VISCEROCRANIUM

VISCEROCRANIUM
Andrea Heinzlmann
University of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Anatomy and Histology
16th October 2019
BONES OF THE FACE (OSSA FACIEI)
• articulate around the nasal cavity
• provide the roof of the oral cavity
• provide the bony orbit
• provide the lateral walls
bo
http://raab.moovr.fr/cow-skull-diagram.html
ca eq
http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172 https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2017/09/28/b
ridle-fit-important-horse-saddle-fitting/
BONES OF THE FACE (OSSA FACIEI)
PAIRED BONES:
1. Os nasale
2. Os lacrimale
3. Os zygomaticum
4. Os incisivum
5. Os maxillare
6. Os palatinum
7. Ossa turbinata
https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton
8. Mandibula http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-11.html
UNPAIRED BONES:
1. Os hyoideum
2. Vomer
NASAL BONE (OS NASALE)
- paired bone
- situated rostral to the frontal bone
- forms the DORSUM NASI (roof of the nasal cavity)
a. FACIES EXTERNA
b. FACIES INTERNA has a CRISTA ETHMOIDALIS
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html
CRISTA ETHMOIDALIS:
- sagittal cerst
- attachment of endoturbinate I. for concha nasalis dorsalis
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3468364/
1. Conchal crest
2. Ethmoid crest
3. Third incisor tooth
4. Canine tooth
5. First premolar tooth
6. Second premolar
tooth
7. Third premolar tooth
8. Fourth premolar
tooth
9. Incisive bone
10. Nasal bone
11. Maxilla https://veteriankey.com/intraoral-radiographic-anatomy-of-the-dog/
12. Vomer
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf
SUTURA PLANA:
- the medial borders of the two nasal bones articlate in a sutura plana
- in carnivores gives rise to the PROC. SEPTALIS
PROCESSUS SEPTALIS:
- projects inwards
- formation of the cartilago septi nasi
PROCESSUS ROSTRALIS:
- gives rise to the INCISURA NASOINCISIVA
INCISURA NASOINCISIVA:
- in ox, horse – lies between the nasal and incisive bones
LACRIMAL BONE
(OS LACRIMALE)
- situated on the rostral wall of the orbit
inserted between the:
a. frontal bone
b. zygomatic bone
c. maxilla
d. nasal bone
LACRIMAL BONE (OS LACRIMALE)
A. Facies orbitalis – facing the orbita
B. Facies facialis – rostral to the orbita
- both surfaces fuse medirostrally at the MARGO SUPRA – or INFRAORITALIS
C. Facies nasalis (inner surface)
Margo supraorbitalis
Margo infraorbitalis
The horse has a complete bony orbital rim. The orbital bones include the
frontal (F), lacrimal (L), zygomatic (Z), and temporal (T). The sphenoid and
palatine bone forming the medial wall of the orbit separates the orbit from the
calvarium. The nasolacrimal duct canaliculi (NLC) course through the lacrimal
bone. The orbital foramina through the sphenoid bone includes, from anterior to
posterior, the rostral alar (RA), orbital fissure (OF), optic (O), and
ethmoidal (E) (see Table 3-1). The supraorbital foramen (SOF) exits through the
frontal bone.
https://veteriankey.com/diseases-and-surgery-of-the-globe-and-orbit/
MARGO INFRAORITALIS:
- carries the PROC. LACRIMALIS CAUDALIS
- in Ru, eq
PROC. LACRIMALIS ROSTRALIS:
- on the facial surface
- in eq
FACIES ORBITALIS presents:
a. FOSSA SACCI LACRIMALIS:
- leads into the lacrimal duct

https://veteriankey.com/lacrimal-system-2/

1.
b. FORAMEN LACRIMALE:
2.
- opening of the ductus nasolacrimalis
3.
1. Foramen lacrimale 4.
2. Foramen maxillare
3. Foramen sphenopalatinum
4. Foramen palatinum caudale
ca
Cutaway drawing of the canine skull, showing the

lacrimal fossa, lacrimal foramen, and relative position
of the nasolacrimal duct.
Components of the nasolacrimal system.
The horse has a complete bony orbital rim. The https://veteriankey.com/lacrimal-system-2/

Nasolacrimal duct (dog). nasolacrimal duct canaliculi (NLC) course through
the lacrimal bone
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasolacrimal_duct_(dog).jpg https://veteriankey.com/diseases-and-surgery-of-the-globe-and-orbit/
c. FOSSA MUSCULI OBLIQUI VENTRALIS:
- lodges the origin of the ventral oblique ocular muscle
FACIES ORBITALIS presents in Ru.:
BULLA LACRIMALIS:
- large, thin – walled protuberance
- into the ventral part of the orbita
- its interior is the part of maxillary sinus
Skull of a sheep. Lacrimal bone (Os lacrimale) coloured.

Fossa sacci lacrimalis (arrow), Bulla lacrimalis (*)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lacrimal_bone_(sheep).jpg
FACIES NASALIS presents :
- inner surface
- forms part of the boundary of the maxillary sinus
- in Ru forms part of the lacrimal sinus – excaveted the os lacrimale , except the bulla lacrimalis
- contains the CANALIS NASOLACRIMALIS
Nasolacrimal duct (dog).

