD bars (Fe415 or Fe 500)
0.12% Fe250
A st.min bD for
=
0.15%
1000 a
Required. spacing., s Ast
(10.3)
used.
= area of b a r
where, a,,
area of steel required.
total
A =

3 d or 300 mm whichever is less

not exceed
The spacing shall

7. Check for deflection

Calculate, P, % 100 4,,/(bd)
=

where, 4 is the
maxinmum area of steel provided at midspan.
Calculate steel stress =0.58 1, xAst(equd)Ast (prov)
From Fig. 8.1 calculate modification factor , and required depth whichshall
be less than the depth provided.

The other short cut method is to check that:

(P,reqd(P) assumed
8. Distribution steel:
0.12
Required A= x bxD For Fe415 and Fe500
100

0.15 x bxD
For Fe250
100
where, b
1000 mm and D is the overall depth slab.
Maximum ot nc
spacing s (5d or 450 mm) whichever is
9.
les
Check for shear
Calculate maximum
shear
coefficients given in Table V taking into considerauo"
tinuity

Obtain design shear stress 10.1

from Table 6.2. T
where Astl area
of
corresponding to Pi
= 100 A,/
tension steel at
the section under co
Calculate shear
er consideration.

resistance of slab
where, k accounts =
V..uc =kk
membrane action of for increase in the
=
Tue
T, bd
bd s h e a r due 10
slab and is resistance to
given in Table 10.2.
*
 One-way Slab 239

k for Slab
Table 10.2 Values of
1 0 4

2300 275 250 225 200 175 S 150

slab in
mm

of
Depth
Moltiplying factor, k 1.00 1.05 |1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

therefoore
building is less than 150 mm

depth of slab in
ally depth
1.3 is used
N o r m a l l y

equal
to
ctor&
the thickness of slab.
else increase
then s a t e
fV> V mar
development length.
Check for
steel at support
moment steel i.e. bottom
a)For positive

discontinuous end
1.3 M+L Lo (Eq.6. 19b)
L,at V

of the section assuming all bars

of resistance
moment
where, M, =

stressed to fvd (= 0.87 f,)

... (Eq.3.6b)

M-M-0.371, Ad, b
available at the
support.
where
sarea of steel approximately
the support M, can be
When
b50%
arbars are a v a i l a b l e
s are
at

aken equal (M, )max2

beyond the
centre
of support plus
Sumof anchorages
10.2)
hook a l l o w a n c e (h) (see Fig.

L= X + h
and x
b /2- x,- -

(r+ 2Ø) whichever in greater.

d) e n d cover = (25 mm or 2 Ø)

2 for Fe 250
4 for HYSD bars

Breadth of Support
"16 for 180° bend
8 for 90° bend
240 Design of slab and Beam.
Chapt 10

-1
bs
o f support

Fig 10.2 Details of Anchorage

Using 90° bend for HYSD bars,
L, b/2 - -(40+ ø)
=
+8 =
b/2 -x, +3
Using 180° bend for Fe250, (10.4a)
L,= b2 -z -
(2+ ø)+ 16 Ø =
b/2 x, + 13 . . . (10.4)
Note
(1) The check for shear is
mostly satisfied in all cases of slabs
uniformly distributed load and therefore omitted to subjected
(2) The check for in design calculations.
slab and hence development length is also normally satisfied in case o
they are also skipped in
design computation.
(b)For support steel
The lengths of the
negative moment steel
or

should bars provided for

not be less than the resisting negative mon
development length given by
Required, L, =
kØ =
0.87
o
where, Td
Design bond stress
The given in Table 6.3.
available
rOm the lace
of development length is the actual length of the
bar
or a cantilever.
intermediate support of lengeam/slad
beam/slab
In case of
continuous beam,
a
continuous
required length =

where, + x, (12
x, =
distance
Ø or dor clear
of the
point span/16 whicne i s greater)

of support. of
contraflexure iro the cen
n t r e

from the cen

In
or
practice top bars in slab
50%curtailed at 0.15 L are provided for a length equal
These lengths to
.3

from the face length a

shall be of eFig.10
greater than L support.
(seeFig.10.3)
242 Design of slab and
Beam.
Since the diama.
hapter 10
of steel to
resist negative
bars is decided
based on
moment.

will be i n n t a
maximum etmomen'
er-spacinga
combination of reinforcement

hKcess
s ofof
this
mid-span of
the end span,
interior supports.
Therefore.tthe Therefore, quantity
mid-span of
requirements at other c a s e s .
than the
is more
of steel required

-0-3L 03L -
0.3L

0 25

Reinforcement Type -A Detalling

(a)

-0-3L -03L
-0-3L
o-15L o-15

Fo:251-+te2s
0251
L

Reinorcement Type-8 0etoiling

(6)

o.3L
0-1L 0.3

0-2L--oas
(c) Reintorcement Type-c Detailing
All bars may be in the some layer
Note

Different Methods of Detailing of

Fig. 10.3
Reinforcement for Slabs.

10.6 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

.77 m
m x 2.70
of size 14.77
Ex 10.6. Design a roof slab overa passag by-
The slab is supported
provided at theentrance of a public building,
and carries superimposed load of 3.1 kN/m2. Use M20
Wide beams
Fe415 grade of steel. Assume mild environment.
KN/m*
-20 N/mm*-415 N/nmm?,w =
3.1
Given
Given
b-230 mm, Clear Span =
2.77 m

Required: Design ofslab

For mild environment as per Table D I
and note 2 -

Solutton :
ce
Nominal cover 1 5 mm.
Since the length of the slab (=
14.77 m) is more than
as a one-way slab.
width (2.77 m) it is to be designed
 /06
Illusstrative Examples 243

Clear span 2770 mm

pan

width of support 230 mm

c'c
distance betweeen supports 3000
mnm
t h e effective span will be taken equal to centre to centre distance
Intially.

supports. But as the etfective span is dependent on the effective

the supports.
A w e e n

halso the trial depth will be determined first.

