UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LAB MANUAL NO 3

(COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS AND

NETWORKING)
(CCN)

Submitted To:
Sir Shahid Ali Bhutta

Submitted By:
Faria Raghib
(20-CP-56)

DATED:

05/12/2022

Digital Signal Processing

Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TASKS

Build the following network in Packet Tracer:

Task 1:

Assign first 6 PC’s with class C addresses and last three with Class B addresses. Now
send packets using PDU tool from PC0 to PC3. Does the packet transmit?

Explanation:
No, packet is not transmit from PC0 to PC3 because of the difference in class address.
We assign class-C address to first 6 PC’s and class-B address to last three PC’s so
when we try to send packet from PC0 TO PC3, it would not be sent because for
transmission between different classes we need router.

Task 2:
Now assign all the PC’s with class C addresses and again send packets using PDU tool
from PC0 to PC3. Does this ping this time?

Digital Signal Processing

Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Explanation:
Yes, this ping this time. Because now all the PC’s have same class addresses that is
class-C so communication is possible between PC0 to PC3.

Task 3:
Using PDU tool, send the packets from PC6 to PC4 and observe the transmission of
switch and the hub. How they differ?

Digital Signal Processing

Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Explanation:

Hub and Switch are both network connecting devices. Hub work on the physical layer
while Switch work on the data link layer.
Transmission of switch is different from hub. First when we send packet from PC6 to
PC3, switch send it to every port connect to it and also second switch do the same and
when packet come to hub it also simply broadcast it but in second time when packet
goes back to the source again hub broadcast it but we observe here switch send it to
the required port i.e switch unicast this time and also first switch unicast packet to PC6..
So from this observation we can say that switch is an intelligent device as it send
message to selected destination except for the first case, for all the later cases both
switches unicast the packet. While hub is not an intelligent device as it send packet to
every port that is connected to it for every time.
Switch has a MAC table where it stores information about the other Ethernet interfaces
to which it is connected on a network. While hub doesn’t have any table to store this
MAC address.

Task 4:

Digital Signal Processing

Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Again using PDU tool, send packets to complete the MAC address tables of both the
switches. Also observe how the switches update their MAC tables .

Explanation:
Switch update its MAC table by recording the MAC address connected of each device
connected to each of its port. It use this information from the MAC address table to send
packet to any specified destined device.

ASSIGNMENT
Write a report (1-2 pages) on types of memories and interfaces in a router

Types Of Memories And Interfaces In A Router

Digital Signal Processing
Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MEMORY TYPES:
There are four main memory areas within a router.
1: Flash
2: RAM
3: ROM
4: NVRAM

FLASH MEMORY:
Flash memory is implemented using two Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) slots that
hold erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). Flash memory is used to
store and run the Cisco IOS software (the router’s operating system.). When a router is
powered down, the contents of Flash memory are not lost. However, its contents can be
upgraded by “flashing” the chip, not unlike one can do with a BIOS in the PC world.
While a router is running, the contents of Flash are set to a read-only mode.

Flash memory for a Cisco 2500 series router ranges in size from a minimum of 4MB up
to a maximum of 16MB.

RAM:
Random Access Memory represents the non-permanent or volatile working area of
memory on a Cisco router. When the router is powered down, the contents of RAM are
lost.

By default, RAM is broken up into two main areas – Main Processor Memory, and
Shared I/O Memory. Main Processor Memory is where the routing table, ARP tables,
and running configuration are stored. Shared I/O Memory is used as a buffer location for
temporarily storing packets prior to processing.

ROM:
In older Cisco router models, Read-Only Memory chips were used to store the IOS
software. In newer models, this is no longer the case. As mentioned previously, the IOS
image is now stored in Flash memory (it can also be stored on a TFTP server). ROM is
now used as the memory area from which a Cisco router begins the boot process, and

Digital Signal Processing

Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

is made up of a number of elements. These elements are implemented via microcode, a

set of programming instructions that are contained in ROM.

NVRAM:
Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory (NVRAM) is used as the storage location for the
router’s startup configuration file. After the router loads its IOS image, the settings found
in the startup configuration are applied. When changes are made to a router’s running
configuration, they should always be saved to the startup configuration (stored in
NVRAM) or they will be lost when the router shuts down. Remember that the running
configuration is stored in RAM, which is erased when the router is powered down. On a
Cisco 2500 series router, NVRAM is a relatively tiny 32KB in size.

INTERFACES IN A ROUTER
Following are the important interfaces types in a router.

ETHERNET:
Ethernet is typically Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3 based physical interface, which
operates at 10 Mbps speed.

FAST ETHERNET:
Fast Ethernet is typically Ethernet IEEE 802.3u standard based physical interface which
operates at 100 Mbps speed.

GIGA ETHERNET:
Gigabit Ethernet is typically Ethernet IEEE 802.3ab standard based physical interface
which operates at 1000 Mbps speed.

SERIAL:
Serial interfaces are typically used for WAN connections from ISP (Internet Service
Providers) for connectivity types like Frame Relay, T1, T3, etc.

TOKEN RING:
Token Ring interfaces can operate at either 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps. In Token Ring
networks a token is passed around the network (configured in ring topology), allowing
Digital Signal Processing
Session: -2020 Computer
 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

the owner of the token to transmit a frame, to avoid collision. Token Ring networks
vanished from networking industry long way back. New Cisco routers do not have a
Token Ring interface.

Digital Signal Processing

Session: -2020 Computer