Sets, Relations and Functions 1

01
Sets, Relations
and Functions
TOPIC 1 Ans. (c) n=
97 − 7
+ 1 = 16 [Qa n = a + (n − 1)d]
Sets Let A = Patient suffering from heart
6
16
ailment and B = Set of patient suffering Hence, sum = [7 + 97]
01 If A = {x ∈ R : | x − 2 | > 1}, from lungs infection 2
Given, n(A) = 89% and n(B) = 98% = 832 QS = n (a + l ) 
B = {x ∈R : x 2 − 3 > 1} and  n
 2


n (A ∪ B) ≥ n (A) + n (B) − n (A ∩ B)
C = {x ∈R :| x − 4 | ≥ 2} and Z is the set ⇒ 100 ≥ 89 + 98 − n (A ∩ B ) 04 In a school, there are three types of
of all integers, then the number of
⇒ 87 ≤ n(A ∩ B) games to be played. Some of the
subsets of the set (A ∩ B ∩ C) C ∩ Z
Also, n(A ∩ B) = min { n(A), n(B)} students play two types of games,
is [2021, 27 Aug. Shift-I]
⇒ n (A ∩ B) ≤ 89 but none play all the three games.
Ans. (256)
∴ 87 ≤ n (A ∩ B) ≤ 89 Which Venn diagram can justify the
A = {x ∈ R : | x − 2 |> 1 } So, n (A ∩ B) ∉{ 79, 81, 83, 85}. above statement?
⇒ A = (− ∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞ ) [2021, 17 March Shift-I]
B = {x ∈ R : x 2 − 3 > 1 } 03 Let A = {n ∈ N|n2 ≤ n + 10000, },
⇒ B = (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (2,∞ ) B = {3k + 1 | k ∈ N} and C = {2k | k ∈ N},
C = { x ∈ R : | x − 4 | ≥ 2} then the sum of all the elements of
⇒ C = (− ∞, 2] ∪ [6, ∞) the set A ∩ (B − C) is equal to
………… . [2021, 27 July Shift-II] (P) (Q) (R)
⇒ A ∩ B ∩C = (− ∞, − 2) ∪ [6, ∞ )
Ans. (832) (a) P and Q
⇒ (A ∩ B ∩C) C = [−26 ,)
(b) P and R
∴ (A ∩ B ∩ C) C ∩ Z = {− 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Let A = { n ∈N | n2 ≤ n + 10000 }
(c) None of these
Number of subsets of (A ∩ B ∩ C) C ∩ Z n2 ≤ n + 10000
= 28 = 256 (d) Q and R
n2 − n ≤ 10000
⇒ n(n − 1) ≤ 100 × 100 Ans. (c)
02 Out of all the patients in a hospital C C C
⇒ A = { 1, 2, 3, ……, 100 } A B A B
89% are found to be suffering from Now, B = {3k + 1 | k ∈N }
A B
heart ailment and 98% are
B = {4, 7, 10, 13, … }
suffering from lungs infection. If
and C = {2k | k ∈N }
K% of them are suffering from both
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, … }
ailments, then K can not belong to The shaded region of The shaded region The shaded region
So, B − C = { 7, 13, 19, ……, 97, … } this Venn diagram of this Venn diagram of this Venn diagram
the set [2021, 26 Aug. Shift-I] represents the represent the students represent the students
who play all three
So, A ∩ (B − C) = { 7, 13, 19, ……, 97 }
students who play all who play all three
(a) {80, 83, 86, 89} three types of games. type of games. type of games.

(b) {84, 86, 88, 90} This form an AP with common difference
As now, play all three games, the
(c) {79, 81, 83, 85} (d = 6)
intersection of all three circles must be
(d) {84, 87, 90, 93} ⇒ 97 = 7 + (n − 1)6 zero.
05 Let A = {n ∈ N : n is a 3-digit number} 07 A survey shows that 63% of the people On comparing n = 4 and m − n = 3
B = {9k + 2 : k ∈ N} in a city read newspaper A whereas ∴ m= 7
So, m⋅ n = 28
and C = {9k + l : k ∈ N} for some 76% read news- paper (b) If x%of the
l (0 < l < 9) people read both the newspapers,
10 Let X = {n ∈N : 1≤ n ≤ 50}. If
If the sum of all the elements of then a possible value of x can be
A = {n ∈X : n is multiple of 2} and
the set A ∩ (B ∪ C) is 274 × 400, (a) 55 (b) 29 (c) 65 (d) 37
B = {n ∈X : n is a multiple of 7}, then
[2020, 4 Sep. Shift-I]
then l is equal the number of elements is the
Ans. (a)
to ........... . [2021, 24 Feb. Shift-I] smallest subset of X containing
Let n(A) = Number of people read
Ans. (5) newspaper both A and B is ………… .
Given, A = { n ∈N : n is a 3-digit number} A = 63% [2020, 7 Jan. Shift-II]

B = {9k + 2 : k ∈N } n(B) = Number of people read Ans. (29)

C = {9k + l : k ∈N } newspaper Given X = { n ∈N : 1 ≤ n ≤ 50 }, then
B = 76% A = { n ∈ X : n is multiple of 2}
Q3 digit number of the form3k + 2 are
and n(A ∩ B) = Number of people read = {2, 4, 6, 8,......, 50 }
{101, 109, … 992}
both = x%
100 100 × 1093 and B = { n ∈ X : n = is multiple of 7
⇒ Sum = [101 + 992] = Q n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
2 2 {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49} Q 14, 28, 42∈A
and 76 ≤ n (A ∪ B) ≤ 100
Similarly, 3-digit number of the form ∴ Smallest subset of X containing
9k + 5 is ∴ 76 ≤ 63 + 76 − x ≤ 100 elements of both A and B have elements
100 100 × 1099 ⇒ 0 ≤ 63 − x ≤ 24 ⇒ 39 ≤ x ≤ 63 = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
[104 + 995] =
2 2 Hence, option (a) is correct. = 25 + 7 − 3 = 29
50 n
[Qnumbers are 104, 113, …, 995]
08 Let U X i = U Yi = T , where each X i 11 If A = {x ∈R :| x | < 2} and
100 × 1093 100 × 1099
Their sum = + i =1 i =1
2 2
contains 10 elements and each Yi B = {x ∈R :| x − 2| ≥ 3}, then
= 100 × 1096 = 400 × 274 contains 5 elements. If each
[2020, 9 Jan. Shift-II]

Hence, we can say the value ofl = 5 (a) B − A = R − (−2, 5)

element of the setT is an element
(b) A − B = [−1, 2)
as the second series of numbers of exactly 20 of sets X i ′ s and
obtained by setC is of the form 9k + 5. (c) A ∪ B = R − (2, 5)
exactly 6 of sets Yi ′ s, then n is
∴Required value ofl = 5 (d) A ∩ B = (−2, − 1)
equal to [2020, 4 Sep. Shift-II]
Ans. (a)
06 Consider the two sets A = {m∈R : (a) 50 (b) 15 (c) 45 (d) 30
Given sets A = { x ∈ R : | x |< 2},
both the roots of Ans. (d)
and B = { x ∈ R : | x − 2 | ≥ 3}
x 2 − (m +1) x + m +4= 0 are real} and According to the given information
then, A = { x ∈ R : − 2 < x < 2}
B= [− 3, 5). Which of the following is number of distinct elements in
50
50 × 10 and
not true? [2020, 3 Sep. Shift-I]
U Xi = 20 = 25 B = { x ∈ R :(x − 2) ∈ (−∞, − 3] ∪ [3, ∞)}
(a) A − B = (− ∞, − 3) ∪ (5, ∞) i=1
{x ∈ R : x ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ [5, ∞)}
(b) A ∩ B = { − 3} and number of distinct elements in
n
n× 5 ∴ B − A = R − (−2, 5)
(c) B − A = (− 3, 5)
U Yi = 6 50 Hence, option (a) is correct .
(d) A ∪ B = R i=1
n

Ans. (a)
Given sets A = { m∈R :both the roots of
x 2 − (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real} and
B = [− 3, 5)
09 Set A has m elements and Set B has
Q Roots of x 2 − (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real,
m∈R
∴ D ≥ 0 ⇒(m + 1) 2 − 4(m + 4) ≥ 0
⇒ m2 − 2m − 15 ≥ 0
⇒ m − 5m + 3m − 15 ≥ 0
2 the value of m ⋅ n is .....
⇒ m (m − 5) + 3 (m − 5) ≥ 0
⇒ (m + 3) (m − 5) ≥ 0
⇒ m∈ (− ∞, − 3] ∪ [5, ∞)
∴ A = (− ∞, − 3] ∪ [5, ∞)
∴ A − B = (− ∞, − 3) ∪ [5, ∞)
A ∩ B = { − 3}, B − A = (− 3, 5) and
A∪B = R
Hence, option (a) is correct.
Q U Xi = U Yi = T [given]
i=1 i=1 12 Two newspapers A and B are
n× 5 published in a city. It is known that
⇒ 25 = ⇒n = 30.
6 25% of the city population reads A
and 20% reads B while 8% reads
both A and B. Further, 30% of
n elements. If the total number of those who read A but not B look
subsets of A is 112 more than the into advertisements and 40% of
total number of subsets of B, then those who read B but not A also
look into advertisements, while
[2020, 6 Sep. Shift-I]
50% of those who read both A
Ans. (28.00) and B look into advertisements.
It is given that n(A) = m and n(B) = n Then, the percentage of the
and 2m = 2n + 112 . population who look into
[Qnumber of subsets of set A and B are advertisements is
2m and 2n respectively] (a) 13.5 (b) 13
⇒ 2m − 2n = 24 (7) (c) 12.8 (d) 13.9
⇒ 2n (2m − n − 1) = 24 (23 − 1) [2019, 9 April Shift-II]
 n (C ∩ A) = 
Ans. (d) 140 
A B = 14
 10 
Let the population of city is 100.
Then, n(A) = 25, n(B) = 20 and n(A ∩ B) = 8 (numbers divisible by both 2 and 5)
n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 
140 
A B U C =4
 30 
From the Venn diagram, it is clear that
(numbers divisible by 2, 3 and 5)
if A − B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C.
and n (A ∪ B ∪C)
17 8 12
n(U)=100 Now, if (A − C) ⊆ B, for this statement
= Σ n(A) − Σ n(A ∩ B) + n (A ∩ B ∩C)
the Venn diagram.
= (70 + 46 + 28 ) − (23 + 9 + 14) + 4 = 102
A ∴ Number of students who did not opt
Venn diagram B any of the three courses
= Total students − n (A ∪ B ∪C)
So, n(A ∩ B ) = 17 and n(A ∩ B) = 12 = 140 − 102 = 38
C
According to the question, Percentage
of the population who look into From the Venn diagram, it is clear that 15 Let S = {1, 2, 3,... , 100}. The number
advertisement is A ∩ B ≠ φ, A ∩ B ⊆ C and A –C = φ ⊆ B but
A ⊆ B. of non-empty subsets A of S such
 30 
× n(A ∩ B )  +  × n(A ∩ B) 
40 that the product of elements in A is
=
 100  
 100  14 In a class of 140 students even, is 2019, 12 Jan. Shift-I]
 50  numbered 1 to 140, all even (a) 2 50 (2 50 − 1) (b) 2 50 − 1
+ × n(A ∩ B)  numbered students opted
 100  (c) 2 50 + 1 (d) 2 100 − 1
Mathematics course, those whose Ans. (a)
 30   50 
× 17  +  × 12 + 
40
= × 8 number is divisible by 3 opted
 100   100   100  Given, set S = { 1, 2, 3,...,100 }. Total
Physics course and those whose number of non-empty subsets of
= 5.1 + 4.8 + 4 number is divisible by 5 opted S = 2 100 − 1
= 13.9 Chemistry course. Then, the Now, numbers of non-empty subsets of
number of students who did not S in which only odd numbers {1, 3, 5, … ,
13 Let A,B and C be sets such that opt for any of the three courses is 99} occurs = 2 50 − 1
φ ≠ A ∩ B ⊆ C. Then, which of the [2019, 10 Jan. Shift-I] So, the required number of non-empty
following statements is not true? (a) 42 (b) 102 (c) 38 (d) 1 subsets of S such that product of
(a) B ∩ C ≠ φ Ans. (c) elements is even.
(b) If (A − B) ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C A B = (2 100 − 1) − (2 50 − 1)
(c) (C ∪ A) ∩ (C ∪ B) = C = 2 100 − 2 50 = 2 50 (2 50 − 1).
(d) If (A − C) ⊆ B, then A ⊆ B 16 Let Z be the set of integers. If
A = {x ∈ Z : 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 5 x + 6 ) = 1} and
2
C
[2019, 12 April, Shift-II]
Ans. (d) B = {x ∈ Z : − 3 < 2x − 1 < 9}, then the
Let A be the set of even numbered number of subsets of the set A × B,
Key Idea Use Venn diagram for operations students then
of sets. is [2019, 12 Jan. Shift-II]
 140 
n(A) = = 70 (a) 212 (b) 218
According to the question, we have the  2  (c) 215 (d) 210
following Venn diagram. ([.] denotes greatest integer function)
Here, A ∩ B ⊆ C and A ∩ B ≠ φ Ans. (c)
Let B be the set of those students whose
number is divisible by 3, then Given, set A = { x ∈ Z :2 (x + 2 ) (x 2 − 5 x + 6 )
= 1}
C
n(B) = 
140  Consider,2 (x + 2 ) (x − 5 x + 6 ) = 1 = 2º
2