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasolacrimal_duct_(dog).jpg
ZYGOMATIC BONE (OS ZYGOMATICUM)
- lies ventrolateral to the lacrimal bone
consists of :
A. CORPUS OSSIS ZYGOMATICI
B. Facies orbitalis
C. Facies lateralis
D. PROCESSUS TEMPORALIS ossis zygomatici:
- arises from the corpus
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
IN CARNIVORES generally the body:
- small
- articuates with the maxilla
- forms the processus temporalis
body
IN Ru, eq generally the body:
- forms the orbital margin of the maxillary sinus
- forms the processus temporalis
- in Bo froms the processus frontalis – adjoining the proc. zygomaticus ossis frontalis
Proc. frontalis
ARCUS ZYGOMATICUS formed by the:
1. Processus temporalis ossis zygomatici

body
2. Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis
MARGO INFRAORBITALIS:
- the facies lateralis and facies orbitalis meet at the infraorbital margin
CRISTA FACIALIS:
- arises on the lateral surface
- extends onto the maxilla
- prominent in Eq
MAXILLA
- largest bone of the face
- forms the largest part of the lateral wall of the face
- forms the bony basis of the hard palate
- involved into the fromation of the wall of the nasal and oral cavity
MAXILLA
PARTS OF THE MAXILLA:
A. CORPUS MAXILLAE:
1. Facies facialis
2. Facies nasalis
A. PROCESSUS ALVEOLARIS
B. PROCESSUS ZYGOMATICUS
C. PROCESSUS PALATINUS
D. PROCESSUS FRONTALIS – in ca
MAXILLA
CORPUS MAXILLAE:
- lies on the upper outer wall of the face
corpus
MAXILLA
CORPUS MAXILLAE:
FACIES FACIALIS (outer surface) presents the:
a. CRISTA FACIALIS on its facies facialis

MAXILLA
CORPUS MAXILLAE:
FACIES FACIALIS (outer surface) presents the:
b. TUBER FACIALE
– the crista facialis begins as the tuber faciale in Ru

MAXILLA
CORPUS MAXILLAE, FACEIS FACIALIS presents:
CANALIS INFRAORBITALIS:
- opens at the Foramen maxillare in the fossa pterygopalatina
- ends at the Foramen infraorbitale
http://www.vetanswers.com.au/blog/post/regional-
nerve-blocks-for-veterinary-dentistry-oral-surgery/147
https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/preventing-extraction-complications
A caudal infraorbital nerve block is performed in a dog
using a 3 cc syringe and a 1.25 inch, 27-gauge needle.
MAXILLA With the needle inserted nearly to the hub in this
midsized dog, the entire maxillary quadrant can be
blocked.
CORPUS MAXILLAE, FACIES FACIALIS presents:
FORAMEN INFRAORBITALE:
https://www.veterinarypracticenews.c
- opening of the infraorbital canal om/nerve-blocks-take-the-bite-out-of-
small-animal-oral-surgery/
- in ca above the 3rd cheek teeth
- in ox above the 1st – 2nd cheek teeth
- in eq above the 3rd and 4th cheek teeth https://www.neuroanatomyofthedog.com/iiiiiivvvi-cranial-nerves
- has clinical significance – the infraorbital canal houses the sensory infraorbital nerve - through the foramen the
nerve has to be anaesthetised
MAXILLA
CANALIS ALVEOLARIS:
- near the Foramen infraorbitale
- the canalis infraorbitalis gives rise to the alveolar canal
- runs to the alveoli of the incisor teeth
- runs to the alveolus of the canine
- contains the nerves and vessels of dentes incisivi, caninus, premolars
https://veteriankey.com/cranial-nerves/
MAXILLA
CANALIS ALVEOLARIS:
- in Ru tere are no teeth in the incisive bone - the alveolar canal is absent
MAXILLA
CANALIS MAXILLOINCISIVUS (incisivomaxillary canal:
- carries the nerves and blood vessels to the first three premolar, canine, incisor teeth
- leaves the medial wall of the infraorbital canal within the infraorbital foramen
- passes dorsal to the apex of canine alveolus
- enters the incisive bone – continues in the incisive bone rostrally and medially
- give off branches to the incisor alveoli
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/museum/pages/EqSkullVasCast.html
https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2018/01/23/horse-ill-fitting-bridle/
MAXILLA
CORPUS MAXILLAE, FACEIS NASALIS presents:
- inner surface
a. CRISTA CONCHALIS:
- origin of the lower nasal concha
2.
1.
A
a.
B
1. Conchal crest
2. Ethmoid crest
3. Third incisor tooth
4. Canine tooth
5. First premolar tooth
6. Second premolar tooth
7. Third premolar tooth
Dorsal turbinate bone (A) and ventral turbinate bone (B) 8. Fourth premolar tooth
9. Incisive bone
10. Nasal bone
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3195024 11. Maxilla
24_Gross_anatomical_studies_on_the_turbinate_b
one_of_blue_bull_Boselaphus_tragocamelus#pf2 12. Vomer
https://veteriankey.com/intraoral-radiographic-anatomy-of-the-dog/
MAXILLA
CORPUS MAXILLAE, FACEIS NASALIS presents:
b. CANALIS NASOLACRIMALIS:
- opens on the nasal surface through the foramen lacrimale
- canal for the ductus nasolacrimalis
FORAMEN LACRIMALE lies:
A . in eq above the lower conchal crest
B. in Car, Ru below the lower conchal crest

Nasolacrimal duct (dog).
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasolacrimal_duct_(dog).jpg
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/final-exam/deck/2434777
MAXILLA
PROCESSUS ALVEOLARIS:
Processus alveolaris
- ventral process
- presents the alveoli for teeth
MAXILLA
PROCESSUS ALVEOLARIS presents:
a) the MARGO ALVEOLARIS
- border of the processus alveolaris
MAXILLA
b. contains the ALVEOLI DENTALES for the cheek teeth
https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/260294053442559492/
Alveoli dentales
MAXILLA
ALVEOLI DENTALES
1) separated by the SEPTA INTERALVEOLARIA

