4.10.

2022

Remembering Photometric Quantities

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nPIzyV1mW0
Luminous Flux, Φ [lm]
• Luminous flux is the rate at which light is emitted by a light source.
• It describes the visible light radiating from a light source in all directions and is
measured in lumens [lm].

Illumination Techniques   K 0.F.V

Lecture III Solid Angle, Ω [sr]
• Size can be measured in a plane of two dimensions as a visual angle or in a volume
in three dimensions as a solid angle.
Dr. Lect. Lale Erdem Atılgan
ELK 371E
Solid Angle of a Cone
  21  cos 
Fall 2022-2023
04.10.2021

Solid Angle of a Rectangle Seen From a Point N

a/h b/h
 ab arcsin{ . }
2 2
1    1   
a b
h h

Remembering Photometric Quantities Remembering Photometric Quantities

Luminous Intensity, I [cd] Luminance, L [cd/m2]
Luminous intensity is the amount of luminous flux radiating in a particular direction. The luminance of a point M on a surface which emits light, in a direction of α to the
normal of the surface is given by the limit of the luminous intensity ΔIα created by the
∆∅ ∅ surface element ΔS in the direction of α, divided by the vertical projection of the
𝐼 = lim = surface element of ΔS, namely the apparent area ΔSn.
∆ → ∆

Illuminance, E [lx]
Illuminance indicates the amount of luminous flux from a light source falling on a given
surface.

∆∅ ∅
𝐸 = lim ∆
=
∆ →

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 1
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Photometric Laws Cosine Law

• Cosine Law • In a light beam that makes an angle  with the normal of a surface, the
illuminance level E is given as:
• Inverse Square Law
• Lambert’s Law E = ( cos) / S
• Solid Angle Projection Law

Cosine Law Inverse Square Law

• If the same luminous flux falls onto this surface perpendicularly (or vertically), the • The illuminance level created by the luminous intensity 𝐼 of a point source
illuminance level becomes, in the direction of 𝛼 is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
En =  / S from the source.
• Here it can be seen that, 𝐸 𝑟
=
∆𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝐸 𝑟
𝐸 ∆𝑆 ∆𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ∆𝑆
= = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝐸 ∆𝜙 ∆𝑆 ∆𝜙
∆𝑆 Here 𝐸 shows the average
E = En cos illuminance level of surface Sn
and 𝐸 shows the average
• This is called the “cosine law”. illuminance level of surface Sn1

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 2
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Inverse Square Law Inverse Square Law

Proof:
The luminous flux  emitted from a cone with a  solid angle is equal to Iα ∙ 
This flux illuminates a surface area of Sn1 for a surface that is at a distance r1, but for
a surface that is at a distance of r it illuminates an area of Sn.
∆𝑆 ∆𝑆
=
𝑟 𝑟

Inverse Square Law Inverse Square Law

∆𝜙
𝐸 = 𝑟
Δ𝑆 𝐸 =𝐸
𝑟
∆𝜙 ∆𝜙 𝐼 ∆Ω
𝐸 = 𝐸 =
Δ𝑆
=
Δ𝑆
Δ𝑆
Δ𝑆
𝑟 ∆Ω =
∆𝑆 = ∆𝑆 𝑟
𝑟
𝐼
𝐸 =
∆𝜙 (Δ𝑆 𝑟 ) 𝑟
𝐸 ∆𝜙⁄Δ𝑆 𝑟
= =
𝐸 ∆𝜙⁄Δ𝑆 ∆𝜙⁄Δ𝑆 Using the cosine law, the illuminance level at any point
can be given by:

𝐸 𝑟 𝐼
= 𝐸= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 The Point Illuminance
𝐸 𝑟 𝑟 Level Formula

𝑟
𝐸 =𝐸
𝑟

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 3
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Lambert’s Law Lambert’s Law

• If the luminance of a luminous surface (i.e. a surface which emits light) is • Basic Lambertian Sources / Surfaces
equal in all directions, this surface is called a «Lambertian» surface. – Planar Source
• For Lambertian surfaces: – Spherical Source
– Cylindrical Source
𝐿 = 𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 – Semi-spherical Source

𝜙=𝜋 𝐿 𝑆
Here,
𝜙 ∶the total luminous flux of the surface in lumens,
L: the constant luminance for the Lambertian surface in cd/m2
S: the surface area in m2

Planar Source Planar Source

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 4
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Planar Source Planar Source

Reflectivity, Absorptivity, Transmissivity Lambert’s Law

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 5
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Spherical Source Spherical Source

𝑑𝜙 = 𝐼 𝑑Ω
𝑑𝜙 = L 𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼

𝜙 = L 𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼

𝜙 = L 𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝜙 = L 𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 1 + 1
𝜙 = L 𝜋𝑟 4𝜋
𝐼 = L 𝜋𝑟
𝜙 = 𝐼 4𝜋
𝐼 =𝐼
𝝓 = 𝟒𝝅𝑰𝟎

Cylindrical Source Cylindrical Source

𝑆 = 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90°
𝐼 = 𝐿 𝑆 = 𝐿 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 90 − 𝛼 = 𝛽
𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝐼 =𝐿 𝑑 ℎ
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐼 𝑑Ω
𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 2𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑑𝛽

𝜙 = 2𝜋𝐼 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑑𝛽 = 2𝜋𝐼 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 = 2𝜋𝐼 −0

𝝓 = 𝝅𝟐 𝑰𝟎

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 6
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Cylindrical Source Semi-Spherical Source

𝝓 = 𝝅𝟐 𝑰𝟎
𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟
𝐼 =𝐿 𝑑 ℎ 𝑆 =
2
+
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

𝑆=𝜋 𝑑 ℎ 𝜋𝑟
𝐼 =𝐿 𝑆 =𝐿 1 + cosα
2
𝜙=𝜋𝐿 𝑑 ℎ 𝐼 =𝐿 𝜋 𝑟
𝜙=𝜋 𝐿 𝑆 𝟏
𝑰𝜶 = 𝑰 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶)
𝟐 𝟎

Semi-Spherical Source Solid Angle Projection Law

𝑑𝜙 = 𝐼 𝑑Ω • To calculate the illuminance level on a point P situated on the work plane, created
by a Lambertian surface S, let us first write down the dE illuminance level created
1
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐼 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) 2𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼 on a point P situated on the work plane, created by an element dS of the light
2 emitting surface S.
• If the luminous intensity of the surface element DS in the direction of NP is given as
𝜙=𝜋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼 + 𝜋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑑𝛼
𝑑𝐼 then the illuminance level dE is given as:
1
𝑑𝐼
𝜙 = 𝜋 𝐼 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝜋 𝐼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
4 𝑟
𝜙 = 𝜋 𝐼 1 + 1 + 𝜋 𝐼 (− 1 4 + 1 4)

𝝓 = 𝟐𝝅𝑰𝟎
𝐼 = L 𝜋𝑟
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝜙 = 2𝜋 𝐿 𝜋𝑟
𝜙=𝜋 𝐿 𝑆

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 7
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Solid Angle Projection Law

𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑟
𝑑𝐼 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜀
𝑑𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜀
𝑑Ω =
𝑟
𝑑𝐸 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑑Ω

Here L is the luminance of surface S,  is the angle between the normal of the surface
element dS and the direction of NP.
Here 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑑Ω = 𝑑Ω is the projection of the solid angle on the illuminated surface,
i.e. The work plane and is called the «Projected Solid Angle».
Thus the illuminance level of a point P on the work plane is given as:
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸 = 𝐿𝑑Ω

ELK 371E - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2022-23 Lecture Notes 8