Illumination Techniques

Lecture IV

Dr. Lect. Lale Erdem Atılgan

Fall 2022-23
Question I

Q) For a 30 cm x 30 cm planar source, 30 cm diameter spherical and semi-spherical

sources and a 0,038 m diameter and 1,20 m length cylindrical source which have 2500 cd
of luminous intensity in the vertical direction and which are all Lambertian, calculate:
a. The luminous flux,
b. The luminance.
Solution 1 – Part (a)
Q) For a 30 cm x 30 cm planar source, 30 cm diameter spherical and semi-
spherical sources and a 0,038 m diameter and 1,20 m length cylindrical source
which have 2500 cd of luminous intensity in the vertical direction and which are
all Lambertian, calculate:
a. The luminous flux,
𝐿𝛼 = 𝐿0
𝐼0 = 2500 𝑐𝑑
Planar source (I)
𝜙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0 = 𝜋 ∙ 2500 = 7853.98 𝑙𝑚
Spherical source (II)
𝜙 = 4𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0 = 4𝜋 ∙ 2500 = 31415.93 𝑙𝑚
Semi - Spherical source (III)
𝜙 = 2𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0 = 2𝜋 ∙ 2500 = 15707.96 𝑙𝑚
Cylindrical Source (IV)
𝜙 = 𝜋 2 ∙ 𝐼0 = 𝜋 2 ∙ 2500 = 24674.01 𝑙𝑚
Solution 1 – Part (b)
Q) For a 30 cm x 30 cm planar source, 30 cm diameter spherical and semi-spherical sources and a
0,038 m diameter and 1,20 m length cylindrical source which have 2500 cd of luminous intensity in
the vertical direction and which are all Lambertian, calculate:
b. The luminance.
𝜙 =𝜋∙𝐿∙𝑆
S = the total area of the light emitting surface
(I) Planar Source
𝜙
𝐿=
𝜋∙𝑆
𝑆 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.09 𝑚2
7853.98
𝐿= = 27777.77 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝜋 ∙ 0.09
Or
𝐼𝛼
𝐿𝛼 =
𝑆𝑛
Sn = the apparent surface area
𝐼0
Lambertian source - 𝐿𝛼 = 𝐿0 =
𝑆𝑛
𝐼0 2500
𝐿= = = 27777.77 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝑆𝑛 (0.3)(0.3)
Solution 1 – Part (b) contd.
Q) For a 30 cm x 30 cm planar source, 30 cm diameter spherical and semi-spherical sources and a 0,038 m diameter
and 1,20 m length cylindrical source which have 2500 cd of luminous intensity in the vertical direction and which
are all Lambertian, calculate:
b. The luminance.
𝜙 =𝜋∙𝐿∙𝑆
S = the total area of the light emitting surface
(II) Spherical Source
𝜙
𝐿=
𝜋∙𝑆
𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
31415.93
𝐿= 2
= 35367.77 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝜋 ∙ 4𝜋 ∙ (0.15)
Or
𝐼𝛼
𝐿𝛼 =
𝑆𝑛
Sn = the apparent surface area
𝐼0
Lambertian source - 𝐿𝛼 = 𝐿0 =
𝑆𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐼0 2500
𝐿= = 2
= 35367.77 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝑆𝑛 𝜋(0.15)
Solution 1 – Part (b) contd.
Q) For a 30 cm x 30 cm planar source, 30 cm diameter spherical and semi-spherical sources and a 0,038 m diameter
and 1,20 m length cylindrical source which have 2500 cd of luminous intensity in the vertical direction and which
are all Lambertian, calculate:
b. The luminance.
𝜙 =𝜋∙𝐿∙𝑆
S = the total area of the light emitting surface
(III) Semi - Spherical Source
𝜙
𝐿=
𝜋∙𝑆
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
15707.96
𝐿= 2
= 35367.77 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝜋 ∙ 2𝜋 ∙ (0.15)
Or
𝐼𝛼
𝐿𝛼 =
𝑆𝑛
Sn = the apparent surface area
𝐼0
Lambertian source - 𝐿𝛼 = 𝐿0 =
𝑆𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐼0 2500
𝐿= = 2
= 35367.77 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝑆𝑛 𝜋(0.15)
Solution 1 – Part (b) contd.
Q) For a 30 cm x 30 cm planar source, 30 cm diameter spherical and semi-spherical sources and a 0,038 m diameter and
1,20 m length cylindrical source which have 2500 cd of luminous intensity in the vertical direction and which are all
Lambertian, calculate:
b. The luminance.
𝜙 =𝜋∙𝐿∙𝑆
S = the total area of the light emitting surface
(IV) Cylindrical Source
𝜙
𝐿=
𝜋∙𝑆
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
15707.96
𝐿= = 54824.56 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝜋 ∙ 2𝜋 ∙ (0.019) ∙ (1.20)
Or
𝐼𝛼
𝐿𝛼 =
𝑆𝑛
Sn = the apparent surface area
𝐼0
Lambertian source - 𝐿𝛼 = 𝐿0 =
𝑆𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑟ℎ
𝐼0 2500
𝐿= = = 54824.56 𝑐𝑑/𝑚2
𝑆𝑛 2 ∙ (0.019) ∙ (1.20)
Question 2 – Solution 2
Q) A light source with a uniform luminous intensity value of 3200 cd at all directions has been placed at the
center of an ideally absorbing sphere. The sphere has an opening on its surface between the apex angles of
25° to 50°, letting light pass through this opening. Calculate the amount of light that exits the sphere
through this opening.
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0 = 3200 𝑐𝑑 (𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝑑𝜙
𝐼𝛼 =
𝑑Ω𝛼
𝑑Ω𝛼 = 2π𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼
50
Ω25−50 = න 2π𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼
25
50
Ω25−50 = 2π −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 25