Interalveolar septa
https://pocketdentistry.com/14-dento-osseous-structures-blood-vessels-and-nerves/
Septa interalveolaria
MAXILLA
ALVEOLI DENTALES
2. SEPTA INTERRADICULARIA:
- divide the individual alveoli into separate cavities for the roots of the teeth
Interalveolar septa
Septa interradicularia
https://pocketdentistry.com/14-dento-osseous-structures-blood-vessels-and-nerves/
MAXILLA
ALVEOLI DENTALES
3. JUGA ALVEOLARIS:
- caused by the roots of the teeth on the outer surface
Juga alveolaris
MAXILLA
MARGO INTERALVEOLARIS (DIASTEMA, interalveolar space) :
- space without teeth on the alveolar process of the incisive bone
- in Ru the incisive bone in front has no teeth
MAXILLA
TUBER MAXILLAE:
- caudal to the alveolar process
- demarcates the fossa pterygopalatina

MAXILLA
FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA:
space between the:
a. proc. petyrogoideus
b. os basisphenoidale
c. Maxilla – tuber maxillae
- in carnivores included in the orbit
- in the other animals lies above the orbit
MAXILLA
there are 3 FORAMINA:
1. FORAMEN MAXILLARE
2. FORAMEN SPHENOPALATINUM (for. nasale aborale)
3. FORAMEN PALATINUM CAUDALE (aborale)
1. Foramen lacrimale
4. Foramen palatinum caudale
1.
2.
3.
4.
ca
https://www.neuroanatomyofthedog.com/iiiiiivvvi-cranial-nerves?lightbox=image_dyy
MAXILLA
1. FORAMEN MAXILLARE:
- the entrance of the infraorbital canal
MAXILLA
2. FORAMEN SPHENOPALATINUM (foramen nasale aborale):
- leads into the nasal cavity
https://www.neuroanatomyofthedog.com/iiiiiiv 1. Foramen lacrimale

vvi-cranial-nerves?lightbox=image_dyy
4. Foramen palatinum caudale 1.
2.
3.
4.
ca
MAXILLA
3. FORAMEN PALATINUM CAUDALE:
- gives access to the canalis palatinus majus (major palatine canal)
MAXILLA
PROCESSUS PALATINUS MAXILLAE:
- projects medially
- horizontal plate
- begins above the alveolar process
- unites with the palatine process of the other side at the SUTURA PALATINA MEDIANA
Sutura
palatina
mediana
Processus
Palatinus
maxillae
MAXILLA
PROCESSUS PALATINUS:
- caudally fuses with the horizontal palte of the palatine bone - form the PALATUM DURUM
PALATUM DURUM (hard, osseous palate):
- forms the roof of the oral cavity
- forms the floor of the nasal cavity
MAXILLA
- forms the FISSURA PALATINA:
• parts of the incisive bone
• paramedian fissure in the rostral part of the osseous palate
• canalis incisivus accomodated in it
MAXILLA
A. FACEIS NASALIS:
a. carries the CRISTA NASALIS:
- attachament of the vomer
MAXILLA
B. FACEIS ORALIS:
a. SULCUS PALATINUS: Sinus palatinus
- runs from the exit of the major palatine canal to the foramen palatinum major
- SINUS PALATINUS in Bo
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/gross-anatomy-i-study-guide-2011-12-kumar/deck/9731266
INCISIVE BONE (OS INCISIVUM, PREMAXILLA)
- forms the apex of the skull with the maxilla and the nasal bone
PARTS OF THE INCISIVE BONE:
A. CORPUS OSSIS INCISIVI
B. PROCESSUS ALVEOLARIS (except in Ru)
C. PROCESSUS NASALIS
D. PROCESSUS PALATINUS
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3468364/ https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
INCISIVE BONE (OS INCISIVUM)
CORPUS OSSIS INCISIVI:
a. FACIES LABIALIS
b. FACIES PALATINA
- the body projects towards the lower jaw to form the process
- in Ru no teeth
a. ALVEOLI DENTALES for the 3 inciser teeth
b. MAGO INTERALVEOLARIS
c. SUTURA INTERINCISIVA:
- in carnovores, eq
- the two incisive bones come together in the midline
- canalis interincisivus
Sutura
interincisiva
FISSURA INTERINCISIVA:
- in Ru the incisive bones remain separated by the fissura
PROCESSUS NASALIS:
- projects towards the roof of the nasal cavity
- lies between the nasal bone and the maxilla
- provides the lateral margin of the nasal orifice
- formation of the nasoincisive notch (exept carnivores)
- lies rostrally on the bony palate in a space formed by the maxilla
- joints to the palatine porcess of the maxilla
1. FISSURA PALATINA
Sulcus for vomer
2. FACEIS NASALIS:
- has a SULCUS for the vomer and cartilagineous nasal septum
Sulcus for vomer
PALATINE BONE (OS PALATINUM)
lies between:
a. the maxilla in front
b. the sphenoid and pterygoid bones behind
PARTS OF THE PALATINE BONE:
A. LAMINA PERPENDICULARIS OSSIS PALATINI
B. LAMINA HORIZONTALIS OSSIS PALATINI
LAMINA PERPENDICULARIS OSSIS PALATINI:
- forms the lateral wall and the roof of the meatus nasopgaryngeus
- forms the bony margin of the choanae
- runs into the orbit as the PROC. ORBIRALIS
1 Processus zygomaticus frontalis , 2 Foramina ethmoidalia, 3 Canalis opticus, 4

