JET Manual 29

Nitrogen Pumping
Services
Version 1.0
JET Manual 29 Nitrogen Pumping Services
InTouch Content ID# 4221766
Version: 1.0
Release Date: February 6, 2007
Owner: Well Services Training & Development, IPC

Schlumberger private

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 Table of Contents

1.0  Introduction 5
1.1 Safety issues 5
1.2 Schlumberger suppliers  5
2.0  Training Objectives 7
3.0  Properties of Liquid and Gaseous Nitrogen 9
4.0  Nitrogen Pumper Subsystems 11
4.1 Storage tank 11
4.2 LN 2 boost C-pump 11
4.3 High-pressure pump 11
4.4 Heat exchanger (vaporizer) 11
4.5 Control panel 11
5.0  Description of Subsystems 13
5.1 Storage 13
5.1.1 LN2 fluids 13
5.1.2 Types of tank 14
5.2 LN 2 boost C-pump 18
5.2.1 Operation 18
5.2.2 Material of construction 20
5.2.3 Cryogenic seal 20
5.2.4 Cooling down and priming  21
5.2.5 Function of C-pump 21
5.3 High-pressure pump 22
5.3.1 Function 22
5.3.2 Power ends (warm ends) 24
5.3.3 Fluid ends (cold ends) 24
5.3.4 Cold end LN2 flowpath 26
5.4 Vaporizers (heat exchangers) 26
5.5 Control panel 28
5.5.1 Tank controls 28
5.5.2 Liquid level gauge 29
5.5.3 C-pump controls 30
5.5.4 High-pressure pump 30
5.5.5 Vaporizer controls 31

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  iii

 5.5.7 Discharge pressure readout 31
6.0 Pumping Process 33
6.1 Storage and liquid conditioning 33
6.2 Cool-down and prime-up 34
6.2.1 Cooling down the C-pump 35
6.2.2 Cooling down cold ends 36
6.3 Vaporizer start-up 37
6.4 Pressure testing lines 39
6.5 Standby 40
6.6 Shutdown 40
6.7 LN 2 transfer 41
6.8 Liquid nitrogen management 43
6.8.1 Proper maintenance 43
6.8.2 Efficient handling 44
7.0  Pretrip and Posttrip Inspections 45
8.0  On-Location Safety 47
9.0  Suppliers 49
10.0  Glossary 51
11.0  Check Your Understanding 53

iv  |  Table of Contents


Schlumberger offers pumping services in
three areas: cementing, stimulation, and coiled
tubing. There is one pumping service that
can be used in each of these areas: nitrogen
pumping. Examples of how nitrogen can be
used in each category are as follows:
• Nitrogen can be used in cementing to
generate foamed cement.
• Nitrogen can be used in stimulation
services as an artificial energizer.
• Nitrogen can also be used with coiled
tubing lift fluids and in cleaning out the well
bore.
The nitrogen pumper is probably one of
the most dynamic pumping units in the
Schlumberger fleet. An operator must
understand the changes that liquid nitrogen
(LN2) goes through during the operation of the
pumper to effectively and safely operate the
unit.
Starting at the cryogenic tank, LN2 goes
through the changes shown in Table 1-1. This
change creates a tremendous amount of kinetic
energy because of the compression of the
gaseous nitrogen (GN2).
Table 1-1. LN2 Changes
Nitrogen State Location
LN2 Tank
LN2 Discharge of centrifugal
LN2 Discharge of cold ends
GN2 Discharge of vaporizer
1.0  Introduction
1.1 Safety issues
The energy contained in the compressed GN2
and the effects of the LN2 on the skin and
eyes create potential hazards to personnel.
Schlumberger Safety Standard 11, Pumping
Nitrogen, was developed to address the
potential hazards. It is imperative when
handling and pumping LN2 that operators
understand and implement all the applicable
parts of this standard and Safety Standard 5,
Pressure Pumping and Location Safety.
As with all Schlumberger equipment, it is the
responsibility of the operator to maintain the
unit. The pretrip and posttrip reports are to be
used to communicate needed repairs to the
maintenance staff.
1.2 Schlumberger suppliers
Schlumberger owns and operates one of the
biggest nitrogen pumping fleets in the world.
This fleet includes a variety of different types of
units manufactured by multiple suppliers.
Schlumberger’s current major suppliers of units
and components are listed in Table 1-2.
Temperature Pressure
–320 degF [–195.6 degC] 15 to 20 psi
–320 degF [–195.6 degC] 60 to 80 psi
Approx. –280 degF [–173.3 degC] Up to 10K psi
100 degF [37.8 degC] Up to 10K psi
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  
Table 1-2. Schlumberger Suppliers For information related to exposure to LN2
Supplier Location and the required safety equipment, refer to
Section 8.0, On-Location Safety, in this manual.
Hydra Rig Fort Worth, Texas

