249

On the squeeze film lubrication of rough short porous

partial journal bearings with micropolar fluids
N B Naduvinamani1∗ , S Santosh2 , and A Siddanagouda3
1
Department of Mathematics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
2
Government First Grade College, Shahapur, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Appa College of Engineering and Technology, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India

The manuscript was received on 5 May 2009 and was accepted after revision for publication on 20 July 2009.
DOI: 10.1243/13506501JET670

Abstract: In this article, a theoretical study of the effect of surface roughness on the squeeze
film characteristics of short porous partial journal bearing lubricated with micropolar fluids is
made. The modified averaged Reynolds equation accounting for the randomized surface rough-
ness structure is mathematically derived. The Christensen stochastic theory of hydrodynamic
lubrication of a rough surface is used to study the effect of two types of one-dimensional (1D)
surface roughness on the squeeze film characteristics of a short porous partial journal bearing
with micropolar fluid. It is assumed that the roughness asperity heights are small compared to
the film thickness. It is observed that the transverse surface roughness pattern improves the
squeeze film characteristics, whereas the squeeze film bearing performance is affected due to
the presence of 1D longitudinal surface roughness. These effects are more pronounced for the
micropolar fluids.

Keywords: porous, partial journal bearings, squeeze films, micropolar fluids, surface roughness

1 INTRODUCTION For these installations, the bearings operate under

Self-lubricated porous journal bearings have been
widely used in industrial applications. Porous bear-
ings are usually made from compressed and sintered
metal powders (bronze, iron, and stainless steel). The
sintering process produces a porous structure that can
absorb lubricating oil. With the relative motion of the
journal and a bearing, the oil in the pores comes out
to lubricate the bearing and returns into pores when
it stops. In some applications, a copious oil supply is
available for lubrication because oil is fed externally
under pressure to the porous bearings. There are two
possible porous bearings installations viz:
(a) the installations in which porous bearings are
lubricated only by the oil initially within their
structure;
(b) the installations in which porous bearings receive
subsequent lubrication from the external sources.
∗ Corresponding author: Department of Mathematics, Gulbarga
University, Sedam Road, Gulbarga, Karnataka 585106, India.
email: naduvinamaninb@yahoo.co.in
boundary or starved lubrication conditions. Porous
bearings have been studied by several investigators
[1–5] under the assumption that a copious supply of
oil exists for lubrication. These studies revealed that
porous bearings have a finite load-carrying capacity.
With the use of porous materials, the production tech-
nique of the bearing system is simplified, its cost is
lowered, and service life is lengthened. The applica-
tions of porous bearings can be found in audiovisual
equipment, domestic electrical appliances, automo-
bile electrical components, oil pipes, water pumps,
etc. Another advantage of porous bearings is that they
require no exterior oil supply once the bearing with its
porous material impregnated with oil is installed.
The theoretical study of bearings has become more
and more realistic due to the consideration of many
physical effects such as the non-Newtonian charac-
ter of the lubricants and the surface roughness effects.
When the size of the surface asperity height is of the
same order as that of the lubricant film thickness,
one cannot neglect the surface roughness effects in
the study of bearings. Therefore, a surface finish that
can improve the performance of the bearings has been
sought. Consequently, an attempt has been made over

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250 N B Naduvinamani, S Santosh, and A Siddanagouda

