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Chapter 5 Periodic Trends - Key
Chapter 5 Periodic Trends - Key
Periodic Table
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How did Henry Moseley change the periodic table? He discovered atomic
number, and found that when elements are arranged in the periodic table,
their atomic number increases by 1. He then arranged the elements in order
of increasing atomic number, rather than atomic mass.
Describe the modern periodic table: Elements with similar properties are
arranged in groups or families. (Columns)
S block
1. [ ] ns1
2. 1 valence e-
2
3. +1 (losing 1 electron) Na+, K+, Li+ etc.
4. Most Highly reactive metals on the periodic table. So reactive they are
never found in pure form.
1. [ ] ns2
2. 2 valence e-
4. Also very reactive, but not as much as group IA. Not found in nature in
pure form.
P block
1. [ ] ns2 np1
2. 3 valence e-
4. Not as highly metallic as group IA and IIA. This group also has a
metalloid (B) in it.
1. [ ] ns2 np2
2. 4 valence e-
4. Lots of variety in this family – nonmetal (C) metalloids (Si, Ge) metals Pb,
Sn.
1. [ ] ns2 np3
2. 5 valence e-
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3. gains 3 e- to form 3- ions. N3-
1. [ ] ns2 np4
2. 6 valence e-
1. [ ] ns2 np5
2. 7 valence e-
4. Most active nonmetals. (They really want to GAIN electrons.) Form salt
compounds with active metals. NaCl. MgCl2 KCl CaCl2
1. [ ] ns2 np6
2. 8 valence e-
4. Inert or nonreactive
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Periodic Trends
1. Atomic Radius: distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost
valence e- of an atom.
2. Ionic Radius: distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost
valence e- of an ion.
1. Atomic Radius
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-chemistry/section_12/f07b1af3eb2bc0e5cffb096bdfa3c5dd.jpg
a. What is the trend as you move from left to right across a period?
c. What is the trend as you move from top to bottom down a family?
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2. Ionic Radius
http://employees.csbsju.edu/cschaller/Principles%20Chem/ionics/PTionicradii.png
a. What is the trend as you move from left to right across a period?
Decreases until group IVA, then big increase. Then a decrease again.
c. What is the trend as you move from top to bottom down a family?
Increases, like atomic radii.
h. Copper forms two different cations; Cu2+, and Cu+. Which has a larger
radius?
3. Ionization Energy
http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/trends_ionization_energy_fig3.gif
http://www.avon-chemistry.com/p_table_ionization.jpg
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E. Examples of groups/ families with low ionization energy? Group IA, IIIA
(IIA has s2 and sort of wants to hang on to the filled s sublevel)
F. What is the trend in ionization energy as you move from left to right
across the periodic table? Increases; radius smaller, nucleus holding
tighter to valence e-s.
G. Successive Ionizations of Al
https://thomsonscience.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/screenshot-dataforionizationenergies-3rdperiod.png
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5. Write the reactions for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th ionizations:
2nd: Al+ + IE2 1e- + Al2+ 3s2
3 : Al + IE3 1e + Al
rd 2+ - 3+
3s1
4 : Al + IE4 1e + Al
th 3+ - 4+
2p6
6. Summary
In successive ionizations of an element, the largest jump in
energy occurs after: the last valence e has been removed
The large energy jump indicates: the e- comes from the stable
p6 core.
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group? Gets more positive. The more metallic the element, the
more it wants to lose electrons, the less it wants to take them.
5. Electronegativity
http://www.biog1445.org/media/Electronegativity_files/electroneg.increasing.gif
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