Assume effective span 3000 mm
Trial depth
=

Basic Ld Ratio y, - 20
Assuming percentage of steel1 = 0.25 %

.Modification factor =1.58 corresponding to curve of

S 240 N/mm* (see Fig. 8.1)

Allowable LId Ratio =

Ya 1.58 x 20 31.6 mm
effective depth =
3000/31.6 95 mm
Assume, total depth D = 120mm

Clear cover = 15 mmn

Assuming 10 mm diameter main bars.

Effective cover =
clear cover + Dia of bar/2
15+10/2=20 mm
effective depth d =
120-20 =

100 mm
effectivespan L = 2770+ 100 2870 mm< 3000 mm

Loads: Consider one meterwidth ofslab ie. b= 1000 mm

Dead load 25 x 0.12 = 3.0 kN/m
=

Superimposed load 3.10kN/m

Tolal working load = 6.1 kN/m

Total ultimate load 6.1= 9.15 kN/m

w =
1.5 x

Desipn Moment w, L/8 9.15 x2.87 /8

M
=

= 9.42 kN.m.

Check the dep

epth ofslab from B.M. Considerations
M
mas
ur.maxX R ma bd 2.76x 1000 x 100 x 10
.max

6. Main steel
27.6 kN.m.M. (=9.42 kN.m.)

5x20
415
( 4.6 x 9.42 x 10
2 1000 x 100 . (Eq.3.6c)
217 mm? 20 x 1000 x 100
244 Design of slab and Beam

Using #8 mm bars, Area 50 mm

Chapter 10
Required spacing =
1000 x 50/277 181 mm say 180 mm
Spacing s (3d=300 or 300 mm) whicheveris less
. Provide #8 mm at 180 mm c/c
Area of steel provided =1000 x
50/180 278 mm,
Bend altemate bars at 0.1 L from the
face of support to resist moments due to
partial fixity. to
7. Check for deflection
=
0.58 x 415 277/278
x
240 N/mm
P,%) provided =
100 x278/(1000 x
100)= 0.28%
Modification factor for P, 0.28% and f,=
=

Required d =
2870/ (20 x 1.5 )
240 N/mms a, =1.5 (Fig 8.1) =

96 mm< 100 safe

=

mm
8 Distribution steel
Distribution steel
(for Fe 250) will be providedequal
to 0.15 % of the
in the gross sectional area
Using 6 mm mild steel bars,
longitudinal direction.
=
0.15 bD/ 100 0.15x
area=28 mm
st
1000 x
=

Spacing =
1000 x 28/180-155 mm 120/100 180 mm
say 150 mm
9. Check for Shear c/c<(5dor 450 mm)
Shear force will be
maximum at the support. It is
Maximum Shear given by
Since 50 % bars
bent up at
are
umaru.max 9.15 x
2.87/2 13.13 kN
P,% available at bottom face support.
1
of support
X
100 As 100 x 278
2 bd X = 0.14%
2
The 1000 x 100
design shear stress
Tfor M20 grade of
P0.14 slab having overall depth concrete
% and for for

uCkTu 1.3 TuC 150 mm or

less is
from Table 6.2))=0.28
N/mm
Permissible shear = V,=k. T,bd
U
=
1.3 x 0.28 x 1000 x 100/
10.
Check for Development 36.4 kN>> 13.72 kN .'. safe
Provide L- type Length.
L hook.
= b./2-x,+30 230/2-25+3 x8
114 mm
=

..(Eq.104a)
Sect. 1 0 6 lustrative Examples 245

M. M/2 9.42/2 4.71 kN/m.

9.15 x2.87/2 =
13.13 kN
=
[0.87 x415/(4x 1.2x 1.6)] =47x8=376 mm.
FromEq. 6.196,

L,<1.3M,/V+L,
376 580 mm (=1.3 x 4.71 x1000/13.13+114)
..safe

Comments:
it be taken as an effective
0) When dc spacing between column is given, can
centre
which is on the safer side and hence the centre to
span for the slab
for further design calculations.
spacing will be used as effective span
safe in shear
It will be from the above calculations that the slab is over
seen
(2)
also available after bending 50 % bars
and adequate development length is
exercise for the reader f
atsupport,Therefore, these checks are left as an
further problems.

shown in Fig. 10.4

The details ofreinforcement are

8@360 c/c d 6@150 dc (Distribution steel)

+ b)(Main steel) 280-

#8@180 clc (a
-280 2770

230
Supported Slab.
Fig 10.4 One- way Simply
inside dimensions
Ex. 10.6.2 roof slab for an assembly hall having
Design a
beam is 230 mm and the beams
4.77x 9.37 m. The width ofthe shown in Fig. 10.Sa The live load on the
supporting
centre as
Pced at 3.75 m centre to kN/m*. The characteristic strengths
of
1.6
S.5 and floor finish of
kN/m
415 N/mm* respectively.
Crete and steel are 20 N/mm and

Solution than twice its width

Si ( slab = 9.37 m) is more

( 33 length of the
the
it is designed as a
one w a y
over the supports, for
Continsand is running The effective span
continuous
the slaous slab with more
than 3 equal spans.
distance between
the supports for
slab will be taken equal to centre
COnser
Conservative design.
3.75 m =
3750mm.
Span:L=o
=

C/c distance between supports

2 Trial Depth: Basic Ld Ratio = Y, 26