the past three decades to study the effects of surface
roughness on the bearing performance by using both
deterministic and stochastic methods. The stochas-
tic methods determine the gross features of a surface
roughness profile. For most of the practical lubrication
applications, the global mean pressure distribution
is more important. The stochastic methods are best
suited to characterize the surface roughness asperities
effects in tribological applications. For the randomly
distributed asperities, Christensen [6] developed the
stochastic models for hydrodynamic lubrication of
rough surface. Prakash and Tiwari [7] developed a
stochastic model to study the effect of surface rough-
ness on porous bearings on the basis of Christensen’s
stochastic theory. Prakash and Tiwari [8, 9] and Guru-
rajan and Prakash [10, 11] have used this theory for
the study of various types of porous bearings with
Newtonian lubricants.
Several experimental studies show the betterment of
lubricating effectiveness on blending small amounts
of long-chained polymer additives with a Newtonian
lubricant. In most of the industrial operating condi-
tions, the lubricants are mainly the polymer-thickened
oils or lubricants blended with additives. Usually, these
lubricants become heavily contaminated with sus-
pended metal particles or dirt and they start to exhibit
non-Newtonian behaviour. An experimental study of
Henniker [12] suggests that an addition of 2 per cent
aluminium naphthenate to turbine oil produces a
many-fold increase in its effective viscosity in thin
films. To predict the accurate flow behaviour of such
fluids with additives, several microcontinuum theories
have been developed. These microcontinuum theo-
ries found applications in practical problems such
as bearings operating with lubricants with additives
wherein the bearing clearance may be comparable to
the average molecular size of the additives. Several
microcontinuum theories [13] have been proposed
to account for the effects of additives. Eringen’s [14]
micropolar fluid theory is a subclass of microfluids
that ignores the deformation of the microelements
and allows for the particle micro-motion to take place.
The lubrication theory of micropolar fluids was first
presented by Allen and Kline [15] by using the order
of magnitude analysis for the simplification of govern-
ing equations to a system of coupled, linear, ordinary
differential equations. The micropolar fluids theory
has been used by several investigators for the study
of different bearing systems such as journal bearings
[16–18], slider bearings [19, 20], squeeze film bearings
[21–25], and porous bearings [26, 27]. These studies
revealed some of the advantages of micropolar flu-
ids over the Newtonian lubricants, such as increased
load-carrying capacity and delayed time of approach
for squeeze film bearings. The antioxidant additives
are often used for sintered matrix, and these additives
will have a big effect on the permeability of the porous
matrix.
In this article, the Christensen’s stochastic theory for
rough surfaces is used to analyse the effect of surface
roughness on the squeeze film characteristics of short
porous partial journal bearings with micropolar fluids.
Two types of one-dimensional (1D) surface roughness
(longitudinal and transverse) patterns are considered.
The modified stochastic Reynolds-type equation gov-
erning the mean film pressure in the presence of
micropolar fluids is derived for the two types of rough-
ness patterns. The closed-form expressions for the
mean film pressure, the mean load-carrying capacity,
and squeeze film time are obtained.
2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE
PROBLEM
The physical configuration of a rough porous partial
journal bearing is shown in Fig. 1. A solid journal of
radius R approaches the rough porous bearing of wall
thickness H0 at any circumferential section θ with a
velocity V . The lubricant in the film and also in the
porous region is taken to be Eringen’s [13] micropolar
fluid. The stochastic film thickness H is represented by
H = h + hs (θ , z, ξ )
= C(1 + ε cos θ ) + hs (θ , z, ξ ) (1)
where h(= C + e cos θ ) denotes the nominal smooth
part of the film geometry, while hs (θ, z, ξ ) is the part
due to the surface asperities measured from the nom-
inal level and is a randomly varying quantity of zero
mean, ξ is an index determining a definite rough-
ness arrangement, and ε(= e/C) is the eccentricity
ratio parameter. Further, C is the radial clearance and
θ = x/R with R being the radius of the journal. When
the conditions are favourable, an oil film is maintained
between the contacting surfaces when the relative
motion is momentarily zero.
Fig. 1 Physical configuration of the rough porous partial
journal bearing

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 On the squeeze film lubrication of journal bearings 251

