Final year project report for the year 2022-2023

ABSTRACT
The cement industry is the primary source of environmental pollution because it
consumes a large amount of energy in production and emits a large amount of co2, which
contributes to global warming. To mitigate these effects, cement is partially substituted
with a blending of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) to produce a ternary blended
concrete mix. And over the last several decades, extensive research in concrete
technology has been conducted around the world to find alternative materials that can
partially or completely replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and can also meet the
requirements of strength and durability aspects.
For the study, ternary blends such as (FA+SF), in which 30% of cement is replaced by
ternary blends in different portions such as (30+0), (25+5), (20+10), (15+15), (10+20),
(5+25) and (0+30), in the present experimental investigation workability characteristics of
compaction factor, and Vee-Bee degree are determined. And strength, tensile strength,
flexural strength on concrete with ternary blend is found.

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Final year project report for the year 2022-2023

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Portland concrete is the most commonly used material for construction of built
infrastructure worldwide over the past several decades, number of research work is in
progress throughout the globe in concrete technology in finding alternative materials
which can partially or fully replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and which can also
meet the requirements of strength and durability aspects.

Cement production is associated with a significant in the cement industry’s absolute

energy use and the production of PC consumes energy and leads to release of
carbon dioxide.

Fig.1.1 silica fume

Fig.1.2 Fly ash

The addition of waste materials into construction product for roads, buildings and
different infrastructure is amongst the commonly proposed beneficial application,
besides decreasing the degree of waste disposed in landfills; this act reduces the
utilization of naturally mined minerals, thus, reducing the footprint and impact of
the construction industry on the natural environment.

Silica fume and Fly ash are proven to improve the properties of concrete,
particularly; the use of silica fume results in significant increase in compressive
strength and other properties of concrete, silica fume have lead to providing a very
high strength.

Fly ash is derived from burning pulverized coal in an electric generating power
plant. SF is derived from smelting process in silicon and ferrosilicon industry.

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Final year project report for the year 2022-2023

1.1 GENERAL

In recent years the utilization of industrial by products is gaining momentum with

increasing environmental awareness and its likely hazardous effects. Science
recognizes the Earth as a closely linked human-environment system and recognizes
that our progress as human being is actually undermined by the means we have
chosen to achieve it. Concrete has a tremendous influence on the environment
science the majority of its composition is cement, which is material that emits high
level of carbon dioxide. It is possible for concrete construction to have a lower
impact on the environment if the usage of cement is reduced as much as possible by
the addition of mineral admixture such as fly ash, silica fume, without sacrificing
the durability standards at the same time.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess industrial waste as a substitute for cement
2. To determine strength properties of concrete M25 grade with addition of
silica fume and fly ash.

3. To reduce co2 and carbon footprint by non conventional cement

4. To avoid contamination of landfill by industrial waste

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. Industrial waste such as silica fume, fly ash is being used as supplementary
cement replacement materials are used a pozzolanic materials in concrete.
2. To reduce the green gas emission and to safe the land
3. It requires a proper mixing proportion for the development of high strength,
high performance concrete which may not possible manually. So it need
some global optimization techniques to develop the desired results with
greater accuracy and time saving.

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Final year project report for the year 2022-2023

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. MD.SAFIUDDIN, M.F.M.ZAIN: EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME AND FLY ASH

ON THE PROPERTIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of silica fume and fly ash on the
fresh and hardened properties of high performance concrete. Silica fume and fly ash
were incorporated separately and jointly in different concrete mixtures. The
individual and combined effects of silica fume and fly ash were monitored with
respect to various fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Test results reveal that
silica fume performed very well to improve the properties of high performance
concrete. Silica fume contributed to provide the highest level of compressive
strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity and pulse velocity. In addition, silica fume
produced the lowest level of initial surface absorption and drying rate, and thus
indicated good durability. In contrast, fly ash alone could not contribute
significantly to improve the properties of high performance concrete. However,
silica fume and fly ash jointly improved the fresh and hardened properties of
concrete.

2. JEONG-EUN KIM ET.AL: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENERGY

EFFICIENT CONCRETES MADE WITH BINARY, TERNARY, AND
QUATERNARY CEMENTITIOUS BLENDS OF FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE
SLAG, AND SILICA FUME

Aim of this paper is when the energy performance of concrete is substantially higher than
that of normal type concrete, such concrete is regarded as energy efficient concrete
(WBSCSD 2009). An experimental study was conducted to investigate mechanical
properties of energy efficient concrete with binary, ternary and quaternary admixture at
different curing ages. Slump test for workability and air content test were performed on
fresh concretes. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength was made on hardened
concrete specimens. The mechanical properties of concrete were compared with predicted
values by ACI 363R-84 Code, NZS 3101-95 Code, CSA A23.3-94 Code, CEB-FIP
Model, EN 1991, EC 2-02, AIJ Code, JSCE Code, and KCI Code. The use of silica fume
increased the compressive strengths, splitting tensile strengths, modulus of elasticity’s

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Final year project report for the year 2022-2023

and Poisson’s ratios. On the other hand, the compressive strength and splitting tensile
strength decreased with increasing fly ash.