= 46
A B  3  ⇒ (x + 2) (x − 3) (x − 2) = 0
([.] denotes greatest integer function) ⇒ x = −2, 2, 3
Let C be the set of those students whose ⇒ A = { −2, 2, 3}
number is divisible by 5, Also, we have set
n(C) = 
140  B = { x ∈ Z : − 3 < 2x − 1 < 9}
A∩B then = 28
 5  Consider, −3 < 2x − 1 < 9, x ∈ Z
Now, from the Venn diagram, it is clear
([.] denotes greatest integer ⇒ −2 < 2x < 10, x ∈ Z
function)
that ⇒ −1 < x < 5, x ∈ Z
n(A ∩ B) = 
140 
B ∩ C ≠ φ, is true Now, = 23 ⇒ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
 6 
Also, (C ∪ A) ∩ (C ∪ B) = C ∪ (A ∩ B) = C So, A × B has 15 elements.
(numbers divisible by both 2 and 3)
∴ Number of subsets of A × B = 215 .
n(B ∩C) = 
is true. 140 
=9 [Qif n(A) = m, the number of possible
If (A − B) ⊆ C, for this statement the Venn  15 
diagram is subsets = 2m ]
(numbers divisible by both 3 and 5)
17 Let S = {x ∈R : x ≥ 0 and
2| x − 3| + x ( x − 6) + 6 = 0.Then,S
(a) is an empty set. [JEE Main 2018]
(b) contains exactly one element.
(c) contains exactly two elements.
(d) contains exactly four elements.
Ans. (c)
We have, 2 | x − 3 | + x ( x − 6) + 6 = 0
Let x −3= y
⇒ x =y+3
Ans. (b) After pre-multiply by P −1 and
post-multiply by P,
According to the question, let’s consider
we get
option (b) (2, 3) and (3, 4) satisfy
0 < | x − y | ≤ 1 but (2, 4) does not satisfy it. P −1 AP = B
So, (B, A) ∈ R for matrix P −1 .
21 Let N be the set of natural numbers So, R is a symmetric relation.
and a relation R on N be defined by For transitive relation,
R = {(x, y) ∈N × N : x 3 − 3x 2 y − xy 2 Let ARB and BRC
+ 3y 3 = 0}.Then the relation R is So, A = PBP −1 and B = PCP −1
[2021, 27 July Shift-II]
Now, A = P (PCP −1 ) P −1
(a) symmetric but neither reflexive nor
transitive. ⇒ A = (P) C (P −1 ) 2 ⇒ A = (P) 2 .C.(P 2 ) −1
2

∴ 2 | y | + (y + 3)(y − 3) + 6 = 0 ∴(A, C) ∈ R for matrix P 2 .