The constitutive equations for micropolar fluids (b) at the journal surface (y = H )
proposed by Eringen [13] simplify considerably under
∂H
the usual assumptions of hydrodynamic lubrication. u = 0, v= , w=0 (11a)
The resulting equations under steady-state conditions ∂t
are v1 = 0, v3 = 0 (11b)
Conservation of linear momentum
 χ  ∂ 2u ∂v3 ∂p 3 SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM
μ+ +χ − =0 (2)
2 ∂y 2 ∂y ∂x
 The solution of equations (2) to (5) subject to the
χ  ∂ 2w ∂v1 ∂p corresponding boundary conditions given in equa-
μ+ −χ − =0 (3)
2 ∂y 2 ∂y ∂y tions (10a), (10b), and (11a), (11b) is obtained in the
form
Conservation of angular momentum  
1 y 2 ∂p 2N 2
∂ 2 v1 ∂w u= + A11 y −
γ − 2χv1 + χ =0 (4) μ 2 ∂x m
∂y 2 ∂y
× [A21 sinh(my) + A31 cosh(my)] + A41 (12)
∂ 2 v3 ∂u  
γ − 2χv3 − χ =0 (5) 1 y 2 ∂p 2N 2
∂y 2 ∂y w= + A12 y −
μ 2 ∂z m
Conservation of mass × [A22 sinh(my) + A32 cosh(my)] + A42 (13)
∂u ∂v ∂w  
+ + =0 (6) 1 ∂p
∂x ∂y ∂z v1 = y + A12 + A22 cosh(my)
2μ ∂z
where (u, v, w) are the velocity components of the + A32 sinh(my) (14)
lubricant in the film region in the x, y, and z directions, v3 = A21 cosh(my) + A31 sinh(my)
respectively, (v1 , v2 , v3 ) are micro-rotational velocity  
components, χ is the spin viscosity, γ is the vis- 1 ∂p
− y + A11 (15)
cosity coefficient for micropolar fluids, and μ is the 2μ ∂x
Newtonian viscosity coefficient.
where
The flow of a micropolar lubricants in a porous
matrix governed by the modified form of the Darcy law, A11 = 2μA21
which account for the polar effects, is given by [27]
A31 sinh(mH ) − (H /2μ)(∂p/∂x)
A21 =
−k 1 − cosh(mH )
q∗ = ∇p∗ (7) 
(μ + χ ) H ∂p
A12 =− H sinh(mH )
where q ∗ = (u∗ , v ∗ , w ∗ ) is the modified Darcy velocity 2μ ∂z

vector, with 2N 2 1
+ [1 − cosh(mH )] ×
−k ∂p∗ −k ∂p∗ m A5
u∗ = , v∗ = A12
(μ + χ ) ∂x (μ + χ ) ∂y A22 =
−k ∂p∗ 2μ
w∗ = 
(μ + χ ) ∂z H ∂p H
A31 = [cosh(mH ) − 1]
(8) 2μ ∂x 2

N2 1
where k is the permeability of the porous matrix and +H − sinh(mH ) ×
m A5
p∗ is the pressure in the porous region, which due to 
1 ∂p H
continuity of fluid in the porous matrix satisfies the A32 = [cosh(mH ) − 1]
Laplace equation μ ∂z 2

N2 1
∂ 2 p∗ ∂ 2 p∗ ∂ 2 p∗ +H − sinh(mH ) ×
+ + =0 (9) m A5
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2N 2
The relevant boundary conditions are: A41 = A31
m
(a) at the bearing surface ( y = 0) 2N 2
A42 = A32
m
u = 0, v = v∗, w=0 (10a)  
H 2N 2
A5 = sinh(mH ) − [cosh(mH ) − 1]
v1 = 0, v3 = 0 (10b) μ mH

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252 N B Naduvinamani, S Santosh, and A Siddanagouda

in which Taking the stochastic average of equation (19) with

 1/2  1/2 respect to f (hs ), the following is obtained
N χ γ 

m= , N= , l= ∂ 12μkH0 ∂E(p)
l χ + 2μ 4μ E f (N , l, H ) +
∂x (μ + χ ) ∂x
where N is the non-dimensional parameter called cou- 