3. A.M. FALMATA ET.AL: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING

HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE WITH FLY ASH AND SILICA FUME

This paper presents the results of experimental work on the mechanical properties of self-
compacting high-performance concrete (SCHPC) containing fly ash (FA) and silica fume
(SF). The paper focused on the feasibility of substituting the ordinary Portland cement
with waste supplementary cementing materials to decrease the abundant disposal of FA
likewise improving the mechanical properties of SCHPC. Six (6) different mixes were
made with 0%, 25%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 75% cement replacement by FA and SF. Test
on fresh concrete such as Slump flow, L-Box, and V-funnel was conducted to assess the
fresh properties of SCHPC. The mechanical properties evaluated were development of
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and static modulus of elasticity. The
results of slump flow, passing ability, and viscosity indicate that it satisfacted the
requirement of the Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete.
Maximum compressive strength of 79.73 Mpa was obtained by 25% PC; 65% FA; 10%
SF at 28 days and the cement content of this mixture is only 146.88 kg/m3. The splitting
tensile strength of SCHPC at the age of 28 days increases from 4.84 to 5.86 Mpa, while
the static modulus of elasticity values ranges between 64,685 Mpa to 86,676 Mpa. The
results indicated that there is a synergy between FA and SF that can provide good
alternative to produce SCHPC with smaller cement content and improved mechanical
properties

4. MIEN VAN TRAN VINH NGOC CHAU: MASS CONCRETE PLACEMENT

OF THE OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE FOUNDATION: A STATISTICAL
APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE THE USE OF FLY ASH AND SILICA FUME

The experimental program investigated concrete with a large amount of fly ash (FA) with
silica fume (SF) to replace Portland cement on the results of semi-adiabatic test,
compressive strength test, and the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT). The
replacement ratios of cement by a combination of FA and SF were 30%, 35%, and 40%
by mass. The percentages of SF to replace cement were 0%, 4%, and 8% by mass. Three
different water-to-binder ratios (W/B) of 0.34, 0.36, and 0.38 were also investigated.
Multiple linear regressions were applied to construct the predicted equations (models) for
the semi-adiabatic temperature rise test and the compressive strength test. Models were

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assessed statistically and were used to solve the concrete mixture design optimization
problems. The mixture with W/B of 0.36, 31% FA, and 5% SF was found to optimally
satisfy the multi-objective problem: 28-day compressive strength of 50 Mpa, low heat of
hydration, and very low chloride penetrability classification. Field test on the actual wind
turbine foundation of the optimal mixture revealed the maximum temperature rise was
74.8 °C and the maximum temperature differential was 21.9 °C

5. YATHEESHKUMAR DR.K.B PRAKASH: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

TERNARY BLENDED HYBRID FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

he present experimental investigation workability characteristics of fresh concrete as

measured from slump test, compaction factor, Vee-Bee degree and flow table test are
determined. And strength parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength,
flexural strength, shear strength and impact strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete
with different ternary blends are found. Also near surface characteristics such as water
absorption and sorptivity are determined

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS AND PARAMETERS:

An ordinary Portland cement of strength 42.5MPA and specific gravity of 3.15 used to
produce non conventional ternary blended cement concrete. Replacement of cement by
10% of SF improves tensile strength, silica fume contribute to produce the higher level of
compressive strength, and here we are increasing FA from 0% to 75% to replace cement.
Using natural river sand for the mixture with relative density water absorption of 2.65
kg/m3 and 1.15%. Well graded 10mm aggregate with relative density and water
absorption value of 2.66 kg/m3 and 1.0% used as coarse aggregate, six different mixes
comprising of 0%, 25%, 40%, 50%. Replacement of cement by FA at 10% constant
replacement of SF, water binder ratio fixed at 0.35.

Proposed mix proportion

(PC+FA+SF)

(PC100%+FA25%+SF0%)

(PC65%+FA20%+SF5%)

(PC50%+FA15%+SF10%)

(PC40%+FA10%+SF15%)

(PC30%+FA5%+SF20%)

(PC25%+FA0%+SF25%)

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3.2 FLOW CHART

Fig 3.2 flow chart of methodology

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