L&S Cryogenics Tomball, Texas

ACD Santa Ana, California

CVA Mont Belvieu, Texas

1.3 LN2-compatible materials

Because of the extremely low temperature
(–320 degF [–195.6 degC]) of LN2, the liquid
must not come into contact with carbon steel.
Carbon steel is typically used in the construction
of pumping equipment and the structures upon
which the nitrogen tanks and units might be
placed (trailers, transport vessels, offshore rigs
and platforms). If LN2 contacts a mild steel such
as A-36 or other common steel plate, the steel
will distort and crack. Load-bearing members
of a truck or trailer will crack and ultimately fail
when exposed to LN2.

The only materials able to maintain their

mechanical properties when exposed to LN2
that are typically used in cryogenic components
are listed in Table 1-3.

Table 1-3. LN2-Compatible Materials

Material Application

Stainless High-pressure piping and cold ends

Aluminum Centrifugal pumps

Bronze Unions and centrifugal pumps

Aluminum and bronze are not strong enough

materials to withstand the stresses caused by
high pressure. Therefore, all the high-pressure
piping and cold ends that are exposed to LN2
must be constructed of stainless steel.

  |  Introduction
 2.0  Training Objectives

This job execution training (JET) manual will ▪ They will understand that regardless
give you an in-depth understanding of what of the unit configuration, the
is happening to the LN2 and the pumping subsystems necessary to go from a
components during the operation of the low-pressure LN2 to a high-pressure
pumping unit. GN2 are the same.
3. similarities among pumper
This manual does not discuss in detail the
classifications. This part of the training
operating procedures for the various nitrogen
will clarify the terminology used for parts
pumping units. Specifics such as the step‑by‑step
of the subsystems and the similar roles
lighting procedure for a fired vaporizer can be
that these subsystems play in each of
obtained from the operating manual of the specific
the pumper classifications.
unit. For example, the operating manual for the
NPF-834 is available through InTouch.
4. storage and vacuum insulation
In this training, you will be receive enough
▪ You will learn to differentiate between
information to allow you to understand the
the types of vacuum insulations used
following seven concepts.
on liquid nitrogen storage tanks.
1. primary nitrogen pumper classifications ▪ Perlite and superinsulated tanks are
covered.
▪ Nitrogen pumpers come in three ▪ Capacities and capabilities of
configurations: truck, trailer, and
the liquid nitrogen tanks will also
skid‑mounted.
be covered. You will learn how
▪ Nitrogen units are manufactured to calculate the amount of liquid
with a variety of tank capacities and available as well as the steps
pump sizes. The nitrogen unit must necessary to get as much fluid out of
have a vaporizer (heat exchanger) the tank as possible.
incorporated to convert the LN2
5. basics of LN2 and GN2 physical
to a gas. In this manual, you will
characteristics
learn to recognize and understand
the differences among the three
▪ You will learn some of the
categories of vaporizers.
fundamentals and conversion factors
2. primary nitrogen pumper subsystems associated with LN2 and GN2.
6. safety requirements
▪ You will learn the various subsystems
of the unit and the subsystem
7. HazMat identification of the LN2 where
functions within the nitrogen pumping
required by local regulations
system.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  

 This page left intentionally blank

  |  Training Objectives
 3.0  Properties of Liquid and
Gaseous Nitrogen

As described in the Matheson Gas Data Book

(Braker and Mossman), nitrogen exists at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure as a
colorless, odorless, nontoxic, nonflammable
gas. Table 3-1 lists some important properties
of both LN2 and GN2.