∂ 12μkH0 ∂E(p)
pling number and it characterizes the coupling of + E f (N , l, H ) +
linear and angular momentum equations. When N ∂z (μ + χ ) ∂z
is identically zero, the equations of linear and angu- ∂E(H )
= 12μ (20)
lar momentum are decoupled and the equation of ∂t
linear momentum reduces to classical Navier–Stokes where
equations. The parameter l is called the characteris- ∞
tic length. The parameter l is of dimension length and E(·) = (·)f (hs )dhs (21)
can be identified as a size of microstructure additives −∞
present in the lubricant. In the limiting case of l → 0, In accordance with Christensen [6], it is assumed
the effect of microstructure becomes negligible. that
Integrating equation (9) with respect to y over the ⎧
porous layer thickness, H0 and using the boundary ⎪
⎨ 35 (c 2 − hs2 )3 , −c  hs  c
7
conditions of solid backing (∂p∗ /∂y = 0) at y = −H0 , f (hs ) = 32c (22)
⎪
⎩0,
the following is obtained elsewhere
 0  2 ∗ 
∂p∗  ∂ p ∂ 2 p∗ where σ = c/3 is the standard deviation.
=− + dy (16)
∂y y=0 −H0 ∂x 2 ∂z 2 Integrating the non-dimensional quantities

Assuming that the porous layer thickness, H0 , is very E(p)C 2 H

small and using the pressure continuity condition p̄ = , H̄ = = h̄ + h̄s
μR 2 (dε/dt) C
(p = p∗ ) at the interface (y = 0) of the porous matrix
h hs l z x
and fluid film, equation (16) reduces to h̄ = = 1 + ε cos θ, h̄s = , l̄ = z̄ = , θ =
C C C L R
  2   1/2
∂p∗  ∂ p ∂ 2p k H0 kH0 χ
= −H + (17) k̄ = 2 , H̄0 = , ψ= 3 , N=
∂y y=0
0
∂x 2 ∂z 2 C C C χ + 2μ
 
c L μ 1−N 2
Then, the velocity component of the modified c̄ = , β = , =
C 2R μ+χ 1 + N2
Darcy’s velocity v ∗ at the interface (y = 0) is given by
 2 
kH0 ∂ p ∂ 2p By equation (20), the modified stochastic Reynolds-
v ∗ |y=0 = + (18)
(μ + χ ) ∂x 2 ∂z 2 type equation is obtained
  

The modified Reynolds equation is obtained by inte- ∂ ¯ 1 − N2 ∂ p̄
E f (N , l̄, H̄ ) + 12ψ
grating the equation of continuity (6) with respect to ∂ x̄ 1 + N2 ∂ x̄
y over the film thickness, H , and replacing u and w in   

1 ∂ ¯ (N , l̄, H̄ ) + 12ψ 1 − N
2
∂ p̄
equation (6) by their corresponding expressions given + E f
4β 2 ∂ z̄ 1 + N 2 ∂ z̄
in equations (12) and (13) and also using the boundary
conditions for v given in equations (10a) and (11a) in = 12 cos θ (23)
the form

 4 SHORT JOURNAL BEARING
∂ 12μkH0 ∂p
f (N , l, H ) +
∂x (μ + χ ) ∂x

 Using the short journal bearing approximation, the
∂ 12μkH0 ∂p ∂H
+ f (N , l, H ) + = 12μ circumferential variations of pressure are neglected
∂z (μ + χ ) ∂z ∂t in comparison with the axial variations; then the
(19) modified stochastic Reynolds equation (23) reduces to
where   

∂ ¯ 1 − N2 ∂ p̄
  E f (N , l̄, H̄ ) + 12ψ
NH ∂ z̄ 1 + N2 ∂ z̄
f (N , l, H ) = H 3 + 12l 2 H − 6NlH 2 coth
2l = 48β 2 cos θ (24)
∂H ∂ε
=C cos θ In accordance with the Christensen [6] stochastic
∂t ∂t
theory, the analysis is done for two types of 1D sur-
Let f (hs ) be the probability density function of the face roughness patterns: 1D longitudinal roughness
stochastic film thickness hs . pattern and 1D transverse roughness pattern.

