COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

NIKOLAOS STERGIOULAS

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI
 Overview of Thermodynamics (I)
Heat capacities:
µ ¶ µ ¶
∆Q ∆Q
Cv = Cp =
∆T V ∆T p
(heat is not a state variable).
Internal Energy: Every equilibrium state is characterized by an
internal energy U=U(V,S), which is a state variable.
Given an amount of heat ∆ Q and work done W, the
change in internal energy is ∆ U = ∆ Q+W.
1st Law: For infinitesimal changes between equilibrium states:
¯ + dW = d̄Q − pdV
dU = dQ
3
Thermally ideal gas: U = U (T ) e.g. U = nRT (monatomic gas)
2
pV = nRT
S = S0 + CV ln T + R ln V
where n = amount of substance (number of moles)
R = universal gas constant = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
 Overview of Thermodynamics (II)

Entropy:
¯
dQ
dS = ⇒ dU = T dS − pdV
T

Enthalpy:

H = U + pV ⇒ dH = T dS + V dp

Helmholtz free energy:

F = U − TS ⇒ dF = −SdT − pdV
 Overview of Thermodynamics (III)
Formulation in terms of intensive variables:

V 1
v = = specific volume
m ρ
U
e = specific internal energy
m
S specific entropy
s =
m
H
h = = e + pv specific enthalpy
m
F
f = = e − Ts specific free energy
m
CV
cv = specific heat (at constant specific volume)
m
Cp
cp = specific heat (at constant pressure)
m
where m is the mass of the fluid or gas.
 Overview of Thermodynamics (IV)
Thermodynamic relations:
de = T ds − pdv
dh = T ds + vdp
df = −sdT − pdv

from which one can compute, e.g.

µ ¶
∂e
T =
µ
∂ s ¶v
∂h
cp =
∂T p

3 fundamental variables are needed, e.g.

p, v, T
p, v, e
p, v, s
e, v, s
etc.
 Overview of Thermodynamics (V)
Difference of specific heats:
cp − cv = R
where R
R=
w
m
w= = mean molecular weight
n
Thermally ideal gas EOS:

Equation of state: pv = RT ⇒ e = e(T )

c p = cp(T )
c v = cv (T )
cp
Define γ = γ(T ) = (ratio of specific heats)
cv
Then γR
cp =
γ −1
R
cv =
γ −1
 Overview of Thermodynamics (V)
Calorically ideal gas EOS:
For monatomic gases, we can assume that
cv = const., cp = const.
⇒ γ = const.
e = cv T
Then, the equation of state becomes:
p = (γ − 1)ρe Exercise 1
For polyatomic gases, cv etc. depend on T.
Covolume EOS:
At large densities, the volume occupied by molecules is no longer
negligible and there is a reduction in the volume available for
molecular motion. Then:
(γ − 1)ρe
p(v − b) = RT and p =
1 − bρ
where b = covolume (m3 g-1).
 Overview of Thermodynamics (V)
Speed of sound:
và !
u
u ∂p
p = p(ρ, s) ⇒ vs = t
∂ρ s

s
p ∂p ∂p
p = p(ρ, e) ⇒ vs = +
ρ2 ∂e ∂ρ

Examples:
s
q γ(T )p
pv = RT ⇒ vs = γ(T )RT =
ρ
s
γp
p = (γ − 1)ρe ⇒ vs =
ρ
s
(γ − 1)ρe γp
p= ⇒ vs =
1 − bρ (1 − bρ)ρ