Ω25−50 = 1.656 str

𝜙
𝐼𝛼 =
Ω𝛼
𝜙 = 𝐼𝛼 ∙ Ω𝛼
𝜙 = 3200 ∙ 1.656
𝜙 = 5299.2 𝑙𝑚
Question 3 - Solution 3 –Part (a)
Q) A Lambertian semi-spherical luminaire has been hung 6 m above a park of radius equal to 12 m. The
luminous intensity of the luminaire in the vertical direction is 800 cd, it’s efficiency 70 % and its diameter
300 mm.
a. Calculate the amount of light emitted to the whole space from the luminaire
b. Calculate the amount of luminous flux reaching the park and using this value, calculate the average
illuminance level of the park.
c. Assuming that the luminaire is a point source, calculate the minimum and maximum illuminance levels
on the park.

a.
𝐼0 = 800 𝑐𝑑
𝜙 = 2𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0 = 2𝜋 ∙ 800 = 5026.6 𝑙𝑚
Solution 3 –Part (b)
b. Calculate the amount of luminous flux reaching the park and using this value, calculate the average
illuminance level of the park.
𝜙
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑆
6
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = 0.447
122 + 62
𝛼 = 63.4°
𝑑Ω𝛼 = 2π𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼
𝑑𝜙
𝐼𝛼 =
𝑑Ω𝛼
𝐼0
𝐼𝛼 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) (Semi-spherical Lambertian Source)
2
𝑑𝜙𝛼 = 𝐼𝛼 ∙ 𝑑Ω𝛼
63.4
𝐼0
𝜙=න (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) ∙ 2π𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼
0 2
63.4 63.4
𝜙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0 ∙ න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑑𝛼
0 0
𝜙 = 2394.48 𝑙𝑚
Solution 3 –Part (b) contd.

b. Calculate the amount of luminous flux reaching the park and using this value,
calculate the average illuminance level of the park.
𝜙
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑆
𝜙 = 2394.48 𝑙𝑚
2394.48
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2
= 5.31 𝑙𝑥
12 ∙ 𝜋
Solution 3 –Part (c)
c. Assuming that the luminaire is a point source, calculate the minimum and maximum illuminance
levels on the park.
Due to the luminous intensity curve of the semi spherical source, the maximum illuminance level will
be maintained at the center of the park while the minimum illuminance levels will be maintained at
the circumference of the park.
𝐼0 800
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
cos 0 = 2
= 22.22 𝑙𝑥
ℎ 6
𝐼𝛼
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = cos 63.4
2
6 + 12 2

800
𝐼𝛼 = 1 + cos(63.4) = 579.1 𝑐𝑑
2
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.44 𝑙𝑥
Question 4
Q) For a room of size 4 m x 6 m x 3 m, three different lighting approaches have been taken into consideration. These
are:
I. A suspended globe (i.e. a spherical luminaire) with a suspension of 35 cm from the middle of the ceiling. The
luminous flux of the incandescent lamp inside the globe is 2220 lm and the efficiency of the globe is 80 %.
II. A planar luminaire of size 30 cm x 30 cm, mounted on the center of the ceiling. The luminous flux of the halogen
lamp inside the luminaire is 5500 lm and the efficiency of the luminaire is 75 %.
III. A cylindrical luminaire of diameter 0.038 m and length 1.20 m, mounted on the ceiling center, parallel to the
longer Wall. The luminous flux of the fluorescent lamp inside the luminaire is 3250 lm and the efficiency of the
luminaire is 90 %.
All the aforementioned sources are Lambertian. For the planar and cylindrical sources, the photometric center is at
the ceiling. According to these, for all 3 approaches, calculate:
a. The horizontal point illuminance levels on points A and B,
b. The vertical point illuminance levels on points C and D.
Top View Front View
Solution 4 – Spherical Source
I. A suspended globe (i.e. a spherical luminaire) with a suspension of 35 cm from the middle of the
ceiling. The luminous flux of the incandescent lamp inside the globe is 2220 lm and the efficiency of
the globe is 80 %.
𝜙 = 4𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0
𝜂 = 80 %
𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 2200 𝑙𝑚
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0
2220 ∙ 0.8
𝐼0 = = 141.33 𝑐𝑑
4𝜋
Solution 4 – Spherical Source – Point A
Top View Front View