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 On the squeeze film lubrication of journal bearings 253

For the 1D longitudinal roughness pattern, the which is in non-dimensional form

roughness striations are in the form of long narrow
E(W )C 2
ridges and valleys running in the θ-directions. In this W̄ =
case, the non-dimensional film thickness assumes the μLR 3 (∂ε/∂t)
 θ=3π/2  z̄=1/2
form
=− p̄ dz̄ dθ
θ =π/2 z̄=−1/2
H = h + hs (z, ξ )
= 4β g (ε, l̄, N , ψ)
2
(29)
For the 1D transverse roughness pattern, the valleys
where
and ridges are running in the transverse direction; in
 θ=3π/2
this case, the film thickness assumes the form cos2 θ
g (ε, l̄, N , ψ) = dθ
θ =π/2 F (N , l̄, H̄ , c̄, ψ)
H = h + hs (θ, ξ )
Time–height relation is calculated by considering
Then the modified non-dimensional stochastic the time taken by the journal centre to move from ε = 0
Reynolds-type equation (24) for these two types of to ε = ε1 and can be obtained from equation (29) as
roughness patterns takes the form
dε 1

= (30)
∂ ∂ p̄ dτ 4β 2 g (ε, l̄, N , ψ)
F (N , l̄, H̄ , c̄, ψ) = 48β 2 cos θ (25)
∂ z̄ ∂ z̄
where τ = (WC 2 /μLR 3 )t is the non-dimensional res-
where ponse time.
⎧   The first-order non-linear differential equation (30)
⎪ ¯ (N , l̄, H̄ )] + 12ψ 1 − N
2
⎪ is solved numerically by using the fourth-order Runge–
⎪
⎪ E[ f
⎪
⎪ 1 + N2 Kutta method with the initial condition ε(0) = 0.
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ for longitidinal roughness
F (N , l̄, H̄ , c̄, ψ) =   5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
⎪
⎪ 1 1 − N2
⎪
⎪ + 12ψ
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ E[1/f¯ (N , l̄, H̄ )] 1 + N2 The effect of surface roughness pattern on the
⎪
⎪
⎩ squeeze film characteristics of short porous partial
for transverse roughness
 c̄ journal bearings lubricated with micropolar fluids
E[ f¯ (N , l̄, H̄ )] = f¯ (N , l̄, H̄ ) × f (h̄s ) dh̄s is obtained for different values of various non-
−c̄ dimensional parameters such as coupling number,
 c̄ N (= χ /χ + 2μ)1/2 , the parameter l̄ (= l/C) charac-
1 1 terizing the interaction of the bearing geometry with
= × f (h̄s ) dh̄s
¯
E[ f (N , l̄, H̄ )] −c̄ ¯f (N , l̄, H̄ ) the lubricant properties. In the limiting case as l̄ → 0
the effect of microstructures becomes negligible. The
For the 180◦ partial porous journal bearing, the bound- effect of permeability is observed through the non-
ary conditions for the mean fluid film pressure are dimensional permeability parameter, ψ(= kH0 /C 3 ),
and it is to be noted that as ψ → 0 the problem
p̄ = 0 at z̄ = ± 12 (26) reduces to the corresponding solid case [28]. The effect
of surface roughness is characterized by the rough-
Integrating the non-dimensional stochastic Rey- ness parameter c̄ (= c/C) and it is to be noted that
nolds-type equation with respect to z̄ and using the as c̄ → 0 the problem reduces to the corresponding
boundary conditions (26), the non-dimensional mean smooth case [28] and as l̄, N → 0, it reduces to the cor-
fluid film pressure is obtained in the form responding Newtonian case. The following ranges of
values for these parameters are used in the numerical
24β 2 cos θ (z̄ 2 − 0.25) computations of the results
p̄ = (27)
F (N , l̄, H̄ , c̄, ψ)
l̄ = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4; N = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4;
The mean load-carrying capacity of the 180◦ porous c̄ = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and ψ = 0.01, 0.1
partial rough journal bearing is evaluated by inte-
grating the mean fluid film pressure acting on the
journal 5.1 Squeeze film pressure
 θ =3π/2  z=L/2 The variation of the non-dimensional mean pressure
E(W ) = − E(p)R cos θ dz dθ (28) P̄ with the circumferential co-ordinate ‘θ’ as a func-
θ =π/2 z=−L/2 tion of l̄ is shown in Fig. 2 with the parameter values