(b) reflexive but neither symmetric nor
⇒ 2 |y | + y2 − 3 = 0 transitive. ∴R is transitive relation.
⇒ | y |2 + 2 | y | − 3 = 0 (c) reflexive and symmetric, but not Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
⇒ (| y | + 3)(| y | − 1) = 0 transitive.
⇒ | y | ≠ −3 ⇒ | y | = 1 (d) an equivalence relation. 23 Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, .... , 30} and ‘−~ ’ be
⇒ y=±1 Ans. (b) an equivalence relation on A × A,
⇒ x − 3 = ± 1 ⇒ x = 4, 2 Given, relation R on N is defined by defined by (a, b) −~ (c, d), if and only if
⇒ x = 16, 4 R = {(x, y) ∈N × N : x 3 −3x 2 − xy 2 + 3y 3 = 0 }
ad = bc. Then, the number of
x 3 − 3x 2 y − xy 2 + 3y 3 = 0
18 If X = (4 n − 3n − 1: n ∈ N) and ordered pairs, which satisfy this
⇒ x 3 − xy 2 − 3x 2 y + 3y 3 = 0
Y = {9 (n − 1) : n ∈ N}, where N is the ⇒ x ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3y ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 0
equivalence relation with ordered
set of natural numbers, then X ∪ Y ⇒ (x − 3y) (x 2 − y 2 ) = 0
pair (4, 3) is equal to
[2021, 16 March Shift-II]
is equal to [JEE Main 2014]
⇒ (x − 3y) (x − y) (x + y) = 0 (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 7
(a) N (b) Y − X (c) X (d) Y
Now, x − x =0 Ans. (d)
Ans. (d) ⇒ x = x, ∀ (x, x) ∈N × N
Q X = {4n − 3n − 1 : n ∈N } A = {2, 3, 4, 5, …, 30 }
So, R is a reflexive relation.
a = bc
X = {0, 9, 54, 243,...} [put n = 1, 2, 3,...] But not symmetric and transitive
∴ (a, b) R (4, 3)
Y = {9 (n − 1) : n ∈N } relation because,
(3, 1) satisfies but (1, 3) does not. Also, ⇒ 3a = 4b
Y = {0, 1, 18, 27, K }
a =   b
4
It is clear that X ⊂ Y .
(3, 1) and ⇒
(1, −1) satisfies but (3, − 1) does not.  3
∴ X ∪Y = Y
Hence, relation R is reflexive but neither b must be a multiple of 3,b can be
symmetric nor transitive. (3, 6, 9, … 30).
19 If A, B and C are three sets such that
Also, a must be less than or equal to 30.
A ∩ B = A ∩ C and A ∪ B = A ∪ C, 22 Define a relation R over a class of (a, b) = (4, 3), (8, 6), (12, 9), (16, 12), (20, 15)
then [AIEEE 2009] n × n real matrices A and B as “ARB, (24, 18), (28, 21)
(a) A = C (b) B = C if there exists a non-singular matrix ⇒7 ordered pairs
(c) A ∩ B = φ (d) A = B P such that PAP −1 = B”. Then which
Ans. (b) of the following is true ? 24 Let R = {(P, Q) |, P and Q are at the
Given, A ∩ B = A ∩ C and A ∪ B = A ∪ C [2021, 18 March Shift-II] same distance from the origin} be a
∴ B =C (a) R is symmetric, transitive but not relation, then the equivalence class
reflexive. of (1, –1) is the set
TOPIC 2 (b) R is reflexive, symmetric but not [2021, 26 Feb. Shift-I]
transitive. (a) S = {(x, y) | x 2 + y2 = 4}
Relations (c) R is an equivalence relation. (b) S = {(x, y) | x 2 + y2 = 1}
(d) R is reflexive, transitive but not (c) S = {(x, y) | x 2 + y2 = 2}
20 Which of the following is not symmetric. (d) S = {(x, y) | x 2 + y2 = 2}
correct for relation R on the set of
Ans. (c) Ans. (d)
real numbers ? [2021, 31 Aug. Shift-I]
(a) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < | x | − | y | ≤ 1 is neither For reflexive relation, Let P (a, b) and Q (c, d) are any two points.
transitive nor symmetric. ∀ (A, A) ∈ R for matrix P. Given, OP = OQ
(b) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < | x − y | ≤ 1 is symmetric ⇒ A = PAP −1 is true for P = 1
i.e. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + d 2
and transitive. So, R is reflexive relation.
(c) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ | x | − | y | ≤ 1 is reflexive but For symmetric relation, Squaring on both sides,
not symmetric. Let (A, B) ∈ R for matrix P. a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 … (i)
(d) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ | x − y | ≤ 1 is reflexive and R = {((a, b), (c, d)) :a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + d 2 }
⇒ A = PBP −1
symmetric.
 R (x, y), S (1, − 1), OR = OS (equivalence (a) B ⊂ A Now, if Y contains any 2 elements, then
class) (b) A ⊂ B these 2 elements cannot be used in any
This gives OR = x 2 + y 2 and OS = 2 (c) A ∩ B = φ (an empty set) way to construct Z, because we want
(d) neither A ⊂ B nor B ⊂ A Y ∩ Z = φ.
⇒ x2 + y2 = 2
Ans. (b) And from the remaining 3 elements
⇒x 2 + y 2 = 2 (Squaring on both sides) which are not present inY,23 subsets can
∴ S = {(x, y) : x 2 + y 2 = 2} We have, |a − 5 | < 1 and |b − 5 | < 1 be made each of which can be equal to Z
∴ −1 < a − 5 < 1 and −1 < b − 5 < 1 and stillY ∩ Z = φwill be true.
25 If R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ Z , x 2 + 3y 2 ≤ 8} is a ⇒ 4 < a < 6 and 4 < b < 6 Hence, total number of ways to
relation on the set of integers Z, Now, 4(a − 6) 2 + 9(b − 5) 2 ≤ 36 construct sets Y and Z such that
then the domain of R −1 is (a − 6) 2 (b − 5) 2 Y ∩Z=φ
⇒ + ≤1
[2020, 2 Sep. Shift-I] 9 4
(a) { −1,0,1} = 5 C 0 × 25 + 5 C 1 × 25 − 1 + K + 5 C 5 × 25 − 5
Taking axes as a-axis and b-axis
(b) { − 2, − 1,1,2 } = (2 + 1) 5 = 35
(6, 7)
(c) { −2, − 1,0,1,2 } b
Method 2
(d) {0, 1} Q (6, 6) Since,Y ⊆ X, Z ⊆ X, hence we can only
P
Ans. (a) use the elements of X to construct sets
Given relation, (0, 5) (3, 5)(4, 5) (6, 5) (9, 5) Y and Z.
R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈Z, x 2 + 3y 2 ≤ 8} S R (6, 4) Every elements in X (say a) has four
For, y 2 = 0, x 2 = 0, 1, 4 For, y 2 = 1, (6, 3) options (as far as going to Y and Z is
x 2 = 0, 1, 4 concerned).
For, y 2 = 4, x 2 ∈φ a (a) a ∈Y , i.e., a is present in Y and a ∈ Z,
∴ Range of R is possible values of y i.e., ‘ a ’ is present in Z.
= { − 1, 0, 1} The set A represents square PQRS inside (b) a ∈Y , i.e., a is present in Y and a ∉Z,
set B representing ellipse and hence i.e., ‘ a ’ is not present in Z.
∴ Domain of R −1 = Range of R = { − 1, 0, 1} A ⊂ B. (c) a ∉Y , i.e., a is not present in Y and
26 Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined a ∈ Z,
28 Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The number of i.e., a is present in Z.
as follows
different ordered pairs (Y , Z) that (d) a ∉Y , i.e., a is not present in Y and
R1 = {(a, b) ∈R 2 : a 2 + b 2 ∈Q}
can formed such that Y ⊆ X , Z ⊆ X a ∉Z,
and R2 = {(a, b) ∈R 2 : a 2 + b 2 ∉Q},
and Y ∩ Z is empty, is [AIEEE 2012] i.e., a is not present in Z.
where Q is the set of all rational
(a) 5 2 (b) 35 Analysis of the above 4 cases
numbers. Then [2020, 3 Sep. Shift-II]
(c) 2 5 (d) 5 3 (a) Ifa is present in Y and also in Z, then
(a) R1 and R2 are both transitive. Ans. (b) it will be certainly present inY ∩ Z.
(b) Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive.
Given A set X = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (b) Ifa is present in Y but not present in
(c) R 1 is transitive but R 2 is not transitive. Z, then it will not be present in
To find The number of different
(d) R 2 is transitive but R 1 is not transitive. Y ∩ Z.
ordered pairs (Y , Z) such that Y ⊆ X, Z ⊆ X
Ans. (b) and Y ∩ Z = φ.Since,Y ⊆ X, Z ⊆ X, hence (c) Ifa is not present in Y but present in
Given relation, we can only use the elements of X to Z, then also it will not be present in
R 1 = {(a, b) ∈ R 2 :a 2 + b 2 ∈ Q } construct sets Y and Z. Y ∩ Z.
Let (a, b) ∈ R 1 ⇒a 2 + b 2 ∈ Q and (b, c) ∈ R 1 Method 1 (d) If a is not present in both of Y and
⇒ b2 + c 2 ∈Q Number of ways Z, then it will not be present in
∴a 2 + 2b 2 + c 2 ∈ Q , but we can not say n ( Y ) Number of ways to make Z such Y ∩ Z.
to make Y that Y ∩ Z = φ
that a 2 + c 2 ∈ Q , so (a, c) ∉R 1 We wantY ∩ Z = φ to which only case (a)
∴R 1 is not transitive. 0 5
C0 25 is not favourable and remaining cases,
And another given relation 5 i.e., cases (b), (c) and (d) are favourable.
R 2 = {(a, b) ∈ R 2 :a 2 + b 2 ∉Q } 1 C1 24
Hence, for every elements ‘ a ’ in X,
Let (a, b) ∈ R 2 ⇒a 2 + b 2 ∉Q 2 5
C2 23 there are 3 favourable ways such that
and (b, c) ∈ R 2 ⇒b 2 + c 2 ∉Q
3 5
C3 22 Y ∩ Z = φ.
∴a 2 + 2b 2 + c 2 ∉Q , but we can not say
that a 2 + c 2 ∉Q , so (a, c) ∉R 2 5 ⇒ Total number of ways
4 C4 21
∴R 2 is not transitive. = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35
5
5 C5 20 [as there are 5 elements in X and each of
Hence, option (b) is correct.
them have 3 options to go or not to go to
Let us explain anyone of the above 6 Y and Z]
27 Two sets A and B are as under rows say third row. In third row,
A = {(a, b) ∈R × R : | a − 5| < 1and 29 Let R be the set of real numbers.
Number of elements inY = 2
| b − 5| < 1} ∴Number of ways to selectY = 5 C 2 ways Statement I A = {(x, y) ∈R × R : y − x
B = {(a, b) ∈R × R:4(a − 6) + 9(b − 5) 2
2 Because any 2 elements of X can be part is an integer} is an equivalence
≤ 36}. Then, [JEE Main 2018]
of Y. relation on R.
Statement II
B = {(x, y) ∈R × R : x = αy for some
rational number α} is an
equivalence relation on R.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is
true; Statement II is not a correct
explanation of Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II
is false
(c) Statement I is false, Statement II
is true
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is
true; Statement II is a correct
explanation of Statement I
Condition for equivalence
relation A relation which is
symmetric, reflexive and
transitive is equivalence relation.
[AIEEE 2011]
Ans. (b)
Statement I
A = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : y − x is an integer}
(a) Reflexive
xRx : (x − x) is an integer. i.e., true
∴ Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
xRy : (x − y) is an integer.
⇒− ( y − x) is an integer.
⇒ ( y − x) is an integer.
⇒ yRx
∴ Symmetric
(c) Transitive
xRy and yRz
⇒(x − y) is an integer and ( y − z) is an
integer.
⇒(x − y) + ( y − z) is an integer.
⇒(x − z) is an integer.
⇒ xRz
∴ Transitive
Hence, A is an equivalence relation.
Statement II
B = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : x = αy for some
rational numberα}
1
If α = , then for reflexive, we have
2 33 Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12),
1
xR x ⇒x = x , which is not true,
2 m r
∀ x ∈ R − {0 }.
∴Bis not reflexive on R.
Hence,Bis not an equivalence relation
on R.
Hence, statement I is true, statement II
is false.
30 Consider the following relations 31 Let R be the real line. Consider the
R = {(x , y) | x , y are real numbers and following subsets of the plane R × R
x = wy for some rational number S = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2 }
  m p T = {(x, y) : x − y is an integer}
w} ; S =   ,  m, n, p and q are
 n q  Which one of the following is true?
[AIEEE 2008]
integers such that n, q ≠ 0 and
(a) T is an equivalence relation on R but
qm = pn}. Then, [AIEEE 2010]
S is not.
(a) R is an equivalence relation but S is
(b) Neither S nor T is an equivalence
not an equivalence relation.
relation on R.
(b) Neither R nor S is an equivalence
(c) Both S and T are equivalence
relation.
relations onR.
(c) S is an equivalence relation but R is
(d) Sis an equivalence relation onR but
not an equivalence relation.
T is not.
(d) R and S both are equivalence
Ans. (a)
relations.
Since, (1, 2) ∈S but (2, 1) ∉S
Ans. (c)
So, S is not symmetric.
Given, relation R is defined as
Hence, S is not an equivalence relation.
R = {(x , y) | x , y are real numbers and
x = wy for some rational number w} Given, T = {(x, y) : (x − y) ∈l }
(i) Reflexive xRx ⇒ x = wx Now, x − x = 0 ∈I, it is reflexive relation.
∴ w = 1 ∈rational number Again now, (x − y) ∈I
The relation R is reflexive. y − x ∈I, it is symmetric relation.
(ii) Symmetric xRy ⇒ / yRx as 0 R 1 Let x − y = I 1 and y − z = I 2
But 1R0 ⇒1 = w ⋅ (0) Now, x − z = (x − y) + ( y − z) = I 1 + I 2 ∈I
So, T is also transitive.
which is not true for any rational
number. Hence,T is an equivalence relation.
The relation R is not symmetric. 32 Let W denotes the words in the
Thus, R is not equivalence relation. English dictionary define the
Now, for relation S which is defined as relation R by
 m p 
S =  ,  m, n, p and q ∈integers R = {(x, y) ∈W × W :the words
 n q  x and y have atleast one letter in
such that n, q ≠ 0 and qm = pn} common}. Then, R is [AIEEE 2006]
m m
(i) Reflexive R ⇒ mn = mn [true] (a) reflexive, symmetric and not
n n transitive
The relationS is reflexive. (b) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
m p
(ii) Symmetric R ⇒ mq = np (c) reflexive, not symmetric and
n q transitive
p m
⇒ np = mq ⇒ R (d) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
q n
Ans. (a)
The relationS is symmetric.
m p p r Let W = {CAT ,TOY , YOU,...}
(iii) Transitive R and R
n q q s Clearly, R is reflexive and symmetric but
not transitive.
⇒ mq = np [Q CAT RTOY , TOY R YOU ⇒
/ CAT R YOU ]
and ps = rq
⇒ mq⋅ ps = np⋅rq
⇒ ms = nr (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a
⇒ = relation on the set
n s A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is
m r
⇒ R [AIEEE 2005]
n s
(a) reflexive and symmetric only.
The relationS is transitive. (b) an equivalence relation.
Hence, the relation S is equivalence (c) reflexive only.
relation.
(d) reflexive and transitive only.
 Ans. (d) ⇒log 1 ≤ log (3 − 2 sin x + 2 cos x) Also f (3) = f (2 + 1) = f (2) + f (1)
5 5
Since, for every elements of A, there ≤ log 5 5 = f (1 + 1) + f (1)
exists elements (3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) ⇒0 ≤ f (x) ≤ 2 f (3) = f (1) + f (1) + f (1)
∈R ⇒ R is reflexive relation. ⇒f (x) ∈ [0, 2] ⇒ 9 = 3f(1) ⇒ f(1) = 3
Now, (6, 12) ∈R but (12, 6) ∉R, so it is not a ∴ f (2) = f (1 + 1) = f (1) + f (1) = 3 + 3 = 6
symmetric relation. 36 The domain of the function Hence,f (2) ⋅f (3) = 6⋅9 = 54
Also, (3, 6), (6, 12) ∈R ⇒(3, 12) ∈R  3x 2 + x − 1  x − 1
∴ R is transitive relation. f (x) = sin − 1   + cos − 1   38 The domain of the function
 ( x − 1) 
2
 x + 1 1 + x
34 Let R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), cosec − 1   is
is [2021, 31 Aug. Shift-II]  x 
(a) 0,  (b) [− 2, 0] ∪  , 
(3, 1)} be a relation on the set 1 1 1 [2021, 26 Aug. Shift-II]
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The relation R is  4   4 2 
(a)  − 1, −  ∪ (0, ∞)
1
(a) a function. [AIEEE 2004] (c)  ,  ∪ {0 }
1 1
(d) 0, 
1  2 
 4 2   2 
(b)  − , 0  ∪ [1, ∞)
(b) transitive. 1
(c) not symmetric. Ans. (c)  2 
(d) reflexive.  3x 2 + x − 1  −1  x − 1 
 1 
f (x) = sin−1   + cos   (c)  − , ∞ − {0}
Ans. (c)  (x − 1) 
2
 x + 1  2 
Given, R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} is a (d)  − , ∞  − {0 }
x−1 x −1 1
relation on the set A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}. −1 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 − 1 ≤ − 1≤ 1 − 1  2 
x+1 x+1
(a) Since, (2, 4) ∈ R and (2,3) ∈ R. So, R is −2 1 Ans. (d)
not a function. ⇒ −2 ≤ ≤0 ⇒ 0≤ ≤1
x+1 x+ 1 1+ x
f (x) = cosec −1 
1+ x 
(b) Since, (1, 3) ∈ R and (3, 1) ∈ R but  ≥1
⇒ 1≤ x + 1< ∞  x  x
(1, 1) ∉R. So, R is not transitive.
(c) Since, (2, 3) ∈R but (3, 2) ∉R. So, R is ⇒ 0≤ x< ∞ Clearly , x ≠ 0
not symmetri(c) ⇒ x ∈ [0, ∞) …(i) | 1 + x |2 ≥ | x |2
(d) Since, (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) ∉R. So, 3x 2 + x − 1 1 + x 2 + 2x ≥ x 2
and −1 ≤ ≤1
R is not reflexive. (x − 1) 2 2x + 1 ≥ 0
1
⇒ − (x − 1) 2 ≤ 3x 2 + x − 1 ≤ (x − 1) 2 , x ≠ 1 x≥ −
2
TOPIC 3 ⇒ − (x 2 − 2x + 1) ≤ 3x 2 + x − 1
 1 
and 3x 2 + x − 1 ≤ x 2 − 2x + 1 So, x ∈ − , ∞ − {0 }
Domain-range, Odd-even  2 
⇒ 4x 2 − x ≥ 0
and Periodic Functions
and 2x 2 + 3x − 2 ≤ 0 39 Let {S = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then the
⇒ x (4x − 1) ≥ 0 number of possible functions
35 The range of the function,
and (x + 2)(2x − 1) ≤ 0 f : S → S such that f (m ⋅ n) = f (m) ⋅ f (n)
  3π 
f (x) = log 3 + cos  + x ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪  , ∞ 
1 for every m, n ∈ S and m ⋅ n ∈ S is
5  4   4 
equal to ………… .
π π
+ cos  + x + cos − x  1 [2021, 27 July Shift-I]
and x ∈ −2,
4  4   2  Ans. (490)
 3π    1 1 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
⇒ x ∈ (−2, 0] ∪ , …(ii)
− cos  − x  is  4 2 
4  f :S → S
[2021, 01 Sep. Shift-II]
Domain of f in Eq. (i) ∩ Eq. (ii) f (m ⋅ n) = f (m) f (n)
 1 1 m, n ∈ S ⇒m, n ∈ S
(a) (0, 5) (b) [−2,2] ∴ x ∈ {0 } ∪ ,
 4 2 
 1  If mn ∈ S ⇒mn≤ 7
(c)  , 5  (d) [0, 2] So, (1 ⋅ 1, 1 ⋅ 2, ..., 1 ⋅ 7) ≤ 7
 5  37 Let f : N → N be a function such that
(2 ⋅ 2, 2 ⋅ 3) ≤ 7
Ans. (d) f (m + n) = f (m) + f (n) for every m, When m = 1, f (n) = f (1) ⋅ f (n) ⇒f(1) = 1
 3π   π  n∈N. If f (6) = 18, then f (2) ⋅f (3) is When m = n = 2,
f (x) = log 5  3 + cos + x  + cos + x 
  4  4  equal to [2021, 31 Aug. Shift-II]
f (2) = 1 ⇒ f (4) = 1 or
π 3π  f (4) = f (2) f(2) = 
+ cos − x  − cos − x  
(a) 6 (b) 54
 f (2) = 2 ⇒ f (4) = 4
4   4  (c) 18 (d) 36
When, m = 2, n = 3
= log (3 − 2 sin x + 2 cos x) Ans. (b)
5  When, f(2) = 1,
f (m + n) = f (m) + f (n), m, n ∈N 
Q− 2 ≤ − 2 sin x + 2 cos x ≤ 2  f(3) = 1 to 7
∴ f (3 + 3) = f (3) + f (3) f (6) = f (2) f(3) 
⇒ 1 ≤ 3 − 2 sin x + 2 cos x ≤ 5 When, f(2) = 2,
⇒ f (6) = 2f (3) = 18 [Q f (6) = 18] f(3) = 1 or 2 or 3
 And f(5), f(7) can take any value (1-7) 1  i.e. x ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞) − {integers}
(A) ∩ (B) = x ∈  ,1
[Qf (5) = f (1) ⋅f (5) ≤ 7 and f (7) = f (1) ⋅f (7) ≤ 7 }  2  i.e. all non-integers except the interval
The possible combination is 3 [−1, 1]
∴ α+β=
f(1) = 1 f(1) = 1 2 (here, −1 and 1 are included in except
f(2) = 1 f(2) = 2 case, because of −1 and 1 are integers).
f(3) = (1 − 7) f(3) = (1 − 3) 42 Let [x] denote the greatest integer
≤ x, where x ∈R. If the domain of 44 If the functions are defined as
f(4) = 1 f(4) = 4
the real valued function f (x) = x and g (x) = 1 − x , then what
f(5) = (1 − 7) f(5) = (1 − 7)
is the common domain of the
f (6) = f (3) f (6) = f (3) | [x]| − 2
f (x) = is (−∞, a) ∪ [b, c) following functions?
f(7) = (1 − 7) f(7) = (1 − 7) | [x]| − 3 f + g, f − g, f / g, g / f ,g − f , where
So, total = (1 × 1 × 7 × 1 × 7 × 1 × 7)
∪ [u , ∞) , a < b < c, then the value of (f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g (x), (f / g)(x) =
f (x)
+ (1 × 1 × 3 × 1 × 7 × 1 × 7)
a + b + c is [2021, 20 July Shift-I] g (x)
= 490
(a) 8 (b) 1 [2021, 18 March, Shift-I]
40 If [x] be the greatest integer less (c) −2 (d) −3 (a) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (b) 0 ≤ x < 1
100  (−1) n n Ans. (c) (c) 0 < x < 1 (d) 0 < x ≤ 1
than or equal to x , then Σ   | [x] | − 2 | [x] | − 2 Ans. (c)
n=8
 2  f (x) = ≥0
| [x] | − 3 | [x] | − 3 Given, f (x) = x and g (x) = 1 − x
is equal to [25 July 2021, Shift-II]
Let | [x] | = t ∴Domain of f (x) = D 1 is x ≥ 0
(a) 0 (b) 4 + – + i.e. D 1 : x ∈ (0, ∞)
(c) −2 (d) 2
2 3 and domain of g (x) = D 2 is 1 − x ≥ 0
Ans. (b) t ∈ (–∞, 2] ∪ (3, ∞) ⇒ x≤ 1
We have, 3 i.e. D 2 : x ∈ (− ∞ 1]
100
 (− 1) n n  2
∑  2  (Q[x] is the greatest integer As, we know that, the domain of
f + g, f − g, g − f will be D 1 ∩ D 2 as well as
n = 8 
f
function) –3 –2 1 2 3 the domain for is D 1 ∩ D 2 except all
Substitute the values of n g
| [x] | = 3 ⇒x ∈ [− 3, − 2) ∪ [3, 4) those value(s) of x, such that g (x) = 0.
= [4] + [− 4.5] + [5] + [− 5.5] g
Domain of x = [−∞, − 3) ∪ [− 2, 3) ∪ [4, ∞) Similarly, for is D 1 ∩ D 2 but f (x) ≠ 0 .
+ K + [− 49.5] + [50]
a = −3 f
= 4 − 5 + 5 − 6 + K − 50 + 50
b = −2 Hence, common domain for
=4 f g
c =3 (f + g), (f − g),   ,   and (g − f) will be
g  f 
41 If the domain of the function ∴ a + b + c = − 3 + (− 2) + 3 = − 2
0 < x < 1.
cos −1 x 2 − x + 1
f (x) = is the interval 43 The real valued function
cosec −1 x 45 A function f (x) is given by
−1  2x − 1
sin   f (x) = , where [x] denotes 5x
 2  x − [x] f (x) = x , then the sum of the
5 +5
(α, β) , then α + β is equal to the greatest integer less than or series
[2021, 22 July Shift-II] equal to x, is defined for all x
2 3  39
f   + f   + f   + K + f  
3 1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 1 belonging to [2021, 18 March Shift-I]
2 2  20  20  20  20
(a) all reals except integers
Ans. (a) (b) all non-integers except the interval [ is equal to [2021, 25 Feb. Shift-II]

