Oral Communication

Lesson 1-2: Models of Communication

Communication is about one person talking to another, it is also a complex process.

Models of Communication
1.) Aristotle’s Model- The First and earliest model of communication. He emphasized the
setting to where the listener is situated.
The three settings during his time were:
-Legal(Ordinary People had to defend themselves since there were no lawyers)
-Deliberative(Political assemblies, highest which is the roman senate)
-Ceremonial(Celebrations held on important occasions)

2. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver Model- also known as the Telephone Model
introduced the concept of “Noise” which interferes or impedes communication

3. Wilbur Schramm Model- considered as the Father of Mass communication. He affirmed that
communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap of field of experience between
the listener and speaker.
(Field of experience is everything that makes a person unique, what they have experienced or
have not experienced.)

4. Eugene White Model- introduced the concept of feedback to the field of communication
which is the speaker’s perception about the listener’s response.
Lesson 3- Process of Communication
Elements of Communication
-Speaker
-Message
-Listener
-Channels(eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin)
-Response
-Feedback
-Noise(Physical, Physiological, Psychological)
-Communicative Situation(Physical, Psychological settings)

Lesson 4-6 Dimensions of communication

Dimensions of Communication
-Oral/Written
-Verbal/Nonverbal
-Formal/Informal
-Intentional/Unintentional

Lesson 7- Understanding Nonverbal Miscommunication

1. Paralanguage
2. Language of Flowers
3. Language of time (Chronemics)
4. Language of space (Proxemics)
5. Language of touch (Haptics)
6. Language of Color
7. Language of Gestures
a. Emphasizing
b. Regulating
c. Illustrating
d. Emblems
8. Facial Expression
9. Posture and Personal Appearance

Lesson 8- Understanding Verbal Miscommunication

Miscommunication has been observed to occur along with the dimensions of communication.
Barriers to communication
-People
-Opinions and Beliefs
-Topic
-Communicative Situation

Lesson 9- Learning the Functions of Communication

Functions of Communication
-Regulation and Control (to control others by managing their behavior)
-Social Interaction (the most familiar and primary reason why people communicate)
-Motivation (the speaker’s purpose is to persuade or try to persuade someone to change his or
her opinion)
-Information (when the speaker wants to make others aware of certain things)
-Emotional Expression (appeals to the listener’s feelings and emotions to encourage them to
act in a particular direction)

1. Verbal Cues- are specific words chosen and used.

2. Nonverbal Cues- include gestures, bodily action, vocal tone, and eye contact.

Lesson 11- Types of Speech Context

Intrapersonal is when one communicates with oneself.
Interpersonal involves more than one person.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
1. Dyadic- involves only two participants
2. Small Group- requires 3-15 people to study an issue.
a. Task-Oriented Groups- study an issue with a plan to resolve it
b. Study Groups- meant to look for a problem but necessarily solve it.
3. Public Communication- one speaker addresses many listeners or audience
4. Mass Communication- carried out through mass media
5. Organizational Communication- interaction with the link of an organizational structure
a. Formal
b. Informal
6. Intercultural Communication- exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices
between people of different nationalities and ways of life.

Lesson 12- Types of Speech Styles

1. Intimate- uses a non-public speech style that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal
languages.
2. Casual – used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information
3. Consultative- opposite of intimate style as it is used among people who do not share
common experiences or meaning.
4. Formal- used for only imparting information
5. Frozen- is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic and may even be archaic.

Lesson 13- Types of Speech Acts

1. Locutionary- when the mention of a word, phrase, or sound as a natural unit of speech.
2. Illocutionary – act of saying something with the intention of
(Stating an opinion, confirming or denying, issuing an order, giving advice or permission, making
a promise or request)
3. Perlocutionary- is seen when a particular effect is sought after. Not necessarily verbal or
physical. Can be: (Inspiring, Persuading/Convincing, Deterring/Scaring)