For Point A:
𝐼𝛼
𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑟
𝛼 = 0°
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1
141.33
𝐸𝐴 = ∙ 1 = 22.61 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
(2.5)2
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Spherical Source – Point B
Top View Front View

For Point B:
𝐼𝛼
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0 𝐸𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑟2
ℎ 2.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.569
𝑟 2 2
2.5 + 3 + 2 2

141.33
𝐸𝐵 = ∙ 0.569 = 4.18 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
2.52 + 32 + 22
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Spherical Source – Point C
Top View Front View

For Point C:
𝐼𝛼
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟2
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.492
𝑟 2 2
2.5 + 2.5 + 2 2

141.33
𝐸𝐶 = ∙ 0.492 = 4.21 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
2.52 + 2.52 + 22
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Spherical Source – Point D
Top View Front View

For Point D:
𝐼𝛼
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0 𝐸𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟2
3 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.894
𝑟 2
1.5 + 32

141.33
𝐸𝐷 = ∙ 0.894 = 11.23 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
1.52 + 32
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Planar Source
II. A planar luminaire of size 30 cm x 30 cm, mounted on the center of the ceiling. The luminous flux of
the halogen lamp inside the luminaire is 5500 lm and the efficiency of the luminaire is 75 %.

𝜙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐼0
𝜂 = 75 %
𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 5500 𝑙𝑚
5500 ∙ 0.75
𝐼0 = = 1313.03 𝑐𝑑
𝜋
Solution 4 – Planar Source – Point A
Top View Front View

For Point A:
𝐼𝛼
𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑟
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0
(as point A is right below the light source)
𝛼 = 0° 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1
1313.03
𝐸𝐴 = ∙ 1 = 145.89 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
(3)2
Solution 4 – Planar Source – Point B
Top View Front View

For Point B:
𝐼𝛼 𝐼0 ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝐸𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑟2 𝑟2
ℎ 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.640
𝑟 2
3 +3 +2 2 2

1313.03 ∙ 0.640
𝐸𝐵 = 2 ∙ 0.640 = 24.44 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
3 + 32 + 22
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Planar Source – Point C
Top View Front View

For Point C:
𝐼𝛼 𝐼0 ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝐸𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟2 𝑟2
ℎ 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.684
𝑟 2 2
3 + 2.5 + 2 2

2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.456
𝑟 2 2
3 + 2.5 + 2 2

1313.03 ∙ 0.684
𝐸𝐶 = 2 2 2
∙ 0.456 = 21.27 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
3 + 2.5 + 2
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Planar Source – Point D
Top View Front View

For Point D:
𝐼𝛼
𝐸𝐷 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟
ℎ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.555
𝑟 2
3 +2 2

3 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.832
𝑟 2
3 +2 2

1313.03 ∙ 0.555
𝐸𝐷 = ∙ 0.832 = 46.64 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
32 + 22
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Cylindrical Source
III. A cylindrical luminaire of diameter 0.038 m and length 1.20 m, mounted on the ceiling center,
parallel to the longer Wall. The luminous flux of the fluorescent lamp inside the luminaire is 3250 lm
and the efficiency of the luminaire is 90 %.

𝜙 = 𝜋 2 ∙ 𝐼0
𝜂 = 90 %
𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 3250 𝑙𝑚
3250 ∙ 0.90
𝐼0 = = 296.36 𝑐𝑑
𝜋2
Solution 4 – Cylindrical Source – Point A
Top View Front View

For Point A:
𝐼𝛼
𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑟
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0
(as point A is right below the light source)
𝛼 = 0° 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1
296.36
𝐸𝐴 = ∙ 1 = 32.93 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
(3)2
Solution 4 – Cylindrical Source – Point B
Top View Front View

For Point B:
𝐼𝛼 𝐼0 ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝐸𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑑 32 + 22
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.769
𝑟 2
3 +3 +2 2 2

ℎ 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.640
𝑟 2
3 +3 +2 2 2

296.36 ∙ 0.769
𝐸𝐵 = 2 2 2
∙ 0.640 = 6.63 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
3 +3 +2
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Planar Source – Point C
Top View Front View

For Point C:
𝐼𝛼 𝐼0 ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝐸𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑑 32 + 22
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.822
𝑟 2 2
3 + 2.5 + 2 2

2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.492
𝑟 2 2
3 + 2.5 + 2 2

296.36 ∙ 0.822
𝐸𝐶 = 2 2 2
∙ 0.492 = 6.23 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
3 + 2.5 + 2
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Solution 4 – Planar Source – Point D
Top View Front View

For Point D:
𝐼𝛼
𝐸𝐷 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑟
ℎ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.555
𝑟 2
3 +2 2

3 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = = = 0.832
𝑟 2
3 +2 2

296.36 ∙ 0.555
𝐸𝐷 = ∙ 0.832 = 10.53 𝑙𝑥 𝑜𝑓
32 + 22
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