cos−1 x 2 − x + 1 − 1,1] 29 49
f (x) = (c) all integers except 0, − 1, 1 (a) (b)
 2x − 1  2 2
sin−1   (d) all reals except the interval [−1, 1] 39 19
 2  (c) (d)
x 2 − x + 1 ≥ 0 and x 2 − x + 1 ≤ 1 Ans. (b) 2 2
⇒x ∈ R, x (x − 1) ≤ 0 cosec−1 x Ans. (c)
Given, f (x) =
0≤ x≤ 1 …(i) x − [x] 5x
Given, f (x) = , then,
−1  2x − 1  π 5 +5x
⇒ 0 < sin  < cosec−1 x
 2  2 ⇒ f (x) =
52 − x
2x − 1
{x} f (2 − x) = 2 −x
⇒ 0< <1 5 +5
2 For f (x) to be defined,
 |x |≥ 1 x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1 5
1 3 ⇒ = x
⇒ < x< …(ii)  5 +5
2 2  { x } > 0  x ≠ 1 integers
 5x + 5 Ans. (c) 49 For a suitable chosen real constant
This gives, f (x) + f (2 − x) = =1
5x + 5 x 2 −` x − 2 a, let a functin f : R − {a} → R be
Given, g (x) = , f (x) = sin−1 x
 1   1   1   39  2x 2 −` x − 6 a −x
⇒ f   + f 2 −  = f   + f   = 1 defined by f (x) = . Further
 20   20   20   20  f (g (x)) = sin−1 (g (x)) a+x
Similarly,  x2 − x − 2  suppose that for any real number
fog (x) = sin−1  2 
 2  38 
f   + f   = 1 and so on,  2x − x − 6  x ≠ −a and f (x) ≠ −a, (fof ) (x) = x.
 20   20 
Then, f  −  is equal to
For the domain of fog (x), 1
 1   2  38   39  | g (x)|≤ 1  2
∴f   + f   + K + f   + f  
 20   20   20   20  [QDomain of f (x) is [−1, 1] [2020, 6 Sep. Shift-II]
 20   x 2 − x − 2 1 1
= 1 + 1 + K + 1 + f  ⇒ (a) (b) − (c) −3 (d) 3
 2 ≤ 1 3 3
 20  2x − x − 6
1 39 Ans. (d)
= 19 + f(1) = 19 + =  (x + 1) (x − 2) 
2 2 ⇒  ≤ 1 For a given functionf : R − { −a } → R
(2x + `3) (x − 2) defined by
46 If a + α = 1, b + β = 2 and  x + 1 a−x
⇒  ≤ 1 f (x) = . Q (fof) (x) = x
β 2x + 3 a+x
af (x) + αf   = bx + , x ≠ 0, then
1 a−x
a−
 x x ⇒ −1 ≤
x+1
≤1 a − x a+x
2x + 3 ⇒ f  =x ⇒ =x
f (x) + f  
1 a + x a−x
a+
 x  x+1
2
a 2 + ax − a + x a+x
the value of expression ⇒   ≤1 ⇒ 2 =x
1  2x + `3  a + ax + a − x
x+
x ⇒ (x + 1) 2 ≤ (2x + 3) 2 ⇒ a 2 + ax − a + x = a 2 x + ax 2 + ax − x 2
is ……… . [2021, 24 Feb. Shift-II] ⇒ 3x + 10 x + 8 ≥ 0
2 ⇒ a (a − 1) = (a 2 − 1) x + x 2 (a − 1)
Ans. (2) ⇒ (3x + y)(x + 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ (a − 1) [x 2 + (a + 1) x − a] = 0 ⇒ a = 1
1− x
Given, a + α = 1 This implies, So, f (x) =
1+ x
 4
b + β =2 x ∈ (−∞, − 2] ∪ − , ∞   1  1 + (1 /2)
 3  ∴ f −  = =3
β
Q a ⋅f (x) + α ⋅f   = bx +
1
… (i)  2  1 − (1 /2)
 x x
1 48 Let f : R → R be a function which 50 Suppose that a function f : R → R
Replace x by ,
x satisfies satisfies f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) for all
 1 b f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), ∀ x, y ∈R. If f (1) = 2 n
x, y ∈R andf (1) = 3. If Σ f (i) = 363, then
af   + af (x) = + βx … (ii) ( n − 1)
 x x and g (n) = Σ f (k ), n∈N, then the
i =1

Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

k =1 n is equal to [2020, 6 Sep. Shift-II]
value of n, for which g (n) = 20 is Ans. (5.00)
 1 
(a + α) f (x) + f   =  x +  (b + β)
1 [2020, 2 Sep. Shift-II]
  x    x It is given that the functionf :R → R
(a) 5 (b) 20 satisfies, f (x + y) = f (x) ⋅f (y), ∀ x, y ∈ R
f (x) + f  
1 (c) 4 (d) 9
⇒ f (x) = a x
 x b + β 2
⇒ = = =2 Ans. (a) Q f(1) = 3 ⇒ a =3
x+
1 a+α 1
Given functionf : R → R, satisfies ∴ f (x) = 3x
x
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) n

−1 So, at x = y = 1 Now, it is given that ∑ f (i) = 363

47 Let f (x) = sin x and i=1
f (2) = f (1) + f (1) = 2f (1) = 2 × 2 = 4
x2 − x − 2 Q f(1) = 2
⇒ 3 + 32 + 33 + K + 3n = 363
g (x) = 2 . 3(3n − 1)
2x − x − 6 At x = 2 and y = 1 ⇒ = 363 ⇒ 3n = 243 = 35
2
If g (2) = lim g (x), then the domain of f (3) = f (2) + f (1) = 4 + 2 = 6
x→2 ⇒ n= 5
Similarly,f(4) = 8 and so on.
thefunction fog is n− 1
[2021, 26 Feb. Shift-II] Now, as g (n) = Σ f (k) 51 Let f : R → R be such that for all
k =1
 3 
(a) (− ∞, − 2] ∪  − , ∞  = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + ....+ f (n − 1)
x ∈R (2 1 + x + 2 1 − x ), f (x) and (3 x + 3 − x )
 2  are in (a) P, then the minimum value
= 2 + 4 + 6 + ....+ 2 (n − 1)
(b) (−∞, − 2] ∪ [−1, ∞) (n − 1) (n) of f (x) is [2020, 8 Jan. Shift-I]
=2× = n2 − n (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 0
2
(c) (−∞, − 2] ∪  − , ∞ 
4
 3 
Ans. (b)
So, if g (n) = 20 ⇒ n − n = 20 2

⇒ n (n − 1) = 20 ⇒ n = 5 It is given that
(d) (−∞, − 1] ∪ [2, ∞) 21 + x + 21 − x , f (x) and 3x + 3− x are in (a)P.
Hence, option (a) is correct.
 So, 2f (x) = 2(2x + 2− x ) + 3x + 3− x Ans. (a) Ans. (c)
 3x + 3− x   1− x 1
⇒ f (x) = (2x + 2− x ) +  Given, f (x) = log e   , | x | < 1, then Given function f (x) = + log 10 (x 3 − x)
  1+ x 4 − x2
 2  For domain of f (x)
According to AM-GM,  1 − 2x 
  4 − x2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ± 2 …(i)
ax + a−x  2x  1 + x 2    2x  
≥ (a xa − x ) 1 / 2 f  = log  Q < 1 and x 3 − x > 0 ⇒ x (x − 1)(x + 1) > 0
2  1 + 2x   1 + x2 
e
1+ x 
2

 2 
From Wavy curve method,
⇒ a x + a − x ≥ 2, at x = 0  1+ x 
 2  1 + x 2 − 2x 
∴ Minimum value of f (x) = 2 +   + +
 2  
1 + x2   (1 − x) 2  –∞ +∞
= log e 
–
=2+ 1=3 = log e   –1 0 – +1
 1 + x + 2x 
2
 (1 + x) 
2

Hence, option (b) is correct.  

 1+ x 
2

2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the domain

52 Let f : (1, 3) → R be a function  1− x
= log e 
 1− x
 = 2log e   of f (x) as (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞).
x [x]  1+ x  1+ x
defined by f (x) = , where [x]
1 + x2 [Qlog e | A |m = mlog e | A | ] 56 Let f : R → R be defined by
denotes the greatest integer ≤ x.   1 − x  x
= 2f (x) Qf (x) = log e   f (x) = , x ∈R. Then, the range of
Then the range of f is   1 + x 1 + x2
 2 3   3 4 2 4 f is [2019, 11 Jan. Shift-I]
(a)  , ∪  ,  (b)  , 54 Let f (x) = a x (a > 0) be written as  1 1
 5 5   4 5   5 5  (a) − , (b) (−1, 1) − {0}
 3 4 2 1  3 4
f (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x), where f1 (x) is an  2 2 
(c)  ,  (d)  ,  ∪  , even function and f2 (x) is an odd
 5 5  5 2   5 5   1 1
function. Then f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) (c) R − − , (d) R − [−1, 1]
[2020, 8 Jan. Shift-II]
 2 2 
Ans. (d)
equals [2019, 8 April Shift-II]
Ans. (a)
(a) 2 f1 (x + y) ⋅ f2 (x − y)
The given functionf : (1, 3) → R, defined by x
(b) 2 f1 (x + y) ⋅ f1 (x − y) We have, f (x) = , x ∈R
x (1) 1 + x2
, x ∈ (1, 2) (c) 2 f1 (x) ⋅ f2 (y)
x [x] 1 + x2 Method I f (x) is an odd function and
f (x) = = (d) 2 f1 (x) ⋅ f1 (y)
1 + x2 x (2) maximum occur at x = 1
, x ∈ [2, 3) Ans. (d)
1 + x2 Y
(1, 1/2) 1
x Given, functionf (x) = a x , a > 0 is written y=
, x ∈ (1, 2) as sum of an even and odd functionsf1 (x)
2
1 + x2 –1
Q f (x) = and f2 (x) respectively. X
2x ax + a−x ax − a−x O1
, x ∈ [2, 3) Clearly, f1 (x) = and f2 (x) =
1 + x2 2 2 y= –
1
2
is a decreasing function, so So, f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) (–1, 1/2)
2(3) 3 1 1
lim f (3 − h) → = = [a x + y + a − (x + y ) ] + [a x − y + a − (x − y ) ] From graph it is clear that range off (x) is
h→ 0 1+ 9 5 2 2
 1 1
4 1 ax ay  − ,
f(2) =
1
= a xa y + x y + y + x   2 2 
5 2 aa a a  1
2
Similarly,f (x → 2− ) tends to andf (x→ 1 + ) Method II f (x) =
1  1 1  1  x+
1
5 = a x  a y + y  + x  y + a y  
1 2  a  a a  x
tends to .
2 1 1 1 If x > 0, then by AM ≥ GM , we get
= a x + x  a y + y 
So range of the given function ‘f’ is 2 a  a  x+
1
≥2 ⇒
1 1
≤ ⇒ 0 < f (x) ≤
1
 2 1  3 4 1 2 2
 ,  ∪ ,  ax + a−x  ay + a−y  x x+
 5 2  5 5  = 2    = 2f1 (x) ⋅f1 (y) x
 2   2 
Hence, option (d) is correct. If x < 0, then by AM ≥ GM , we get
1
1 − x x + ≤ −2
55 The domain of the definition of the
53 If f (x) = log e   ,| x | < 1, then 1
x
1 + x function f (x) = + log 10 (x 3 − x) ⇒
1 1 1
≥ − ⇒ – ≤ f (x) < 0
4 − x2 1 2 2
 2x  x+
f  is equal to is [2019, 9 April Shift-II] x
1 + x 
2
(a) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) 0
If x = 0, then f (x) = =0
(a) 2f (x) (b) 2 f (x 2 ) (b) (−2, − 1) ∪ (−1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) 1+ 0
(c) (f (x)) 2 (d) −2f (x) (c) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) 1 1
(d) (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) Thus, − ≤ f (x) ≤
[2019, 8 Apr. Shift-I] 2 2
 Hence, f (x) ∈  − ,  ⇒ f (x) = f (x) + f (0) + 0 ⇒ f(0) = 0
1 1 2
 2 2  ⇒ f (x) = −x
⇒ c =0 x
Method III Again, put y = − x Now, consider f (x) = f (− x)
x ∴ f (0) = f (x) + f (− x) − x 2
Let y = ⇒yx 2 − x + y = 0 ⇒
2
−x=− + x
2
1 + x2 ⇒ 0 = ax 2 + bx + ax 2 − bx − x 2 x x
Q x ∈ R, so D ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4y 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 2ax 2 − x 2 = 0 ⇒ a =
1 4
⇒ = 2x
 1 1 2
⇒(1 − 2y) (1 + 2y) ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈ − , Also, a + b + c = 3
x
 2 2 
1 5 ⇒ 2x 2 = 4 ⇒ x 2 = 2
– + – ⇒ + b + 0 =3 ⇒ b =
2 2 ⇒ x=± 2
–1/2 1/2 x 2 + 5x
∴ f (x) = Hence, S contains exactly two elements.
So, range is  − ,  .
1 1 2
 2 2  n2 + 5n 1 2 5 60 The domain of the function
Now, f (n) = = n + n 1
1 2 2 2 f (x) = is [AIEEE 2011]
57 Let fk (x) = (sin k x + cos k x) for 10 10
| x| − x
k 1 5 10
∴ ∑ f (n) = 2 ∑ n + ∑n
2

k = 1, 2, 3 ... . Then, for all x ∈R, the n= 1 n= 1 2 n= 1 (a) (0, ∞)

value of f4 (x) − f6 (x) is equal to (b) (− ∞, 0)
1 10 × 11 × 21 5 10 × 11 (c) (− ∞, ∞) − { 0}
[2019, 11 Jan. Shift-I] = ⋅ + ×
2 6 2 2 (d) (− ∞, ∞)
1 5
(a) (b) 385 275 660 Ans. (b)
12 12 = + = = 330 1
2 2 2 y=
−1 1 |x | − x
(c) (d)
59 If f (x) + 2f   = 3x, x ≠ 0
12 4 1 For domain, | x | − x > 0
Ans. (a)  x ⇒ |x |> x
We have, and S = {x ∈R : f (x) = f (− x)}; then S i. e., only possible, if x < 0.
1 ∴ x ∈ (− ∞, 0)
fk (x) = (sin k x + cos k x), k = 1, 2, 3, … [JEE Main 2016]
k (a) is an empty set. π π
1
∴ f4 (x) = (sin4 x + cos4 x) (b) contains exactly one element. 61 The largest interval lying in  − , 
 2 2
4 (c) contains exactly two elements.
1 for which the function
= ((sin2 x + cos2 x) 2 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x) (d) contains more than two elements.
f (x) = 4 − x + cos −1  − 1 + log (cos x)
4 2 x
Ans. (c)
1 1  1 1
=  1 − (sin2x) 2  = − sin2 2x 2 
We have, f (x) + 2f   = 3x, x ≠ 0
1
4 2  4 8 ...(i)
is defined, is
 x [AIEEE 2007]
1
and f6 (x) = (sin6 x + cos6 x) 1  π π
6 On replacing x by in the above (a) [0 , π] (b)  − , 
x  2 2
equation, we get  π π  π
=
1
{(sin2 x + cos2 x) 3 − 3 sin2 x cos2 x (c) − ,  (d) 0, 
 4 2   2 
f   + 2f (x) =
1 3
6
 x x
(sin2 x + cos2 x)} = 1 − (2 sin x cos x) 2 
1 3 Ans. (d)
6 4 ⇒  1 3
2f (x) + f   =
 ...(ii) Given that,
 x x
1 1 x 
f (x) = 4− x + cos−1  − 1 + log (cos x)
2
= − sin 2x 2

