Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering

Lecturer: Federico A. Roy Jr, BSEE, MEE, PhD, IIEE (member)

z
MATH 20063
Differential
Equations
Lecture 8
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8.1 Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation is a differential equation of the form
!"
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦$
!#

where 𝑛 is a real number not equal to 0 or 1,

It is named after Jacob (also known as James or Jacques) Bernoulli (1654-1705)

who discussed it in 1695.

Jacob Bernoulli was born in Basel, Switzerland.

He studied theology and entered the ministry, he also studied mathematics and
astronomy.
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The Bernoulli’s equation
!"
Let the Bernoulli's d.e. in the form + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦$ − − 1
!#

% !" % %
Multiplying (1) by will result to +𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 and eventually will take the
"! !# "! "!
!" &$
form to 𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦%&$ = 𝑄 𝑥 − − 2
!#

!'
If we let 𝑣 = 𝑦 &$ − − 3 hence, = 𝑦 &$ 𝑑𝑦 − − 4
%&$

!'
Substituting (4) into (2), will yield + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑄 𝑥 − −(5)
%&$ !#

Now, (5) is a linear d.e. of order one and now solvable using the method of solving linear
d.e.
Example 8.1
z equation 2𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 𝑦 * + 3𝑥 * using the Bernoulli’s equation.
(a) Solve the

(b) Solve the equation 2𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 𝑦 * + 3𝑥 * using another method.

Solutions:

Given the d.e. 2𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 𝑦 * + 3𝑥 * − − 1

Rearranging (1) into the Bernoulli's equation will result to

!" ( % ( !"
− 𝑦 = 𝑦 − − 2 , comparing (2) with + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦$
!# *# *#" !#

&( % %
we have 𝑃 𝑥 = ,𝑄 𝑥 = and 𝑛 = 3 , now, multiplying (2) by , will results to
*# *#" ""

!" ( % !" &( ( &* %

− 𝑦 = and simplifying will lead to 𝑦 − 𝑦 = − (3)
!#"" *#"" *#" !# *# *#"

!'
Using (3) , we let the substitution 𝑣 = 𝑦 &* − − 4 , hence 𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑦 &( 𝑑𝑦 → = 𝑦 &( 𝑑𝑦 − (5)
&*

!' ( %
Substituting (4) and (5) into (3) and simplifying will yield to + 𝑣=− − − 6 (verify this)
!# # #"
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!' ( %
Now, considering the linear d.e. + 𝑣=− −− 6
!# # #"
"
( ∫ , # !# ∫#!#
where 𝑃 𝑥 = . , hence the I.F. = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 (-$# = 𝑥 (
#

!'
Multifying (6) by the I.F. 𝑥 ( + 3𝑥 * 𝑣 = −1 − −(7)
!#

Now, rewriting (7) as 𝑑 𝑥 ( 𝑣 = −𝑑𝑥 and integrating will result to

%
𝑥 ( 𝑣 = −𝑥 + 𝑐 , hence 𝑥 ( 𝑣 = 𝑐 − 𝑥 − −(8) and since 𝑣 = 𝑦 &* = "$

%
Equation (8) becomes 𝑥 ( "$ = 𝑐 − 𝑥 , hence the gen solution of (1) is
𝑥( = 𝑦* 𝑐 − 𝑥
b) Solve the equation 2𝑥 %𝑦 & = 𝑦 𝑦 ' + 3𝑥 ' using another method
(

() )!+%*")
Solutions: let be
zthe given d.e. be of the form (*
= '*!
−− 1

Equation 1 is a homogenous equation of degree 3? (prove this)

Now, let the substitution be 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 − −(2) → hence 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 − −(3)

Substitute (2) and (3) into (1) and simplify, the results will be

𝑣 𝑣 ' + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 ,𝑑𝑣 − −(4) (verify this)

(4) Is now variable separable which will be integrable as shown;

2𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
/ = / − −(5)
𝑣 𝑣- + 1 𝑥

The right side of (5) is easily integrable by direct formula, while the left side is to be broken into a partial fraction,
now the concept of partial fraction (5) can now be equivalent to:

2𝑑𝑣 2𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
/ −/ ' =/ − −(6)
𝑣 𝑣 +1 𝑥

Integrating (6) and simplify will yield 𝑥 % = 𝑦 ' 𝑐 − 𝑥 which is the solution of (1) and is consistent with the
answer with (a) , which of the two solution is better? Why?
Example 8.2
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(a) Solve the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 using Bernoulli’s equation.

(b) Solve the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 using another method.

Solutions:

(a) Given the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1)

!"
Rewrite (1) in the form of the B.E. + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 $ − −(2)
!#

!" & # ! '&

which will results to + 𝑦 = 𝑦 − −(3) (verify this)
!# %# %

& #!
Hence, comparing (2) and (3), we have 𝑃 𝑥 = ,𝑄 𝑥 = and 𝑛 = −2
%# %

( !" & % #!
Multiplying (3) by , will yield 𝑦& + 𝑦 = − − 4 (verify this)
" "! !# %# %
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Now, let 𝑣 = 𝑦 ! , 𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑦 " 𝑑𝑦, substituting these in (4) will result to
#$ " %! #$ "
+ 𝑣 = and finally will be + 𝑣 = 𝑥 " − −(5) (verify this)
!#% !% ! #% %

#&
Inspection of (5), this is a linear d.e. of the form + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 − −(6)
#%

"
Comparing (5) and (6) , 𝑃 𝑥 = , 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥" ,
%

Let the integrating factor , I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ ( % #%

= 𝑥 " (verify this)
#$
Multiplying (6) by the I.F.and simplify will result to 𝑥 " + 2𝑥𝑣 = 𝑥 ) − −(7) (verify this)
#%

Further inspection of (7), the left hand side is equivalent to 𝑑(𝑥 " 𝑣), hence (7) can be written

as 𝑑 𝑥 " 𝑣 = 𝑥 ) − − 8 , integrating both sides of (8) , ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 " 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 and imposing

the condition 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 , will result to the final solution of (1) which is 5𝑥 " 𝑦 ! = 𝑥 * + 4 (verify this)

,
(b) Solve the d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 using another method.

z the given d.e. 2𝑦 % − 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1) be equation (1),

Solutions: Let
!" %#" !
If (1) is expressed in the for !#
= # # '&" #
− −(2) ,

(2) is a homogeneous d.e. of degree 3 (verify this)

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣, substituting these to (1) and simplifying will results to
1 − 5𝑣 % 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑣 & 𝑑𝑣 = 0 − −(3)

Which can be solve using separation of variables, which when separated will yield
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 & 𝑑𝑣
= %
− −(4)
3𝑥 1 − 5𝑣
!# ) ! !)
Integrating (4) ∫ %# = ∫ ('*) # and simplifying will give 𝐶 = 𝑥 * 1 − 𝑣 % (verify this)

"#
and since 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , the final general solution of (1) is 𝐶 = 𝑥* 1− ##
, and the particular
solution @(1,1) is
5𝑥 & 𝑦 % = 𝑥 * + 4
Exercises 8z

(1) Solve the d.e. 6𝑦 * 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2𝑥 ( + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 by treating it as a B.E. in the dependent

.⁄
variable 𝑥. Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ( 2 + 𝐶𝑦 $

(2) Find the particular solution of the d.e. 𝑥 * + 6𝑦 * 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 1,1 . Solve by
three methods as using :

(i) B.E.

(ii) Homogenous d.e.

(iii) Determination of Integrating Factors Ans. 2𝑦 * = 𝑥 * 3𝑥 − 1

Compare and contrast the 3 methods. Which do you think is easier to understand? Why?
Can you present another solution?