CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and discusses a variety of journals, books, and studies relevant to

the researcher’s topic. A review of related literature is a short assessment of earlier research on a

certain issue.

The current section aims to make learning references from archived research or

experimentation to make such information available for reference and further studies, the rest of

the scholarly world is about to conduct. Citing studies that show substantial agreement and those

that present conflicting conclusions helps to sharpen and define the understanding of existing

knowledge in the problem area provides a background for the research project and makes the

reader aware of the status of the issue.

The researcher logically discusses all related literature based on their themes. Synthesis

and concise explanation of the relevance of the texts to the research topic is also provided in the

latter part of chapter 2. Only those studies that are relevant, competently executed, and clearly

reported should be included.

Related literatures of Civil Society organizations function as to Service Delivery:

CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS: THE CASE OF NGOS IN

BOTSWANA

Project: Privatization in Botswana: The demise of a developmental state?

Mothusi, (2019)

The spread of the democratic dispensation paved the way for independent actors from the civil

society such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to take part in the public policy. These

independent actors collaborate with governments in the governance of state affairs. The

increasing populace as well as the impact of CSOs at national local and community levels, has

resulted in NGOs becoming important actors to reckon with in issues of governance. The

involvement of both local and international NGOs public policy making processes lessened as

the government became more bureaucratic. NGOs serve as representatives of people in

various constituencies. These include individuals from different sectors of the economy and

ordinary citizens , prioritizing the marginalized. They usually advocate for the betterment

and openness with the public interests they are raising such as the importance of their right to be

involved in the policy process at any level. The engagement of NGOs in the policy process in

the country depends on certain reasons such as the skills and the capacity of the NGOs to

influence the policy process as well as the opportunities afforded by public officials in the

stages of the process. The additional amendment and corrections in the development discourse

and existing laws also affect the participation of NGOs in the policy process.
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ROLES AND STRATEGIES OF CIVIL SOCIETY

ORGANISATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF PLANACT IN

JOHANNESBURG

Kapundu, A. (2017)

The emergence of civil society organizations is vital to a country’s development as it connects

the communication gap between the civil society and the state government organizations and

local units. Civil society organization helps for the development of the society, by providing

access to the people in the industries that need state intervention like poverty reduction and

human rights protection. It also contributes to policy making, good governance and

accountability, by providing the voice for the community/people that they are representing, to

become involved with the process of the policies that the state is creating. In addition, It also

promotes participation and assists in education and training. Furthermore, these organizations

use forums, awareness campaigns and empowerment as strategies to promote development and

engagement of the citizens in the community. However, it has found out that the organization

faces challenges because of limited funding. It was noted that civil society organizations should

adopt a higher priority in development planning and practice and should allow the participation

of poor people in the development process. CSOs have great responsibilities within communities

and their members because they ensure that they create a space where the voices of the

vulnerable can be heard as well as advocate for change of unfavorable development policies that

can affect their members. Therefore, the role of civil society organizations in aiding development

in particular, cannot be overemphasized and has been demonstrated in what they do in the

community. Civil society organizations are vital as they create a space for the building of identity

in a society where people feel vulnerable and have little control over the things that affect them.
These organizations and their projects can only employ strong civic consciousness and social

cohesion with the proper support of the government for it.

Partnering with Civil Society Organizations. The role of volunteers and not for profit

organizations in the provision of welfare services

Vigano, F. and Ciriec, A (2019)

CSOs create a bridge between the local government unit and active citizens, which is somehow

derived from political and economic nature. In a third sector lens, CSOs are contributing in

devising welfare services, by facilitating the extension of the public interest and turning it into

the accumulation and raise of social capitals. CSOs have a distinguished identity between Social

and Solidarity of the society that unleash the significance on why we need to foster the process

of effective democracy, socio-economic integration, and development. With the virtue of these

process, CSOs can instrumentalize these by pursuing goals of different nature like alleviating the

negative things of restrictive fiscal policy, aiming to make public finance more providing, that

offers a skill-enhancing workplace and job for those unemployed. Lastly, CSOs might persuade

people to engage with the activities of their local government in achieving and responding to the
needs, aspiration and goal of the public interest, by providing information and implementing

projects that are equally distributed at a local scale

The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the Public Financial Management Process of Sub-

nationals in Nigeria

Project: Sovereign Wealth Funds and Economic development in Africa

Kerekkum, L. & Kingsley, N. (2022)

According to Kerekkum & Kingsley (2022), the structure of the CSO is one of the key things for

its inclusion and participation in the public financial management process. With this

contribution, it creates an entrenchment within the state of a country, making them more

accountable and transparent. With the information asymmetry that the CSO’s have, it can inform

the citizens within the published reports and data associated with the fiscal policy making and

lobbying of funds. Through this dissemination of information, it gains the citizen’s feedback and

engagement about the said projects, which makes it more transparent. CSO’s involvement in
these public policy making is a win-win situation for the state and the citizens as it urges the

public officials to become accountable with public funds, and being true to themselves and with

the platforms they had proposed when they were still campaigning. involvement in the public

financial management process is generally desirable because it forces elected officials to be

more accountable with public funds and also ensures better execution of government projects.