Fissura orbitalis, 5 Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 6 Foramen sphenopalatinum, 7 Foramen
palatinum caudale, 8 Foramen maxillare, 9 Processus frontalis of zygomatic bone,
10 Processus coronoideus of mandibula, 11 Processus temporalis of zygomatic
bone, 12 Processus zygomaticus temporalis, 13 Foramen alare rostrale, UK
mandibula, Fpp Fossa pterygopalatina
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orbita_hund.jpg
a. LAMINA SPHENOETHMOIDALIS :
- absent in Ru
- articulates with the wing of the vomer
- articulates with the basal lamina of ethmoid
- separate the meatus nasopharyngeus from the ethmoid labyrinths
23.
b. PROCESSUS SPHENOIDALIS
c. FACEIS MAXILLARIS – involved in the formation of the pterygopalatine fossa
LAMINA PERPENDICULARIS OSSIS PALATINI in eq contains the :
SINUS PALATINUS:
- communicates with the sphenoid sinus – SINUS SPHENOPALATINUS
http://www.equinedental.eu/uploads/documents/FOCUSonDENTISTRYPROCEEDINGS.pdf
LAMINA HORIZONTALIS OSSIS PALATINI:
- forms the caudal limit of the bony palate
- fused rostrally with the palatine process of the maxilla
- forms the palatum durum
PALATINE BONE
(OS PALATINUM)
LAMINA HORIZONTALIS IS OSSIS PALATINI:
a. MARGO LIBER:
- caudal border
- directed to the nasopharyngeal meatus
- origin of the soft palate (palatum molle)
12. Palatum durum

24. Palatum molle
https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ebooks/pdf/10.1055/b-0034-36154.pdf http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf
PALATINE BONE (OS PALATINUM)A
a. MARGO LIBER presents in the midline:
1. SPINA NASALIS CAUDALIS:
- in ca
b. CRISTA NASALIS:
- attachment for the vomer
- continues onto the palatine process of the maxilla
PALATINE BONE (OS PALATINUM)A
LAMINA HORIZONTALIS OSSIS PALATINI contains the:
SINUS PALATINUS:
- in Ru
- together with the palatine process of the maxilla forms the palatine sinus
Sinus palatinus
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/gross-
anatomy-i-study-guide-2011-12-kumar/deck/9731266
Foramina
PALATINE BONE (OS PALATINUM)A palatina
minora
LAMINA HORIZONTALIS OSSIS PALATINI presents:
FORAMEN PALATINUM MAJUS:
- rostral opening of canalis palatinus majus
- in Bo entirely formed by os palatinum
FORAMINA PALATINA MINORA:
- rostral openings of canales palatini minores
- in ca, bo
CANALIS PALATINUS MAJOR:
- in dog, eq
- starts at the foramen palatinum caudale in the pterygopalatine fossa
- runs between the horizontal plates of the palatine bone and the maxilla
- exit – foramen palatinum majus
- in Bo formed only by the os palatinum
https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/from-the-horses-mouth-an-extraction-of-the-first-premolar-teeth

Foramina
CANALES PALATINI MINORES: palatina
minora
- in ca, bo
- Its opnening are ther foramina palatina minora
Fpramina
palatina
For. palatinum major minora
Sulcus palatinus
VOMER
- unpaired bone
- extends into the nasal cavity
A. BASAL PLATE:
- attached to the median nasal crest
B. LATERAL PLATES:
- forms the sulcus septalis – accomodates the nasal septum https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
- forms the ALAE VOMERIS – encloses the rostrum of the basisphenoid
CONCHAL BONE (OSSA CONCHA)
A. ENDOTURBINATE I.
- projects rostrally into the nasal cavity
- forms the bony basis of the dorsal nasal concha
- attached to the ethmoid plate of the ethmoid bone
- SINUS CONCHAE DORSALIS
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab20/Img20-2.html
A. ENDOTURBINATE I.
in eq has two compartments:
a. Rostral part:
- coiled towards the middle nasal meatus
- contains the recessus conchae dorsalis
b. Caudal part:
- cone - shaped
- contains the dorsal conchal sinus – unites with the frontal sinus – SINUS CONCHOFRONTALIS
B. ENDOTURBINATE II.
- forms the support of the middle nasal concha
VENTRAL NASAL CONCHAL BONE (OS CONCHAE NASALIS VENTRALIS, MAXILLOTURBINATE, Mt):
- not part of the ethmoid bone
- fused to the conchal crest of the maxilla
- forms the basis for the ventral nasal concha
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab20/Img20-2.html
VENTRAL NASAL CONCHAL BONE (OS CONCHAE NASALIS VENTRALIS, MAXILLOTURBINATE, Mt):
1. LAMELLA BASALIS
2. LAMINA SPIRALIS
2. Lamina basalis
3. Lamina spiralis dorsalis
4. Lamina spiralis ventralis
https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ebooks/pdf/10.1055/b-0037-148384.pdf
VENTRAL NASAL CONCHAL BONE (OS CONCHAE NASALIS VENTRALIS, MAXILLOTUBINATE, Mt):
LAMINA SPIRALIS:
a. in carnivores, Ru double being rolled upwards and downwards
b. in eq coiled upwards
c. SINUS CONCHAE VENTRALIS the spiral lamina fused with the basal lamella
The medial aspect of the left side of an equine

head following excision of the nasal septum and
the medial wall of spiral lamellae of both nasal
conchae, illustrating the dorsal conchal sinus
(DCS), ventral conchal sinus (VCS), dorsal
conchal bulla (DCB) and ventral conchal bulla
(VCB)
https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/177/21/542
2. Lamina basalis
3. Lamina spiralis dorsalis
4. Lamina spiralis ventralis
https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ebooks/pdf/10.1055/b-0037-
148384.pdf
eq
The arrangement of the conchal bones leaves 3 passages or MEATUSES in both nasal cavity:
1. MEATUS NASALIS DORSALIS (dorsal nasal meatus):
- lies between the roof of the nasal cavity and the dorsal concha
2. MEATUS NASI MEDIUS (middle nasal meatus):
- lies between the two conchal bones
3. MEATUS NASI VENTRALIS (ventral nasal meatus):
- lies between the ventral concha and the floor of the nasal cavity
MANDIBULA
PARTS OF THE MANDIBULA:
1. CORPUS MANDIBULAE
2. RAMUS MANDIBULAE
MANDIBULA
ca
CORPUS MANDIBULAE:
bo
- carries the teeth
PARTS OF THE CORPUS:
A. PARS INCISIVA (incisive part)

