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Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions


4.0 International”. https://www.immae.eu/cours/

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$ % ! &

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, #

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'( & ϕ [ ]→ +
= / < ### < = ' ϕ
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[ ] #

ε [ ] ) [ ] ∞
#
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#
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] + [ = /## − ϕ = = + −
=/

2 ∈ [ ] ≤ ≤ − ∞

1!
& ε [ ] → !! .#
$ ∞

∀ϕ ∈ ε [ ] ϕ ≤ − ϕ ∞

$ ε [ ] → &! !
3 # !! ! ε [ ] [ ]

! ! &! ! ! '
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% 0 =

- !
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&#

. ! & ! & #
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≤ #

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0 = 45* 6 3

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& !
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= ≠/ = ]− ∞ − [ ]− [ ] +∞[ #
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& '( = ϕ #ϕ #
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#

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+
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= ϕ#
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− "
# = "
4 E! -4
" =/ "J
= −# -4

$ !
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* ' ' $ ∈ M L#
∈ { − ∈ } M L#
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" =/ "J
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− J

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∀ ∈ ≤
J ∞

I
" & ,

- ! - 4 5<
* −
[ ] & ] [ +

− "

∈] [ ' = − "
=
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∀ ∈M Lϕ = + − + ### + +
J + J
0 ' ϕ = ),)
+ J −
= +
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− J
$ ϕ M L ] [ ϕ =ϕ = #
+ ∈] [ ' ϕ =/#
∈] [
ϕ = − + − − − + ###
=/

− + −
+ −
J J

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( +
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< &! -4 5N
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ϕ # !
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+
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/
+
− .

= + − + + ### + +η
+
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.
η # ! − +
# − +.

9! '
% & !=! ! !
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α α
= − + ### + − +ε
β
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β+
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- ! - 4 5N

' ≥ '
& #$ ! ! !
− "
=# + + − = "
+ − #
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