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254 N B Naduvinamani, S Santosh, and A Siddanagouda

Fig. 2 Variation of non-dimensional pressure P̄ with θ Fig. 3 Variation of non-dimensional pressure P̄ with θ
for different values of l̄ with N = 0.6, β = 0.48, for different values of N with l̄ = 0.2, β = 0.48,
c̄ = 0.2, ε = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01 c̄ = 0.2, ε = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01

of N = 0.6, β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, ε = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01 for

both types of roughness patterns. It is observed that
the effect of l̄ is to increase P̄ in either cases as com-
pared to the Newtonian case. Further, the increase in
P̄ is more pronounced for the transverse roughness
pattern as compared to the longitudinal roughness
pattern. It is observed that the effect of transverse
roughness pattern is to increase the fluid film pressure.
However, the longitudinal roughness pattern results in
a decrease in P̄ as compared to the smooth case. Thus
the effects of surface roughness are strongly depen-
dent on the surface texture. One type of roughness
pattern may have an opposite influence as compared
to the other type of roughness pattern. In the case of
transverse roughness pattern, the lubricant is moving Fig. 4 Variation of non-dimensional pressure P̄ with θ
only in the axial direction and will meet a series of for different values of c̄ with N = 0.7, l̄ = 0.2,
constrictions of the flow gap through which it passes, β = 0.48, and ε = 0.2
which will hamper the flow. Therefore, the net effect
is the reduction of the lubricant flow, which causes an
increase in pressure level.
main channel for the lubricant discharge in the film
The variation of P̄ with θ as a function of the cou-
region.
pling number N with l̄ = 0.2, β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, ε = 0.2,
and ψ = 0.01 is shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that
the effect of N is to increase P̄ as compared to the
5.2 Load-carrying capacity
Newtonian case for both the types of roughness pat-
terns. Further, the increase in P̄ is more pronounced The variations of non-dimensional mean load-
for the transverse roughness pattern as compared to carrying capacity W̄ with ε as a function of l̄ with
the longitudinal roughness pattern. Figure 4 shows N = 0.6, β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01 are shown
the variation of P̄ with θ as a function of the rough- in Fig. 5. It is observed that W̄ increases for increas-
ness parameter c̄ with N = 0.7, l = 0.2, β = 0.48, and ing value of l̄ for both types of roughness patterns.
ε = 0.2 for two values of the permeability parameter An increase of nearly 46.31 per cent in W̄ is observed
ψ = 0.01 and 0.1 for both types of roughness patterns. (l̄ = 0.4 and ε = 0.2) for the transverse roughness pat-
It is observed that P̄ increases for increasing values of tern. Further, the increase in W̄ is more pronounced
c̄. Further, it is also observed that the non-dimensional for the transverse roughness pattern as compared to
pressure, P̄, decreases for increasing values of the per- the longitudinal roughness pattern.
meability parameter, ψ. The reason is that the large Figure 6 predicts the variation of W̄ with ε as a func-
permeability values means there are more voids avail- tion of N with l̄ = 0.2, β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, ε = 0.2, and
able in the porous facing, permitting the quick escape ψ = 0.01. It is observed that W̄ increases for increas-
of the lubricant. Thus, the porous facing becomes the ing values of N for both types of roughness patterns.