6 8 On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 2 and 2 

1 1 3−2 1 subtracting  π π
−x2
Now, f4 (x) − f6 (x) = − = = Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get Here, 4 is defined for  − ,  ,
4 6 12 12  2 2
4f (x) + 2f   =
1 6
−1  x  x
 x x cos  − 1 is defined, if −1 ≤ − 1 ≤ 1.
58 Let a, b, c ∈R. If f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c be 2  2
f (x) + 2f   = 3x
1
such that a + b + c = 3 and ⇒
x
0 ≤ ≤ 2 ⇒0 ≤ x ≤ 4
− −  x −
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + xy, ∀ x, y ∈R, 2
10 6
3f (x) = − 3x And log (cos x) is defined, if cos x > 0.
then ∑ f (n) is equal to x π π
n=1
[JEE Main 2017]
⇒ − < x<
4 2 2
(a) 330 (b) 165
Hence, f (x) = 4− x + cos−1  − 1
2 x
(c) 190 (d) 255 3
2 
2
Ans. (a) + log (cos x)
We have,f (x) = ax + bx + c
2 1  π
is defined, if x ∈ 0,  .
 2 
Now, f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + xy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Put y = 0
62 The graph of the function y = f (x) is Ans. (d) 69 The period of the function
3
symmetrical about the line x = 2, Given, f (x) = + log 10 (x 3 − x) f (x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x is [AIEEE 2002]
4 − x2 π
then [AIEEE 2004] (a) π (b)
(a) f (x + 2) = f (x − 2) For domain of f (x), 2
(b) f (2 + x) = f (2 − x) x 3 − x > 0 ⇒ x (x − 1)(x + 1) > 0 (c) 2π (d) None of these
(c) f (x) = f (− x) Ans. (b)
(d) f (x) = − f (− x) – + – +
Given that,f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x
Ans. (b) –1 0 1
∴
Given, graph is symmetrical about the
f (x) = (sin2 x + cos2 x) 2 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x
line x = 2. ⇒ x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞) and 4 − x ≠ 0 2
1
∴ f (2 + x) = f (2 − x) ⇒ x≠±2 = 1 − (2 sin x cos x) 2
2
63 The domain of function, ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) 1
= 1 − (sin 2 x) 2
sin −1 (x − 3) So, common region is 2
f (x) = is
(−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞). 1  1 − cos 4x 
9 − x2 [AIEEE 2004] = 1−  
2 2 
(a) [2, 3] (b) [2, 3) 66 The function f (x) = log (x + x + 1),is 2
3 1
(c) [1, 2] (d) [1, 2) = + cos 4x
(a) an even function. [AIEEE 2003] 4 4
Ans. (b) (b) an odd function.
sin−1 (x − 3) 2π π
Given function f (x) = will be ∴The period of f (x) = =
(c) a periodic function. 4 2
9− x 2
(d) neither an even nor an odd function.
defined, if [Q cos x is periodic with period2 π]
Ans. (b)
−1 ≤ (x − 3) ≤ 1 70 The domain of definition of the
Given that, f (x) = log (x + x 2 + 1)
⇒ 2≤ x ≤ 4 …(i)  5x − x 2 
and 9 − x2 > 0 Now, f (− x) = log (− x + x 2 + 1) function f (x) = log 10   is
⇒ −3 < x < 3 …(ii)
 4 
∴ f (x) + f (− x) = log (x + x 2 + 1) [AIEEE 2002]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
+ log (− x + x 2 + 1)
2≤ x < 3 (a) [1, 4] (b) [1, 0]
Hence, domain of the given function is = log (1) = 0 (c) [0, 5] (d) [5, 0]
[2, 3). Hence,f (x) is an odd function. Ans. (a)
64 If f : R → R satisfies 67 The period of sin2 θ is  5x − x 2 
[AIEEE 2002] Given that, f (x) = log 10  
 4 
f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y), for all x, y ∈R and (a) π 2 (b) π
n
π
f (1) = 7, then ∑ f (r) is (c) 2π (d) For domain of f (x),
2  5x − x 2 
r =1 [AIEEE 2003]
Ans. (b) log 10   ≥0
7n 7(n + 1)  4 
(a) (b) We know that,
2 2 5x − x 2
⇒ ≥1
7n (n + 1) 1 − cos 2 θ 1 1 4
(c) 7n (n + 1) (d) sin2 θ = = − cos 2 θ
2 2 2 2 ⇒ x 2 − 5x + 4 ≤ 0
Ans. (d) 2π ⇒ (x − 1) (x − 4) ≤ 0 ⇒x ∈[1, 4]
∴ Period of sin2 θ = =π
n 2
∑ f (r) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + ... + f (n) 
r =1
68 The domain of sin −1 log3  x   is TOPIC 4
 
= f (1) + 2f (1) + 3f (1) + ... + nf (1)   3 
[Qf (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y)]
Inverse, Composition
(a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9]
= (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)f (1) = f (1) Σn (c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
and Different Types
7 n(n + 1) [AIEEE 2002] of Functions
= [Qf(1) = 7, given] Ans. (a)
2
65 Domain of definition of the function
Since, domain of sin−1 x is [–1, 1]. 71 Let g : N → N be defined as
−1 ≤ log 3   ≤ 1
x
3 ∴ [2021, 25 July Shift-I]
f (x) = + log 10 (x 3 − x), is 3
4 − x2 x
g (3n + 1) = 3n + 2,
⇒ 3 −1 ≤ ≤ 3
(a) (1, 2) [AIEEE 2003] 3 g (3n + 2) = 3n + 3,
(b) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ⇒ 1≤ x ≤ 9 g (3n + 3) = 3n + 1, for all n≥ 0.
 x 
(c) (1, 2) ∪ (2 , ∞) Hence, domain of sin−1 log 3   is [1, 9]. Then which of the following
  3  
(d) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2 , ∞) statements is true ?
 (a) There exists an onto function 73 Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then, 75 Let f : R − {3} → R − {1} be defined by
f:N → N such that fog = f x −2
(b) There exists a one-one function
the number of bijective functions f (x) = . Let g : R → R be given as
f:N → N such that fog = f F : A → A such that f (1) + f (2) = 3 − f (3) x −3
(c) gogog = g is equal to ……… . g (x) = 2x − 3. Then, the sum of all
[2021, 22 July Shift-II]
(d) There exists a functionf :N → N such the values of x for which
that gof = f Ans. (720)
13
Ans. (a) f(1) + f (2) = 3 − f (3) f −1 (x) + g −1 (x) = is equal to
2
g (3n + 1) = 3n + 2 A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} [2021, 18 March Shift-II]
g (3n + 2) = 3n + 3 f :A→ A (a) 7 (b) 2
g (3n + 3) = 3n + 1, for all n≥ 0 So, f(1) + f (2) + f (3) = 3 (c) 5 (d) 3
g :N → N 0 + 1 + 2 = 3 is the only possibility. Ans. (c)
g(1) = 2, g(4) = 5, g(7) = 8 So, f(0) can be either 0 or 1 or 2. x −2
Given, f (x) =
g(2) = 3, g(5) = 6, g(8) = 9 Similarly,f(1) and f(2) can be 0, 1 and 2. x−3
g(3) = 1, g(6) = 4, g(9) = 7 and {134
, ,2
4 56
,4 7 } → {34
,3 , ,56
, ,7 } g (x) = 2x − 3
⇒ f [g(1)] = f(1) They have 5! choices. x −2
Let y = f (x) =
⇒ f (2) = f(1) And {102,12
, }
3 x−3
Clearly, it is not a one - one function. They have 3! choices. ⇒ xy − 3y = x − 2
Now, f [g (2)] = f (2) Number of bijective functions
⇒ xy − x = 3y − 2
f (3) = f (2) = 3! × 5! = 720
⇒ x (y − 1) = 3y − 2
α
74 Let f : R −   → R be defined
And, f [g (3)] = f (3)
3y − 2
f (1) = f (3) ⇒ x=
6 y−1
Similarly,f [g (4)] = f (4) by −1 3y − 2
f (5) = f (4) 5x + 3 ⇒ f (y) =
f (x) = . y −1
And, so on 6x − α −1 3x − 2
f(1) = f (2) = f (3) ⇒ f (x) =
Then, the value of α for which (fof) x−1
f (4) = f (5) = f (6) α
Now, there can be a possibility such that (x) = x, for all x ∈R −   is Similarly,
x+3
g −1 (x) =
6 2
4 [2021, 20 July Shift-II] −1 −1 13
Given, f (x) + g (x) =
3 (a) No such α exists (b) 5 2
(c) 8 (d) 6 3x − 2 x + 3 13
2 ⇒ + =
1
Ans. (b) x− 1 2 2
5x + 3 ⇒ x 2 + 8x − 7 = 13 (x − 1)
f (x) =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6x − α ⇒ x − 5x + 6 = 0
2

 5x + 3  ⇒ (x − 2) (x − 3) = 0
So, f (x) can be onto function. Now, fof (x) = f  
When f (1) = f (2) = f (3) = 1  6x − α  ⇒ x = 2,3
f (4) = f (5) = f (6) = 2  5x + 3  ∴ Sum = 2 + 3 = 5
5  +3
and so on.  6x − α 
= 76 The inverse of y = 5logx is
 5x + 3 
72 Consider function f : A → B and 6  −α [2021, 17 March Shift-I]
 6x − α  (a) x = 5log y (b) x = y log 5
g : B → C(A, B, C ⊆ R ) such that 5(5x + 3) + 3(6x − α)
=
1 1
(gof ) −1 exists, then 6(5x + 3) − α(6x − 2) (c) x = y log 5 (d) x = 5 log y
[2021, 25 July Shift-II]
(a) f and g both are one-one Given,fof (x) = x Ans. (c)
5(5x + 3) + 3(6x − α) y = 5log x
(b) f and g both are onto ⇒ =x
6(5x + 3) − α(6x − α) Taking log on both sides,
(c) f is one-one and g is onto
(d) f is onto and g is one-one ⇒ 25x + 15 + 18x − 3α log y = log x ⋅log 5
Ans. (c) = 30 x 2 + 18x − 6αx 2 + α 2 x ⇒
1
=
log x
⇒x (30 − 6α) − xα
2
( 2 − 25) + 3α − 15 = 0 log 5 log y
Given functions,f : A → B and
Comparing coefficients, 1
g : B → C (A, B, C ⊆ R) ⇒ = log y x
30 − 6x = 0 log 5
∴(gof) − 1 exists ⇒gof is a bijective
function. ⇒ 6α = 30 1