eq
B. PARS MOLARIS (molar part)
Lingual surface
ca, lateral aspect, labial surface
MANDIBULA
CORPUS MANDIBULAE:
PARS INCISIVA (incisive part):
- rostral part for with alveoli for incisors

https://www.justanswer.com/dog-health/1uo54-need-know-name-small-bone-back.html
a. FACIES LINGUALIS
b. FACEIS LABIALIS ca, lingual surface
c. ARCUS ALVEOLARIS:
- the lingual and labial surface meet in front
- alveoli dentalis for the incisors
MANDIBULA
ca
CORPUS MANDIBULAE:
bo
PARS MOLARIS (molar part):
a. FACIES BUCCALIS
b. FACIES LINGUALIS
eq
Lingual surface
MANDIBULA
CORPUS MANDIBULAE:
PARS MOLARIS (molar part):
FACIES LINGUALIS presents :
a. LINEA MYLOHYOIDEA
Linea
mylohyoidea
MANDIBULA
CORPUS MANDIBULAE:
MARGO VENTRALIS:
- lower border of the alveolar part
- convex from the lateral aspect in carnovores and ruminants
- straight in eq
MANDIBULA
INCISURA VASORUM FACIALIUM:
- at the border between the body and ramus

https://www.slideshare.net/
aydan92/kafatasi-ders-
- notch for facial vessels notlari
- except in carnivores
MANDIBULA
MARGO ALVEOLARIS:
- on the dorsal border
- Alveoli dentales fro the cheek teeth
- Septa interalveolaria
- Septa interradicularia
- Juga alveolaria
MANDIBULA
MARGO INTERALVEOLARIS (interalveolar margin, DIASTEMA):
- portion of dorsal border without alveoli

MANDIBULA
CANALIS MANDIBULAE (mandibular canal):
- begins caudally on the medial surface of the ramus
- its entrance FORAMEN MANDIBULARE
- curves forwards below the alveoli of the chee teeth
- ends on the lateral surface of the body at the junction between the molar and incisive part
- its exit - FORAMEN MENTALE
MANDIBULA
FORAMEN MANDIBULARE:
- palpated on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus
- used for injetion
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IM
UNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2007.pdf
elearning.uokerbala.edu.iq
MANDIBULA
FORAMEN MENTALE (mental foramen):
- in Ru, eq single
- in carnivores there are 2 or 3 FORAMINA MENTALIS
- palpable through the skin of the lower lip on the lateral surface of the body
- palpeted below the oral mucosa if the lower lip everted

MANDIBULA
CANALIS MANDIBULARIS (mandibular canal):
- accomodates the sensory mandibular alveolar nerve
- be anaesthetised through the mental and mandibular foramen
elearning.uokerbala.edu.iq
MANDIBULA
CANALIS MANDIBULARIS (mandibular canal):
- runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus
- then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by
small openings
• arriving at the incisor teeth, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off a small canal
known as the mandibular incisive canal
MANDIBULA
CANALIS MANDIBULOINCISIVUS (mandibular incisive canal)
• runs to the cavities containing the incisor teeth
• carries branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and artery
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-significance-of-the-anterior-loop-of-the-a-
Bobat/d406db0728007cbb7856062abad908da4c690e9d/figure/1
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/museum/pages/EqSkullVasCast.html
MANDIBULA
CANALIS ALVEOLARIS:
- the mandibular canal gives off the alveolar canal
- for the lower teeth
- contain nerves and vessels
https://veteriankey.com/surgery-of-the-digestive-system/
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
- flat sagittal plate
- curves upwards from the body towards the zygomatic arch
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
A. FACIES LATERALIS
B. FACIES MEDIALIS
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
FACIES LATERALIS:
a. FOSSA MASSETERICA
- m. masseter
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
FACIES MEDIALIS:
a. FOSSA PTERYGOIDEA:
- m. pterygoideus medialis
24. Fossa pterygoidea
For.
mandibularis
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
ANGULUS MANDIBULAE:
- ventral border of the body and vertical border of the ramus meet at the angulus
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
ANGULUS MANDIBULAE:
- in carnivores has a PROCESSUS ANGULARIS

MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
ANGULUS MANDIBULAE:
TUBEROSITAS M. STRENOMANDIBULARIS:
- in eq
- locared dorsal to the angle
http://vanat.ahc.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab08/Img8-10.html
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
PROCESSUS CONDYLARIS:
a. COLLUM MANDIBULAE
b. CAPUT MANDIBULARE
- part of the mandibular joint
36. Collum mandibulae
Collum
mandibulae
MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
PROCESSUS CONDYLARIS:
c. FOVEA PTERYGOIDEA: lingua
- on the medial surface
- insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle

m. pterygoideus med. m. pterygoideus lat.
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/sites/default/files/asset_6344_pot222.jpg
37. Fovea pterygoidea

MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULAE:
PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS:
- attachament for the temporal muscle

MANDIBULA
RAMUS MANDIBULA (mandibular notch):
INCISURA MANDIBULAE:
- separates the porc. condylaris et coronoideus

APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
HYOID BONE (OS HYOIDEUM)
situated between:
a. the rami of the mandible
• embedded rostrally in the root of the tongue
• caudally connected with the larynx
• dorsally articulates with the temporal bone
https://www.equisens.es/montar-a-caballo/la-importancia-de-la-lengua-en-un-caballo-conectado/
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
PARTS OF THE HYOID IN NARROW SENSE:
1 CORPUS OSSIS HYOIDEI (BASIHYOIDEUM)
2. THYROHYOIDEUM – directed caudally
3. CERATHYOIDEUM – directed upwards of the tongue
http://www.downloads.imune.net/
medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anato
my%201.%20Lesson%2007.pdf
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
CORPUS OSSIS HYOIDEI (BASIHYOIDEUM) :
- embedded in the root of the tongue
bears:
a. PROCESSUS LINGUALIS
- projects into the tongue

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFarYGHSbYs
- absent in carnivores
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
THYROHYOIDEUM :
A, Superior or Long Cornu of 0s Hyoides. B, Inferior or Short
- directed caudally Cornu. C, Thyroid or Heel-like Process. D, Spur Process.
E, Epiglottis. F, Glottis. G, Cricoid Cartilage. H, Thyroid
Cartilage. I, First Ring of Trachea. J, Arytaenoid Cartilage.
- projects towards the thyroid cartilage
https://chestofbooks.com/animals/horses/Health-Disease-
- In Ru, eq fuses with the basihyoid Treatment-2/Inferior-Maxillary-Bone-Or-Lower-Jaw.html
Plastinated anatomical preparation of the hyoid bone from an adult dog.

a — tympanohyoid, b — stylohyoid, c — epihyoid, d — ceratohyoid,
e — basihyoid, f — thyrohyoid
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Plastinated-anatomical-preparation-of-the-
hyoid-bone-from-an-adult-dog-a-tympanohyoid_fig1_307122393
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
CERATOHYOIDEUM :
- paired
- united to the basihyoid
- directed upwords to the tongue
- attachament for the suspensory apparatus
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
SUSPENSORY APPARATUS:
- connects the hyoid to the temporal bone
this connection achieved by:
a. styloid porcess in Ru, eq
b. mastoid porcess in carnivores
https://vetphysiophyle.wordpress.com/201
9/02/05/the-equine-hyoid-apparatus/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-Skull-of-Bos-taurus-with-the-
hyoid-apparatus-B-Areas-of-origin-and-insertion-of-the_fig4_45801341
https://murdochmethod.com/no-109-release-tongue-tension/
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
PARTS OF THE SUSPENSORY APPARATUS:
1. TYMPANOHYOIDEUM
2. STYLOHYOIDEUM
3. EPIHYOIDEUM
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
TYMPANOHYOIDEUM:
- proximal part
- short
- in carnivores formed by connective tissue
- in Ru, eq cartilaginous
http://www.downloads.imune.net
/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Ana
tomy%201.%20Lesson%2007.pdf
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
STYLOHYOIDEUM:
- middle part
- ANGULUS STYLOHYOIDEUS – in eq, bo
- in carnivores consists of a proximal osseus and a distal cartilagineous part
APPARATUS HYOIDEUS
EPIHYOIDEUM:
- distal part
- in eq fused with the stylohyoid
CAVUM CRANII
lodges:
a. the brain
b. the meninges
c. blood vessels
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/sites/default/files/asset_6344_pot222.jpg
CAVUM CRANII
a. CALVARIA (THE ROOF OF THE CRANIUM)
b. NASAL WALL
c. NUCHAL WALL
d. BASE OF THE CRANIAL CAVITY divided into:
1. BASIS CRANII EXTERNA
2. BASIS CRANII INTERNA

CALVARIA
• roof of the cranium
formed by the:
- frontal and parietal, interparietal bones
consists of:
1. SINUS FRONTALIS
2. TENTORIUM CEREBELLI OSSEUM http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html
3. IMPRESSIONES DIGITATE
4. JUGA CEREBRALIA
5. SULCI ARTERIOSI et VENOSI
6. CRISTA SAGITTALIS INT. – in eq
7. CRISTA GALLI in eq
8. SULCUS SINUS SAGITTALIS DORSALIS
9. SULCUS SINUS TRANSVERI
10. CANALIS SINUS TRANSVERUS

LATERAL WALL OF THE CRANIUM
formed by the:
1. petrous part of the temporal bone
a. Fundus et meatus accusticus internus
b. Fossa condylaris ventralis
c. Processus paracondylaris
d. Canalis n. hypoglossi
NASAL WALL OF THE CRANIUM
formed by the:
1. LAMINA CRIBROSA of the ETHMOID BONE
2. FORAMEN ETHMOIDALE – leads into the orbit
3. FRONTAL BONE
NUCHAL WALL OF THE CRANIUM
formed by the:
1. OCCIPITAL BONE
a. FORAMEN MAGNUM
CAVUM CRANII
BASIS CRANII INTERNA:
THERE ARE 3 FOSSAE:
1. FOSSA CRANII ROSTRALIS
2. FOSSA CRANII MEDIA
3. FOSSA CRANII CAUDALIS
CAVUM CRANII
BASIS CRANII INTERNA
1. FOSSA CRANII ROSTRALIS:
- excaveted in the presphenoid
- extends from the lamina cribrosa to the crista orbitofrontalis
a. Sulcus chiasmatis
b. Canalis opticus
CAVUM CRANII
2. FOSSA CRANII MEDIA:
- depression in the basisphenoid
- lies caudal to the rostral cranial fossa
a. Sella turcica
b. Fossa hypophysealis
c. Dorsum sellae
d. Sulcus nervi ophtalmici et maxillaris
e. Fissura orbitorotundum – Ru
f. Fissura orbitalis – ca, eq
g. Formen rotundum – ca
h. Fossa piriformis
CAVUM CRANII
3. FOSSA CRANII CAUDALIS:
excavated :
- in the basilar part of the occipital bone
- laterally in the petrous temporal bone
a. Impressio pontina
b. Impressio medullaris
c. Fissura petroocipitalis
d. Foramen jugulare
e. Foramen lacerum – eq
f. Foramen ovale – ca, bo
g. Foramen et canalis caroticus – ca
h. Foramen spinosum - ca
CAVUM CRANII
1. ORBITA
2. CAVUM NASI
3. CAVUM ORIS
4. EAR (AURIS)
bo
5. SINUS PARANASALES
http://raab.moovr.fr/cow-skull-diagram.html
ca eq
http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172 https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2017/09/28/b
ridle-fit-important-horse-saddle-fitting/
BONY ORBIT
- lodges the eye
1. ADITUS ORBITALIS (entrance) formed by:
a. Lacrimal bone
b. Zygomatic bone
c. Frontal bone
d. In eq – zygomatic process of the frontal bone
- Margo supraorbitalis
- Margo infraorbitalis
- Ligamentum orbitale in ca
- Fossa lacrimalis
1 Processus zygomaticus frontalis , 2 Foramina ethmoidalia, 3 Canalis