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 On the squeeze film lubrication of journal bearings
Fig. 5 Variation of non-dimensional load W̄ with ε
for different values of l̄ with N = 0.6, β = 0.48,
c̄ = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01
Fig. 6 Variation of non-dimensional load W̄ with ε
for different values of N with l̄ = 0.2, β = 0.48,
c̄ = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01
Further, the increases in W̄ is more pronounced for the
transverse roughness pattern as compared to the lon-
gitudinal roughness pattern. The variation of W̄ with ε
as a function of roughness parameter c̄ with N = 0.7,
l̄ = 0.2, and β = 0.48 for the two values of ψ = 0.01
and 0.1 is depicted in Fig. 7. It is observed that the
effect of transverse (longitudinal) roughness pattern is
to increase (decreases) W̄ as compared to the corre-
sponding smooth case (c̄ = 0.0). It is also evident that
W̄ decreases for increasing values of the permeability
parameter, ψ.
5.3 Minimum squeeze film height
The response time of the squeeze film is one of the sig-
nificant factors in the design of bearings. The response
time is the time that will elapse while a squeeze film
reduces to some minimum permissible height. The
variations of the non-dimensional minimum squeeze
JET670
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255
Fig. 7 Variation of non-dimensional load W̄ with ε for
different values of c̄ with N = 0.7, l̄ = 0.2, and
β = 0.48
film height h̄0 (= 1 − ε) with the non-dimensional time
τ as a function of l̄ with N = 0.6, c̄ = 0.2, β = 0.48,
and ψ = 0.01 are shown in Fig. 8. It is observed that
the response time increases for increasing values of l̄
for both types of roughness patterns; hence, the pres-
sure of the microstructures in the lubricant enhances
the squeeze film as compared to that of the Newto-
nian lubricants. This result can be attributed to the
increased load-carrying capacity for the micropolar
fluids as compared to the corresponding Newtonian
lubricants. Figure 9 shows the variation of the non-
dimensional minimum film height, h̄0 , with τ as a
function of the coupling number, N , with l̄ = 0.2,
β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01. It is observed that the
response time increases for increasing values of N for
both types of roughness patterns. The variation of the
non-dimensional minimum film height, h̄0 , with τ as
a function of non-dimensional roughness parameter,
c̄, with N = 0.7, l̄ = 0.2, and β = 0.48 for two values of
Fig. 8 Variation of non-dimensional minimum film
height h̄0 versus τ for different values of l̄ with
N = 0.6, β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01
Proc. IMechE Vol. 224 Part J: J. Engineering Tribology
256 N B Naduvinamani, S Santosh, and A Siddanagouda
Fig. 9 Variation of non-dimensional minimum film
height h̄0 versus τ for different values of N with
l̄ = 0.2, β = 0.48, c̄ = 0.2, and ψ = 0.01
Fig. 10 Variation of non-dimensional minimum film
height h̄0 versus τ for different values of c̄ with
N = 0.7, l̄ = 0.2, and β = 0.48
ψ = 0.01 and 0.1 is depicted in Fig. 10. It is interesting
to note that the effect of c̄ is to increase (or decrease)
the response time of the squeeze film for the transverse
(or longitudinal) roughness pattern, as compared to
the corresponding smooth case (c̄ = 0.0). Further, it is
observed that the increase in the permeability param-
eter, ψ, decreases the minimum permissible squeeze
film height.
6 CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of Eringen’s [13] micropolar fluid theory
and Christensen stochastic theory for rough surfaces,
this article predicts the effect of micropolar fluid on the
squeeze film characteristic of rough short porous par-
tial journal bearings. The following conclusions can
Proc. IMechE Vol. 224 Part J: J. Engineering Tribology
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be drawn on the basis of the results and discussions
presented in the previous section.
1. The presence of the microstructure additives in
the lubricants enhances the load-carrying capac-
ity and squeeze film time as compared to the
corresponding Newtonian case.
2. The presence of one-dimensional transverse (or
longitudinal) roughness pattern on the porous par-
tial journal bearings increases (or decreases) the
load-carrying capacity and the squeeze film time
as compared to the corresponding smooth case.
3. The presence of the porous facing on the bear-
ing surface reduces the load-carrying capacity and
response time.
Hence the adverse effect on the squeeze perfor-
mance of the squeeze film bearings due to the pres-
ence of porous facing can be well compensated by
choosing the appropriate types of surface roughness
and the lubricants with additives of proper size.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the reviewers for their valu-
able comments on the earlier draft of this article. The
authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support
by the UGC, New Delhi, India, under DRS-project.
© Authors 2010
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 On the squeeze film lubrication of journal bearings 257

10 Gururajan, K. and Prakash, J. Surface roughness effects APPENDIX

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