Civil society organizations and participatory local governance in Pakistan: An exploratory study

Volume12, Issue3

Pages 158-168
Rosilawati, Y. and Rafique, Z (et. al) (2018)

According to the study conducted by Rosilawati and Rafique (et.al), civil society organizations

are providing holistic and improved ways to ensure participatory governance. These CSOs have

affected the decisions, projects and policies that the state is creating, in accordance with its

citizen’s needs. Therefore, their role against the backdrop of their involvement in mobilizing

citizens involvement and influencing decision-making in Pakistan calls for commendation. But it

found out that the effectiveness of CSOs is very low due to various institutional and political

constraints. Motivations for CSOs in seeking citizen involvement have been instrumental in

nature rather than motivated by participatory principles.

Leaving no one behind? The influence of civil society participation on the Sustainable

Development Goals

Volume 38, Issue 4

https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654419884330

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654419884330

Sénit, C. (2019)

According to Senit, C, (2019), civil society organizations have a significant impact in preventing

some issues from being negotiated and in fostering a culture of citizen participation in the

policymaking of their locality's sustainable development. While confirming previous research,

this article provides an original argument to explain influence by focusing on the role of the

participatory space, and reveals a reverse correlation between civil society influence and

inclusive, democratic global policymaking. The study found that when civil society actors

engage in informal participatory spaces, they have a greater chance of influencing others.

However, these are the most exclusive spaces, to which highly organized, professionalized civil

society actors have preferential access over the resourceless. While this research sheds light on

the conditions under which civil society's capabilities result in influence, more research is
required to provide a detailed analysis of the relationships between the format of the

participatory space, the types of influence exercised, and their differential effectiveness. Given

that civil society influence is positively correlated with elitism, what changes could be made to

benefit the inclusion of a broader sample of actors in global norm production? Using democratic

elitism theories, both democratization and influence could still be achieved by democratizing

civil society itself. This could include, for example, periodic elections to ensure elite renewal in

which both institutionalized (NGOs) and non-institutionalized actors (social movements and

citizens) could participate. Furthermore, this could include the creation and strengthening of

mechanisms to ensure accountability between civil society elites and their grassroots. Addressing

the democratic deficits that pervade civil society would improve its capacity to perform its

functions, including the coproduction of global norms, and would eventually contribute to the

democratization of global politics.

The role, risks and challenges of CSOs fighting corruption

Module 10: Citizen Participation in Anti-Corruption Efforts
United Nations on Drugs and Crime (2017)
CSOs usually considered as an independent private sector that fight against despotism and

other power grab abuses by the political leaders. With the use of the new digital age of

technology, CSOs have become more bolder and worldwide regulation of corruption in both

national or regional global levels. It also plays a vital position in economic, social, and

environmental issues and have an increasing influence on global governance issues. To conduct

the roles under this position, CSO operates as a democratic and heterogenous institutions that
advocates education, cultural preservation, and anti-corruption using education, monitoring,

awareness, research, advocacy, organizing and mobilization. With these activities, CSOs can

hold pressure to the government and its officials to become more accountable and transparent in

taking measures to fight corruption. However, despite that CSO as an anti-corruption driver, it

cannot be taken the fact the CSO and individuals involved in the anti-corruption campaign are

usually being threatened, harassed and harmed by the powerful oligarchs. There are also rare

cases that CSOs is the corrupted agencies themselves. This is because most civil society projects

are funded by foreign aid programs that attract donors to support their organization and its

process. By which, is the way for them to maximize the ideals and projects that these CSO is

upholding. This might also overt a corruptive act, as the donors and the recipient itself may

become liable. Moreover, some CSOs allegedly reported that they do not give citizens immediate

and concrete reasons to be involved like public utilities and services, but rather justifying their

bad behaviour in reiterating the notion of "better governance" or "a better society for all", with

the funds they are corrupting. Chayes (2015) also cited that this is a very common scenario in

transitional and third world countries that are still in the process of establishing democracy or

strengthening it. The donors of these CSO are hooked with the idea of self-promoting activism

with this CSO, whose very promising in pledging projects and outcomes that the donors are

expected them to do so, However, the goal of these CSOs might not always to strengthen

democracy, but rather to graft funds. Because of this, citizens have loosened their faith in these

CSOs as they sometime perceive it as “ghost institutions”, hunting for donations, or if not,

citizens often see the projects of these civil society as undermining their rights and interest.
Related Literature based on the Civil Society Organization function as to MONITORING