opticus, 4 Fissura orbitalis, 5 Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 6 Foramen
sphenopalatinum, 7 Foramen palatinum caudale, 8 Foramen maxillare, 9
Processus frontalis of zygomatic bone, 10 Processus coronoideus of
mandibula, 11 Processus temporalis of zygomatic bone, 12 Processus
zygomaticus temporalis, 13 Foramen alare rostrale, UK mandibula, Fpp
Fossa pterygopalatina
BONY ORBIT
2. MEDIAL WALL formed by:
a. Frontal bone
b. Lacrimal bone
c. Wing of the presphenoid
d. Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone in ca
1. Fossa sacci lacrimalis
2. Foramen lacrimale
3. Bulla lacrimalis in Ru
1 Processus zygomaticus frontalis , 2 Foramina ethmoidalia, 3 Canalis

opticus, 4 Fissura orbitalis, 5 Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 6 Foramen
sphenopalatinum, 7 Foramen palatinum caudale, 8 Foramen maxillare, 9
Processus frontalis of zygomatic bone, 10 Processus coronoideus of
mandibula, 11 Processus temporalis of zygomatic bone, 12 Processus
zygomaticus temporalis, 13 Foramen alare rostrale, UK mandibula, Fpp
Fossa pterygopalatina
CAVUM NASI (NASAL CAVITY)
APERTURA NASI OSSEA (entrance) formed by:
- Nasal bones
- Incisive bones
- Maxillae
CAVUM NASI
(NASAL CAVITY)
SEPTUM NASI:
- forms the medial wall
- divides the cavity into right and left halves
a. SEPTUM NASI OSSEUM formed by the:
1. Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis
b. SEPTUM NASI CARTILAGINEUS:
- unites dorsally with the nasal bone

- ventrally supported by the sulcus septalis of vomer
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/sites/default/files/o
riginal_media/document/asset_8862_REG.E.1all.pdf
FUNDUS NASI:
- caudal blind dorsal part
- occupied by the ethmoturbinates
MEATUS NASOPHARYNGEUS:
- caudally and ventrally continues into the nasopharyngeal meatus
- leads into the nasopharynx
ROOF formed by:
1. Nasal bones
2. Nasal part of the frontal bone
LATERAL WALL formd by:
- Maxilla
- Lacrimal bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Incisive bone
CONCHAL BONES:
- project into the nasal cavity from the roof and lateral walls
a. Endoturbinate I
b. Endoturbinate II
c. Endoturbinates III, IV.
d. Ectoturbinates
e. Concha nasalis ventralis (maxilloturbinate)

f. Meatus nasi dorsalis, ventralis, medii
g. Meatus nasi communis
FLOOR formed by palatum durum:
- Maxilla proc. palatinus
- Incisive bone proc. palatinus
- Palatine bone lamina horizontalis
CAUDAL WALL formed by:
- Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
- Frontal bone
CHOANAE (exit of the nasal cavity) formed by:
- encloses the nasopharyngx (pars nasalis pharyngis)
- Meatus nasopharyngeus – opens into the nasopharynx into the nasal cavity
CHOANAE (exit of the nasal cavity) formed by:
a. ROSTRAL BORDER of the choanae formed by:
- Lamina horizontalis ossis palatini
b. LATERAL WALLS of the choanae:
- Perpendicular plates of the palatine bones
- Alar process of the sphenoid bone
- Pterygoid bone
ROOF formed by:
- Vomer
- Body of presphenoid
The choanae (internal nostrils) of a cat,
indicated by the dashed lines and
bounded by the vomer (blue gray) and
the palatine bone (orange)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choana
SINUS PARANASALES
1. SINUS MAXILLARIS
2. SINUS FRONTALIS
3. SINUS PALATINUS
4. SIUS SPHENOIDALIS
5. SINUS LACRIMALIS
6. SINUS CONCHAE DORSALIS
7. SINUS CONCHAE VENTRALIS
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/I
mg18-9.html
file:///C:/Users/Hei0002/Desktop/cranium/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS MAXILLARIS:
- eq, Ru
outer wall formed by the:
a. Maxilla
b. Lacrimal bone
c. Palatine bone
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS MAXILLARIS:
1. in Ru:
- lies into the maxilla and zygomatic bones
- communicates with the lacrimal and palatine sinuses
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS MAXILLARIS:
2. In eq:
- lies into the maxilla, zygomatic and lacrimal bones
- Septum nasi maxillaris divides into:
a. Sinus maxillaris caudalis
b. Sinus maxillaris rostralis