⇒ α=5 x = y log 5
⇒‘f’ must be ‘one-one’ and ‘g’ must be
‘onto’ function.
77 Let A = {1, 2, 3,..., 10} and f : A → A be number of one-one functions from 1
∴ f [g (x)] = 1 +
x−1
 x + 1, if x is odd the set A to the set A × B. Then,
defined as f (x) =  [2021, 25 Feb. Shift-II]
Now, draw the graph of 1 +
1
,
 x, if x is even (a) 2 y = 91x (b) 2 y = 273x x −1
Then, the number of possible (c) y = 91x (d) y = 273x
functions g : A → A, such that Ans. (a)
gof = f is [2021, 26 Feb. Shift-II] x = {f :A → B, f is one - one} 2
(a) 105 (b) 10 C 5 y = { g : A → A × B, g is one one}
1
(c) 5 5 (d) 5 ! Number of elements in A = 3 i.e. | A | = 3 (1, 1)
Ans. (a) Similarly, | B | = 5
x + 1 , x is odd. Then, | A × B | = | A |× | B | = 3 × 5 = 15 1 2
f (x) = 
 x , x is even. Now, number of one-one function from A
to B will be
Given, g : A → A such that, 5! 5!
g (f (x)) = f (x)
5
P3 = = = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60
(5 − 3) ! 2!
When x is even, then
g (x) = x …(i) ∴ x = 60
When x is odd, then Now, number of one-one function from A
g (x + 1) = x + 1 …(ii) 15! 15! QAny horizontal line does not cut the
to A × B will be = 15 P3 = =
This implies, (15 − 3) ! 12! graph at more than one points, so it is
g (x) = x, x is even. one-one and here, co-domain and range
= 15 × 14 × 13 = 2730
are not equal, so it is into.
⇒If x is odd, then g (x) can take any value ∴ y = 2730
in set A. Hence, the required function is
Thus, 2 × (2730) = 91 × (60) one-one into.
So, number of g (x) = 10 5 ⇒ 2y = 91x
81 Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then
78 Let f, g : N → N, such that
80 Let f : R → R be defined as the number of elements in the set
f (n + 1) = f (n) + f (1) ∀ n ∈ N and g be
f (x) = 2x − 1 and g : R − {1} → R be C = {f : A → B | 2 ∈f (A) and f is not
any arbitrary function. Which of the
one-one} is
x− 1
[2020, 5 Sep. Shift-II]
following statements is not true?
[2021, 25 Feb. Shift-I] defined as g (x) = 2. Ans. (19.00)
(a) if fog is one-one, then g is one-one. x −1 The desired functions will contain either
(b) if f is onto, then f (n) = n, ∀ n ∈N. one element or two elements in its
Then, the composition function co-domain and ‘2’ will be the element of
(c) f is one-one. f (g (x)) is [2021, 24 Feb. Shift-I] the each co-domain.
(d) if g is onto, then fog is one-one. (a) one-one but not onto So, the possible co-domain are
Ans. (d) (b) onto but not one-one {2}, {1, 2,}, {2, 3} or {2, 4}
Given, f (n + 1) = f (n) + f (1), ∀ n ∈N (c) Neither one-one nor onto ∴Total number of functions
⇒ f (n + 1) − f (n) = f (1) (d) Both one-one and onto = 1 + 3 × (23 − 2)
It is an AP with common difference = f(1) Ans. (a) = 1 + (3 × 6) = 19
Also, general term Given,f (x) = 2x − 1; f : R → R
= Tn = f (1) + (n − )f (1) = nf (1) x − 1 /2 82 If g (x) = x 2 + x − 1 and (gof )
g (x) = ; g : R − { 1} → R
⇒ f (n) = nf (1) x−1  5
(x) = 4x 2 − 10x + 5, then f   is
Clearly, f (n) is one-one.  4
For fog to be one-one, g must be f [g (x)] = 2g (x) − 1 equal to [2020, 7 Jan. Shift-I]
one-one. x − 1 1 3 3 1
For f to be onto, f (n) should take all the   (a) − (b) (c) − (d)
=2×  2 − 1 2 2 2 2
values of natural numbers.  x −1
As, f (x) is increasing,f(1) = 1   Ans. (a)
 