Chapter Title: Citizen Participation and Decentralization in the Philippines

Book Title: Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia

Book Editor(s): Ward Berenschot, Henk Schulte Nordholt and Laurens Bakker

Porio, E (2017)

According to Porio, E., (2017), the 1989 constitution gives civil societies a more lenient role in

policy development. As a result of these changes, citizens have become more vocal and involved

in the governance of the state and local government units. Some studies, however, contend that

these civil societies also strengthened the allies of traditional elites (trapos), who are mostly

known for their involvement in corruption. Many CSO leaders assess the prevalence of CSOs

and their relationship with clientelistic and predatory practices of political elites through law

reforms and active citizen engagement with these civic societies. That the mobilization and

engagement of these civil societies are pondering the trapos power in maintaining their political

dominance. That the participation of the people with these CSO does not result in the

decentralization of power, instead they are actually creating new platforms for these political

dynasties to gain local support, and cementing their powerful positions. For this reason, most of

the new breed of Filipino trapos have already connected themselves in different civil societies

through implementing their local programs and partnering with these CSOs to execute these

projects. With this function, mayors and other government officials established an accountable

look and participatory-empowering administration. This can result in this CSO to weaken. What

can be done is to create networked governance practices, by giving the civil societies a role in

the local governance, and an access to the fiscal and statutory functions of the government, in
exchange for political support for other elections. By doing so, these politicians will be pushed to

create legal and real alliances with civil societies and the private sector, so they can engage in

half of the policy making in implementing certain local projects. As seen in the above case

studies, the relationships and patterns of engagement between both government and non-

government actors have indeed become more decentralized, transparent, consultative and

participatory. Some Civil society leaders are using their local prominence to support the election

campaign of the mayor and mobilize people to attend rallies and ceremonies during these

campaigns.Thus, these collaborative arrangements and negotiations have increased the capacity

of some civil society groups to shape the implementation of government programmes by gaining

the trust of the citizens with these campaigns, to also participate with its local policies.

The Power of Access to Information: How Involving Civil Society in

Afghanistan Could Support Sustainable Transparency and Accountability to Fight

Corruption, 4 Indon. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 317

Obaidy, Z. (2017).

Civil society organizations engagement is vital in order to increase transparency and

accountability. By educating citizens and helping them to exercise their rights by being engaged
in policy making with the public institutions and government agencies by providing their basic

needs and personal information about the matter. Finally, since the CSOS already established a

trust within the citizens, it will next implement the access of the people to this information and

laws in order for them to be efficient whenever they will use that project, and to also bring

convenience within the governmental process such as solicitation etc, as a sign of transparency

and accountability. This openness that the CSOs are creating with the citizens, will build a trust

for these Government institutions to provide information to the public in return, as a sign of an

active public service. public enables the public to take an active role in public affairs. Good

governance happens if public participation between both the state and the society is improved,

and people can feel that they are heard and their sentiments are being solicited by the

government in its decision and policy making process. Civil society organizations are the best

sector to inform the public by instilling awareness and motivating them to exercise their rights.

Educating citizens, mobilizing the public, and encouraging people to participate is the core

efforts of CSOs in fighting corruption. Civil society organizations can educate citizens and

mobilize them for an endless participation, and a continuous dialogue between the states. CSOs'

educational programs also help link the gap between people and government. Without educating

the public about their rights and making them understand what is happening in public

institutions, it is difficult to maintain the veil of secrecy. The experience from such initiatives

showed that similar efforts make a real change in increasing transparency and Accountability.

The more people who are aware of their rights and what is going on in public institutions, the

more opportunities they will have to participate in decision-making and the less chance of

corruption. In addition to educating people on how to exercise their rights, civil society

organizations can assist people in filing requests. Civil society intervention to educate people
and assist them in filing requests is the only way to close this gap. raise public awareness to

exercise their rights, access information from public institutions and make it easy for citizens to

understand, and assist people in filing projects or programs that they believe they are not

capable of.

GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 2, February 2019, Online: ISSN 2320-9186

www.globalscientificjournal.com PARTICIPATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN

PUBLIC POLICY MAKING IN ETHIOPIA: AN OVERVIEW

Sewenet- Yigzaw, G (2017)

Various actors in the society such as CSOs, has the right to hold participation in public policy

creation. However, the absence of proactive civil society organizations, combined with passive

legislatures that are only signing laws, reduces the citizen’s duty in the policy making. This is

because, they are hurdled by legal and political constraints, as well as lack of funds to support

and the cheer of the government itself in carrying out those projects. As a result, government and

political party-supplemented CSOs have dominated the participation in public policy process in

the country. With this being said, the state of Ethiopia must include the interest of its constituents

even without the CSO, because the quality of the decision they will implement will only be

effective if it consists of diversity of ideas coming from different disposition of its citizens. In

order for them to promote equal right to access public resources. And with these CSOs, the state
can finally see the diversity and the various opinions of their citizens, without being selective,

rather be inclusive.

