TUTORIAL 4

QUESTION 1
Explain the difference between ‘incident’, ‘accident’ and ‘near miss’.

Incidents - It is an instance of something happening, an event or occurrence.

Accidents - It is an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally,
typically resulting in damage or injury.
Near miss – This is a narrowly avoided accident.

QUESTION 2
Explain the four steps of conducting training for workers.

1. Assessment stage
The training process begins with identifying the need and assessing whether training
is required. Once it had been decided that training is needed, the organization will
need to identify those skills or competencies that need reinforcement. Usually,
training is determined based on skills, attitude or a knowledge gap

2. Development stage
Once the organization has decided that training is needed and identified essentials
skills and competencies that require reinforcement, the development stage now
focuses on creating training and content. Whether it is determining the appropriate
environment for the training or getting the right training tools, the development stage
is where all the planning activities are carried out.

3. Delivery stage
Next is delivery stage. It is usually an overlooked phase, but an essential one because
without implementing whatever was planned, the organization will not meet its goals
or objectives. Ideally, this is the phase where the organization needs to conduct actual
training. Some factors will come into play; to determine how the training will be
delivered. These factors may include individual style, demographics, training
intervention, etc.
 4. Evaluation stage
This is the last stage of training. It is meant to reflect on the training outcome and
suggests ways to improve future training programs. Were there any challenges or
pluses that can help them improve on how they can improve the training process?
Were there any foreseen risks that happened? Did you achieve your goals and
objectives? These are some of the questions that will make you better conduct a future
training process.

QUESTION 3
Explain the difference between direct cost and indirect costs of an accident.

Direct cost - Direct costs are expenses you can link to a specific project, item, service, or
expense category. They may be quicker to trace back to the cost object. Direct costs include
material costs, labor costs and equipment costs. Direct costs mean the same thing as out-of-
pocket expenses, meaning the company pays for these expenses from its cash reserves before
collecting any revenue from customers.
Indirect cost – Indirect cost are expenses you cannot link to a specific product or service.
These include rent, utilities, and administrative expenses, such as office supplies and salaries.
Indirect costs mean the same thing as overhead thing as overhead costs. These costs may take
a long time to trace because they include payments to other department or people and do not
have a connection to production activities.

QUESTION 4
State the three principles of accident prevention according to Heinrich.
 Creation and maintenance of active interest in safety.
 Fact finding.
 Corrective action based on those facts.

QUESTION 5
State the legal requirements that requires incident to be investigated and reported.

 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994 (ACT 514).

This Act is named the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. The provisions of
this Act shall be in addition to, and not diminish, the provisions of any other written law
relating to the safety and health of employees. In the event of any discrepancy or
inconsistency between the provisions of this Act and any other written law on occupational
safety and health, the provisions of this Act shall prevail, and the conflicting or inconsistent
provisions of such other written law shall, to the extent of such discrepancy or inconsistency,
be construed as a substitute.

QUESTION 6
Explain briefly the corrective action. Give relevant example in your answer.

Deciding on what actions to take after an incident should be a thoughtful process. While you
need to act promptly, don’t rush. Create your action plan knowing that your solutions may
not be permanent, but with the goal that they will be. To determine appropriate corrective
actions, investigate the incident’s root cause. Then, decide which actions could reasonably
eliminate the causes. As example, redesigning or replacing equipment that make you
uncomfortable.

QUESTION 7
What is the purpose of incident investigation? And who should perform an incident
investigation in the workplace.

Health and safety personnel get a bit of a rough ride when it comes to reputation. They are
often seen as being killjoys and sticklers for the rules, but there is a very good reason for that.
In fact, it takes a special sort of person to be able to work in health and safety. Least of all,
they need to have an absolute dedication to ensuring the safety of everyone around them.
Incident investigations are often conducted by a supervisor, but to be most effective, these
investigations should include managers and employees working together, since each bring
different knowledge, understanding and perspectives to the investigation.

QUESTION 8
A motorbike accident occurred at a logistic company. The accident involved a
despatch boy with 5 years' work experience who broke his right leg. The accident
occurred because the despatch boy rides his motorcycle too fast and hit a car at an
entrance of a shop lot. Investigation found that the despatch boy had to do extra trips
to deliver items because of short of staffs. Loss causation model (Domino theory) is
the main theory that is used in the incident investigation. Draw a diagram to represent
the Loss Causation Model for the incident.
Lack of Control
(Management)

Fault of a Person

Physical Hazards

Accident

Injury or Damage