⇒ f (n) = n Since the g (x) = x 2 + x − 1 and gof (x)
 2x − 1 
If g is many-one, thenfog is many one. =2×   −1 = 4x 2 − 10 x + 5 both are quadratic
 2(x − 1)  equations, thereforef (x) must be a linear
So, if g is onto, thenfog is one-one. 2x − 1 equation.
= −1
79 Let x denote the total number of x−1 Now, letf (x) = ax + b,
one-one functions from a set A 2x − 1 − x + 1 So, gof (x) = 4x 2 − 10 x + 5
=
with 3 elements to a set B with 5 x−1 ⇒ g (ax + b) = 4x 2 − 10 x + 5
elements and y denote the total x ⇒(ax + b) 2 + (ax + b) − 1 = 4x 2 − 10 x + 5
=
x−1 [Qg (x) = x 2 + x − 1]
 ⇒a 2 x 2 + a (2b + 1) x + (b 2 + b − 1) 84 If the function f : R − {1, − 1} → A π 11π
(a) tan (b) tan
= 4x 2 − 10 x + 5 12 12
x2 7π 5π
On comparing the coefficients of terms, defined by f (x) = , is surjective, (c) tan (d) tan
we get 1 − x2 12 12
a2 = 4 …(i) then A is equal to [2019, 12 April Shift-I]
a (2b + 1) = − 10 …(ii) (a) R − { −1} (b) [0, ∞) Ans. (b)
b2 + b − 1 = 5 …(iii) (c) R − [−1, 0) (d) R − (−1, 0) Given, for x ∈(0, 3 /2), functions
From Eq. (i), we havea = ± 2 f (x) = x … (i)
[2019, 9 April Shift-I]
From Eq. (iii), we haveb = −3, 2 Ans. (c) g (x) = tan x … (ii)
and the equation is getting satisfied by 1 − x2
Given, functionf :R – { 1, − 1} → A defined and h(x) = … (iii)
a = −2 and b = 2, so f (x) = − 2x + 2 1 + x2
as
 5  5 x2 Also given, φ(x) = ((hof)og) (x) = (hof) (g (x))
∴ f   = − 2  + 2 f (x) = = y (let)
 4  4 1− x2 = h(f (g (x))) = h(f (tan x))
5
= − + 2= −
1 ⇒ x 2 = y (1 − x 2 ) [Qx 2 ≠ 1] 1 − ( tan x ) 2
= h( tan x ) =
2 2 ⇒ x (1 + y) = y
2 1 + ( tan x ) 2
1 − tan x π
= tan  − x 
y
83 The inverse function of ⇒ x2 = [provided y ≠ −1] =
1+ y 1 + tan x 4 
82 x − 8 −2 x π π π
Now, φ   = tan  − 
y
f (x) = 2 x , x ∈ (−1, 1) is Q x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ ≥0
8 + 8 −2 x 1+ y 3 4 3
[2020, 8 Jan. Shift-I] ⇒ y ∈ (−∞, − 1) ∪ [0, ∞ )  3 π − 4π 
= tan  
1  1 − x Since, for surjective function, range of  12 
(a) (log 8 e)log e  
4  1 + x f = codomain  π  π
= tan  −  = − tan  
1  1 − x ∴ Set A should beR − [−1, 0).  12   12 
(b) log e  
4  1 + x  π  11 π 
85 Let f (x) = x 2 , x ∈R. For any A ⊆ R, = tan π −  = tan  
 12   12 
1  1 + x
(c) (log 8 e)log e   define g (A) = {x ∈R : f (x) ∈ A}. If
4  1 − x S = [0, 4], then which one of the 87 For x ∈R − {0, 1}, let
1  1 + x following statements is not true? 1 1
(d) log e   f1 (x) = ,f2 (x) = 1 − x and f3 (x) =
4  1 − x (a) f (g (S)) = S (b) g (f (S)) ≠ S x 1−x
Ans. (c) (c) g (f (S)) = g (S) (d) f(g(S)) ≠ f (S) be three given functions. If a
8 2 x − 8 −2 x [2019, 10 April Shift-I] function, J (x) satisfies
Given function, f (x) = , x ∈ (−1, 1)
8 2 x + 8 −2 x Ans. (c) (f2 ° J ° f1 )(x) = f3 (x), then J (x) is equal
84 x − 1 Given, functionsf (x) = x 2 , x ∈ R to [2019, 9 Jan. Shift-I]
= 4x = y (let) and g (A) = { x ∈ R :f (x) ∈ A }; A ⊆ R
8 +1 (a) f2 (x) (b) f3 (x)
On applying componendo and dividendo Now, for S = [0, 4] 1
(c) f1 (x) (d) f3 (x)
law, we get g (S ) = { x ∈ R :f (x) ∈ S = [0, 4]} x
1+ y = { x ∈ R : x 2 ∈ [0, 4]} Ans. (b)
84x =
1− y = { x ∈ R: x ∈ [−2, 2]} ⇒ g (S ) = [−2, 2]
1
We have, f1 (x) = , f2 (x) = 1 − x
On applying logarithm having base ‘8’ x
So, f (g (S )) = [0, 4] = S 1
 1+ y and f3 (x) =
both sides, we get 4x = log 8   Now, f (S ) = { x 2 :x ∈ S = [0, 4]} = [0, 16] 1− x
 1− y and g (f (S )) = { x ∈ R :f (x) ∈f (S ) = [0, 16]}
 1+ y Also, we have (f2 o J of1 ) (x) = f3 (x)
⇒
1
x = log 8   = { x ∈ R :f (x) ∈ [0, 16]}
⇒ f2 ((Jof1 ) (x)) = f3 (x)
4  1− y = { x ∈ R: x 2 ∈ [0, 16]}
⇒ f2 (J (f1 (x)) = f3 (x)
1  1+ y = { x ∈ R : x ∈ [−4, 4]} = [−4 ,4]
= (log 8 e) log e   ⇒ 1 − J (f1 (x)) =
1
4  1− y From above, it is clear that g (f (S )) = g (S ). 1− x
{by base change property of logarithm  3 [Q f2 (x) = 1 − x and f3 (x) =
1
]
log a b = log a e ⋅log e b} 86 For x ∈ 0,  , let 1− x
 2
By interchanging the variables x and y,
1 − J   =
1 1 1
we get the inverse function off (x) and it f (x) = x , g (x) = tan x and ⇒ [Q f1 (x) = ]
 x 1− x x
is 1 − x2
h(x) = . If φ(x) = ((hof ) og) (x),
 1+ x J   = 1 −
1 1
1
f −1 (x) = (log 8 e) log e  . 1 + x2 ⇒
 x 1− x
4  1− x
π
Hence, option (c) is correct. then φ   is equal to =
1 − x − 1 −x
=
 3
1− x 1− x
 1 Ans. (b) Also, f (x) is not surjective because range
Now, put = X, then  n + 1 , if n is odd
x  2 of f (x) is [0, ∞ [ and but in problem
−1
Given, f (n) =  co-domain is (0, ∞), which is wrong.
J (X) = X  n , if n is even, ∴f (x) is neither injective nor surjective.
1  2
1−
X n + 1 , if n is odd 91 The number of functions f from
−1 1 Qx = 1  and g (n) = n − (−1) n = 
= = n − 1, if n is even {1, 2, 3, … , 20} onto {1, 2, 3, … , 20}
X− 1 1− X  X 
f (n + 1), if n is odd such that f (k ) is a multiple of 3,
⇒ J (X) = f3 (X) or J (x) = f3 (x) Now, f (g (n)) = 
whenever k is a multiple of 4, is
f (n − 1), if n is even
[2019, 11 Jan. Shift-II]
88 Let A = { x ∈R : x is not a positive  n + 1 , if n is odd
 2 (a) (15)! × 6 !
integer}. Define a function f : A → R = = f (x) (b) 5 6 × 15
as f (x) =
2x
, then f is  n − 1 + 1 = n , if n is even (c) 5 ! × 6 !
 2
x −1 [2019, 9 Jan. Shift-II]
2
(d) 6 5 × (15)!
[Q if n is odd, then (n+ 1) is even and
(a) injective but not surjective. Ans. (a)
if n is even, then (n− 1) is odd]
(b) not injective. Clearly, function is not one-one as According to given information,
(c) surjective but not injective. f (2) = f (1) = 1 we have if k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
(d) neither injective nor surjective. But it is onto function. Then,f (k) ∈{3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
Ans. (a) [Qif m ∈N (codomain) is odd, then2m ∈N [Qcodomain (f) = {1, 2, 3, …, 20}]
We have a functionf :A → R defined as (domain) such thatf (2m) = m and Now, we need to assign the value off (k)
f (x) =
2x if m ∈N codomain is even, then for
x−1 2m − 1 ∈N (domain) such thatf (2m − 1) = m] k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20} this can be done in
One-one Let x 1 , x 2 ∈A such that ∴Function is onto but not one-one. 6
C 5 ⋅ 5!ways = 6⋅ 5! = 6!and remaining 15
f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 ) element can be associated by 15!ways.
2x 1 2x 2 90 Let a function f : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞) be ∴Total number of onto functions = 15! 6!
⇒ =
x1 − 1 x2 − 1 1
defined by f (x) = 1 − . Then, f is
92 The function f : R → − ,  defined
1 1
⇒ 2x 1 x 2 − 2x 1 = 2x 1 x 2 − 2x 2 x
[2019, 11 Jan. Shift-II]
 2 2
⇒ x1 = x2 x
(a) injective only. as f (x) = is
Thus, f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 ) has only one solution, 1 + x2
x1 = x2 (b) both injective as well as surjective. [JEE Main 2017]
(c) not injective but it is surjective. (a) invertible.
∴ f (x) is one-one (injective)
(d) neither injective nor surjective. (b) injective but not surjective.
2×2
Onto Let x = 2, then f(2) = =4 Ans. (d) (c) surjective but not injective.
2− 1 (d) neither injective nor surjective.
Wehave,
But x = 2 is not in the domain, andf (x) is − (x − 1) , if 0 < x ≤ 1 Ans. (c)
one-one function |x − 1|  x
f (x) = = x We have, f (x) =
∴f (x) can never be 4. x x−1 1 + x2
 , if x > 1
Similarly,f (x) can not take many values.  x 1
f  
 1 − 1, if 0 < x ≤ 1 1 x x
Hence,f (x) is into (not surjective). ∴ = = = f (x)
  x 1 1 + x2
∴f (x) is injective but not surjective. = x 1+ 2
1 x
1 − , if x > 1
 x  1
= f (2) or f   = f (3) and so on.
89 Let N be the set of natural 1
∴ f 
numbers and two functions f and g Now, let us draw the graph of y = f (x)  2  3
be defined as f , g : N → N such Note that when x → 0, thenf (x) → ∞, So, f (x) is many-one function.
that when x = 1, thenf (x) = 0, and when x → ∞, x
then f (x) → 1 Again, let y = f (x) ⇒ y =
n +1 1 + x2
 , if n isodd Y
f (n) =  2 ⇒ y + x 2 y = x ⇒yx 2 − x + y = 0
n x ∈R
 , if n iseven x=0
As,
 2 ∴ (− 1) 2 − 4 (y)(y) ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4y 2 ≥ 0
y=1
and g (n) = n − (−1) n . Then, fog is ⇒ y∈
− 1 1
,
[2019, 10 Jan. Shift-II]  2 2 
X
(a) one-one but not onto O 1 y=0 − 1 1
∴ Range = Codomain = ,
(b) onto but not one-one  2 2 
Clearly, f (x) is not injective because if
(c) both one-one and onto So, f (x) is surjective.
f (x) < 1, then f is many one, as shown in
(d) neither one-one nor onto figure. Hence,f (x) is surjective but not injective.
93 If g is the inverse of a function f and ∴ y = (x − 1) 2 + 1 ⇒ f (x) is one-one.
1 ⇒ (x − 1) = ± y−1 Since, codomain of the given function is
f ′ (x) = , then g ′ (x) is equal to not given, hence it can be considered as
1+ x5 ∴ x = 1± y−1 R, the set of real and consequentlyf is
[JEE Main 2014] Q x≥ 1 not onto.
(a) 1 + x 5 Neglecting 1 − y − 1 Hence, f is not bijective. Statement II is
(b) 5 x 4 false.
1 ⇒ x = 1+ y−1
(c) −1
Also, f (x) = (x + 1) 2 − 1 ≥ − 1 for x ≥ − 1
1 + { g (x)} 5 or f ( y) = 1 + y−1
⇒ R f = [− 1, ∞)
(d) 1 + { g (x)} 5 ∴ f −1 (x) = 1 + x − 1 Clearly, f (x) = f −1 (x) at x = 0 and x = − 1
Ans. (d) So, both statements are correct and ∴Statement I is true.
Here, g is the inverse off (x). Statement II is correct explanation of
⇒ fog (x) = x Statement I. 97 Let f : N → Y be a function defined
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 95 For real x, let f (x) = x 3 + 5x + 1, then as f (x) = 4x + 3, where
f ′ { g (x)} × g ′ (x) = 1 [AIEEE 2009]
Y = { y ∈ N : y = 4x + 3 for some
g ′ (x) =
1
= 1 + { g (x)} 5 x ∈ N }. [AIEEE 2008]
(a) f is one-one but not onto R
f ′ { g (x)} Show that f is invertible and its
(b) f is onto R but not one-one
 1  (c) f is one-one and onto R inverse is
Qf ′ (x) = 
 1 + x5  (d) f is neither one-one nor onto R y−3
(a) f −1 ( y) =
⇒ g ′ (x) = 1 + { g (x)} 5
Ans. (c) 4
f (x) = x 3 + 5x + 1 −1 3y + 4
94 Let f be a function defined by Given (b) f ( y) =
Now, f ′ (x) = 3x 2 + 5 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
3
f (x) = (x − 1) 2 + 1, (x ≥ 1). y+3
−1
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing function. (c) f ( y) = 4 +
Statement I The set 4
So, f (x) is one-one function.
{ x : f (x) = f −1 (x)} = {1, 2} −1 y+3
Clearly, f (x) is a continuous function and (d) f ( y) =
Statement II f is bijection and 4
also increasing on R.
f −1 (x) = 1 + x − 1, x ≥ 1 ∴ lim f (x) = − ∞ and lim = ∞
Ans. (a)
[AIEEE 2011] x→ − ∞ x→ ∞
The given function isf :N → y defined as
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is Hence, f (x) takes every value between f (x) = 4x + 3
true. − ∞ and ∞.
where y = { y ∈N :y = 4x + 3 for some
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is Thus, f (x) is onto function. x ∈N }
true; Statement II is a correct Now, f (x) = 4x + 3
explanation of Statement I. 96 Let f (x) = (x + 1) 2 − 1, x ≥ − 1
⇒ f ′ (x) = 4 > 0
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is Statement I The set {x :f (x) =f −1 (x)} ⇒f is a strictly increasing function.
true; Statement II is not a correct = {0,−1}
explanation of Statement I. ⇒f is one-one.
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is Statement II f is a bijection. Also, here y = { 7, 8, 9,..., ∞ }
[AIEEE 2009]
false. and range of f = { 7, 8, 9,..., ∞ }
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is
Ans. (b) QRange of f = y = Codomain of f
true.
f (x) = (x − 1) 2 + 1, as x ≥ 1 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is ⇒f is onto.
⇒f is invertible.
When f (x) = f −1 (x) true; Statement II is a correct
⇒ f (x) = x explanation of Statement I. Now, let y ∈Y such that f (x) = y
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is ⇒ x = f −1 (y)
⇒ (x − 1) 2 + 1 = x
true; Statement II is not a correct x ∈N
⇒ (x − 1) 2 = x − 1 explanation of Statement I. ⇒ y = 4x + 3
⇒ (x − 1) − (x − 1) = 0
2
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is y −3
⇒ (x − 1) { x − 1 − 1} = 0 false. ⇒ x=
4
⇒ x = 1, 2 Ans. (d) y −3
∴ Inverse of f is f −1 (y) = .
∴ { x :f (x) = f −1 (x)} = { 1, 2} Given, f (x) = (x + 1) 2 − 1, x ≥ − 1 4
Also, let f (x) = y ⇒ f ′ (x) = 2 (x + 1) ≥ 0, for x ≥ − 1
98 Let f : (−1, 1) → B be a function  π π Ans. (c)
⇒ 2 tan−1 x ∈  − , 
 2 2  n − 1 , when n is odd
 2x  
defined by f (x) = tan −1   , then −1  2x  Given that, f (n) =  2
1 − x 
2 Given that, f (x) = tan   n
1− x 
2  − , when n is even
 2
f is both one-one and onto when B = 2 tan−1 x [Qx 2 < 1] and f :N → I, where N is the set of natural
is in the interval [AIEEE 2005]
 π π
So, f (x) ∈  − ,  numbers andI is the set of integers.
 π π  2 2 Let x, y ∈N and both are even.
(a)  − , 
 2 2 Hence, function is one-one onto. Then, f (x) = f ( y)
 π π ⇒
x
− =− ⇒x=y
y
(b) − , 99 A function f from the set of natural
 2 2  2 2
numbers to integers defined by Again, x, y ∈N and both are od(d)
 π
(c) 0,   n − 1 , when n is odd Then, f (x) = f ( y)
 2 

f (n) =  2 is ⇒
x−1 y−1
= ⇒x = y
 π n
(d) 0,   − , when n is even 2 2
 2  2 So, mapping is one-one.
Ans. (a) (a) one-one but not onto. Since, each negative integer is an image
(b) onto but not one-one. of even natural number and positive
Given, x ∈ (−1, 1)
(c) one-one and onto both. integer is an image of odd natural
π π
⇒ tan−1 x ∈  − ,  number. So, mapping is onto. Hence,
 4 4 (d) neither one-one nor onto. mapping is one-one onto.
[AIEEE 2003]