SINUS PARANASALES
RECESSUS MAXILLARIS:
• In ca
http://bvetmed1.blogspot.com/2013/02/mastication-and-sinuses-lecture-134.html
SINUS
PARANASALES
SINUS FRONTALIS:
- in the frontal bones
in eq:
• extends throughout the entire frontal bone
• unites with the dorsal conchal sinus – sinus conchofrontalis
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/sites/default/files/original_media/document/asset_8862_REG.E.1all.pdf
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS FRONTALIS:
in ox:
• extends caudally through the parietal, interparietal bones into the occipital bones
• laterally into the squamous part of the temporal bone
• in horn – carrying ruminants extends into the cornual process of the frontal bone
a) Septum sinuum frontalium
b) Lamellae intrasinuales
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS PALATINUS:
- absent in ca
in eq:
- excavated in the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
- united with the sphenoidal sinus – Sinus sphenopalatinus
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS PALATINUS:
in Ru:
- ecavated the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
- extends into the palatine process of the maxilla
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/paranasal-sinuses/deck/2449519
SINUS PARANASALES
SINUS SPHENOIDALIS:
- absent in dog, small ruminants
- excavated in the body of the presphenoid
- septum sinuum sphenoidalium
SINUS
PARANASALES
SINUS CONCHAE DORSALIS:
- absent in ca
in eq:
- excavted the caudal part of the dorsal nasal conchal

The medial aspect of the left side of an equine head following excision of the nasal
- connected with the frontal sinus – sinus conchofrontalis septum and the medial wall of spiral lamellae of both nasal conchae, illustrating the
dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), ventral conchal sinus (VCS), dorsal conchal bulla
(DCB) and ventral conchal bulla (VCB)
in Ru:
- occupies the entire dorsal nasal concha
SINUS
PARANASALES
SINUS CONCHAE VENTRALIS:
- in ox, eq
The medial aspect of the left side of an equine head following excision
- located into the caudal part of the ventral nasal conchal bone of the nasal septum and the medial wall of spiral lamellae of both nasal
conchae, illustrating the dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), ventral conchal
sinus (VCS), dorsal conchal bulla (DCB) and ventral conchal bulla (VCB)
- in eq connected laterally with the rostral maxillary sinus
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
1. R. Nickel, A. Shummer, E. Steiferle: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Band III., 2.
Auflage
2. Klaus-Dieter Budras, Patrick H. McCarthy , Wolfgang Fricke : Renate Richter Anatomy of the
Dog, 5th revised Edition
3. Klaus-Dieter Budras , W.O.Sack, Sabine Röck : Anatomy of the Horse 5th revised Edition
4. Klaus – Dieter Budras, Rober E. Habel: Bovine Anatomy, 1st Edition
5. Miller’s Anatomy of the dog, 4th Edition
6. König – Liebich: Anatomie der Haussäugetiere, 4. Auflage
7. König – Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 4th Edition
8. Saunders W.B: Veterinary Anatomy Flash Cards, 2nd Revised edition

VISCEROCRANIUM

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VISCEROCRANIUM

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VISCEROCRANIUM

• articulate around the nasal cavity

• provide the roof of the oral cavity

• provide the bony orbit

• provide the lateral walls

- situated rostral to the frontal bone

- forms the DORSUM NASI (roof of the nasal cavity)

b. FACIES INTERNA has a CRISTA ETHMOIDALIS

- attachment of endoturbinate I. for concha nasalis dorsalis

- in carnivores gives rise to the PROC. SEPTALIS

- formation of the cartilago septi nasi

- gives rise to the INCISURA NASOINCISIVA

- in ox, horse – lies between the nasal and incisive bones

inserted between the:

A. Facies orbitalis – facing the orbita

B. Facies facialis – rostral to the orbita

- both surfaces fuse medirostrally at the MARGO SUPRA – or INFRAORITALIS

C. Facies nasalis (inner surface)

- carries the PROC. LACRIMALIS CAUDALIS

PROC. LACRIMALIS ROSTRALIS:

- on the facial surface

FACIES ORBITALIS presents:

a. FOSSA SACCI LACRIMALIS:

- leads into the lacrimal duct

FACIES ORBITALIS presents:

Cutaway drawing of the canine skull, showing the

Components of the nasolacrimal system.

The horse has a complete bony orbital rim. The https://veteriankey.com/lacrimal-system-2/

c. FOSSA MUSCULI OBLIQUI VENTRALIS:

- lodges the origin of the ventral oblique ocular muscle

FACIES ORBITALIS presents in Ru.:

- large, thin – walled protuberance

- into the ventral part of the orbita

- its interior is the part of maxillary sinus

Skull of a sheep. Lacrimal bone (Os lacrimale) coloured.

- forms part of the boundary of the maxillary sinus

- contains the CANALIS NASOLACRIMALIS

Nasolacrimal duct (dog).

A. CORPUS OSSIS ZYGOMATICI

D. PROCESSUS TEMPORALIS ossis zygomatici:

- arises from the corpus

IN CARNIVORES generally the body:

- articuates with the maxilla

- forms the processus temporalis

IN Ru, eq generally the body:

- forms the orbital margin of the maxillary sinus

- forms the processus temporalis

ARCUS ZYGOMATICUS formed by the:

1. Processus temporalis ossis zygomatici

- arises on the lateral surface

- extends onto the maxilla

- largest bone of the face

- forms the largest part of the lateral wall of the face

- forms the bony basis of the hard palate

PARTS OF THE MAXILLA:

- lies on the upper outer wall of the face

FACIES FACIALIS (outer surface) presents the:

a. CRISTA FACIALIS on its facies facialis