The Role of Civil Society Organizations in the Public Financial Management of Ghana.

Antwi-Boasiakoa, J and Nkrumaha, G. (2018)

CSOs role in the public financial process are narrowed into five themes. These are clustered into

two types of roles, which are the non-auditing and auditing. On auditing roles, civil society

organizations monitor government expenses, creates, and follow up reports and analysis. They

participate by persuading citizens to share their thoughts in controlling over these priority

setting, resource distribution, policy-making and access to public products and services.

Meanwhile, the non-auditing roles, makes CSOs involved in the strategic planning stage and in

the budgeting stage of the public procurement management process. These civil society

organizations represent their group of citizens to be represented, in making a stand into the

public policy process that will reflect and respond to their needs and ideas. They interact with

their people by conducting research on the local units, which consist of the questions or topics

associated with the citizen’s needs, in order for them to feel relevant and persuade them in

participating with the process and proposing reports people's directives and presenting it to the

government agencies that can respond to their needs. It also contends that the participation of

CSO’s engagement in the policy process is for the benefit of the common good, as being a

democratic country, citizens and civil society organizations have the right to participate directly

in fiscal policy and nation-building. Civil society organizations participate in the formulation by
proposing projects, setting priorities, and helping to decide which projects should be funded and

which stakeholders must be the beneficiary of the project. Civil society organizations are also

publishing contract analysis in the monitoring and evaluation of public finances. In conclusion,

CSOs should be lauded and integrated for their involvement with the policy process.. By doing

so, they will take their duty more of an obligation, rather than responsibility. Moreso, it will

empower them to work freely without any form of compensation, interference discrimination and

intimidation from state institutions.

FOLLOWING THE MONEY ISN’T ENOUGH: HOW CIVIL

SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE ACCOUNTABILITY

FOR CLIMATE ADAPTATION FINANCE

NISHA KRISHNAN (2020)

CSOs role in policy making is focused on the participative public decision making, and

monitoring of resource allocation. These practices inhibit social accountability, transparency

and responsiveness that are vital to improve governance and public service. CSO also power

citizen by providing access to information and opportunities in participating on public policies

such as sound and fiscal managements. The effectiveness of the social accountability steps and

official in the government are heavily influenced by the local and political decision-making

systems and structures. As being inherently less powerful than the government, CSOs gain

influence by partnering with other stakeholders and sectors in executing certain decision-makers

in their campaigns; There are concerted efforts to build CSOs’ capacities to play these social

accountability roles. Most of the time, these projects are building CSOs’ function to research,

scrutinize, create networks, and advocate on sectoral or national issues from health, general

budgetary policies, health, and even environmental protection. By this, the citizens awareness

within this issues has been relive, promoting direct and constructive conversation of this issues

between citizens and local administration officials, and enabled them to raise this concern to the

attention of higher administration officials for an action. Because of CSOs, the improvements of

this project has been instrumentalize for long-term period.

CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT IN IMPLEMENTING DOMESTIC TAX POLICY A

SYNTHESIS OF RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS

Fischer, T. Kumar, A and Levine R. (2021)

The role of civil society organizations is about contributing towards more transparent,

accountable, and equitable administration of taxes. It has been identified that CSOs have 4 roles

which are: fostering awareness and transparency, mobilizing taxpayers, facilitating

participation, and engaging with state actors. CSOs could play a key role in increasing taxpayer

awareness on taxation and the link between taxes and expenditure, by creating projects and

seminars that have the same goal. CSOs' successes in building coalitions with a diverse set of

actors to mobilize taxpayers on tax administration issues. Civil society organizations require

higher than traditional levels of flexibility to be able to react effectively to narrow windows of

political opportunity, and make it more visible and reachable with the citizens itself. CSOs may
be inhibited from engaging in accountability activities due to the inherent political risks involved

in holding governments accountable.

Enhancing the Role of Civil Society Organizations in Public Education Sector Monitoring

and Accountability.

Kobia, D and Sikoyo, L. (2021)

The study of Kobia, D and Sikoyo, L. (2021) states that CSO are efficiently monitor during the

implementation and formulation of the policies and programs for the public, and sets a standard

for its accountability and transparency. This is being done in response to the issues that the

marginalized and vulnerable sectors are experiencing, in accessing basic human rights such as

access to education. The study also discovered that the resources, access to data and

information, government policy, capacity, civic space, and regulatory frameworks are the factors

that stabilize the relationship between the influencing government policy and civil society

actions.