Table 3-1. Properties of LN2 and GN2

Characteristic Amount/Description

Chemical symbol N2

Temperature of liquid –320.4 degF [–195.8 degC]

GN2 percentage of atmosphere 78% by volume

Weight of galUS of LN2 6.74 lbm/galUS [0.120 g/cm3 ]

Volume GN2/galUS 93.05 scf [2.63 scm] at 1 atm

Percentage of oxygen causing noticeable 10% to 14% by volume1
effects
Exposure of skin to LN2 Can cause severe burns

Exposure of mild steel to LN2 Will cause distortion, cracking, and ultimate failure of structural member

Critical temperature –232.6 degF [–150 degC]

Boiling point –320 degF [–195.8 degC]

1
Percentage shown is remaining O2 due to displacement by another gas; normal O2 percentage is 20.9%.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  

 This page left intentionally blank

10  |  Properties of Liquid and Gaseous Nitrogen

 4.0  Nitrogen Pumper Subsystems
The nitrogen pumper subsystems (Fig. 4‑1)
include the storage tank, the LN2 boost
C‑pump, the high-pressure pump, the heat
exchanger, and the control panel.
4.1 Storage tank
The storage tank is the starting point to operate
a nitrogen pumper.
The major difference between the nitrogen
pumper and other units is that the LN2 is not
visible during the pumping process. This
section explains how the amount of fluid in the
tank is determined and how LN2 is conditioned
in preparation for pumping.
4.2 LN2 boost C-pump
The LN2 boost C-pump is a vital part of the
nitrogen pumping system. Without it, the
amount that a pumper could pump would be
limited. The suction of the cold ends must have
a continuous supply at the required pressure to
pump against pressure. Without the C-pump, it
would be very difficult to prime and keep prime
on the cold ends.
4.3 High-pressure pump
The high-pressure pump (cold end or fluid end)
performs the same function as the triplex pump
on a cementer or stimulation pump. Again, the
major difference is that the fluid being pumped
is LN2. Thus, the components that come
into contact with the LN2 must be made of
appropriate material.
4.4 Heat exchanger (vaporizer)
The vaporizer on the nitrogen pumper converts the
LN2 from a high-pressure liquid to a high‑pressure
gas by heating it.
4.5 Control panel
In preparation for and during a treatment, the
LN2 must be controlled and directed through
various stages before it leaves the pumper.
The control panel is the center for this activity.
Depending on the manufacturer and type of
unit being operated, some of the control panel’s
components will be in different locations.
However, what they control and how they
function are fundamentally the same.
It is important to understand that the moving
and rotating parts of the system that are in
contact with the LN2 do not have conventional
lubrication, i.e., no oil is present.
The heat created by the moving parts within
the system is removed by the cold temperature
of the liquid. The tolerances between the parts
and seals are very tight; parts must be cooled
down completely and properly before pumping
is started. Any shortcuts taken during cool-
down and prime-up could damage the pump.
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  11
 Side fill BD-101
57 PSI

V-104
V-126 PI LL
101 101
PRV-101 PRV-106
150 PSI V-116 5 PSI
PRV-102 V-101 V-111
250 PSI
V-113 V-120
V-103 Liquid
nitrogen V-112 CV-105
Rear V-102
tank
V-130 V-114
fill Filter Pressure
V-115 build coil
V-105 V-106
S-101
Side fill Storage tank

High-pressure
pump
CV-101
V-121

V-119
V-118
V-117
PI
102
Centrifugal
PRV-104 V-122
pump 150 PSI 3-SLS

Transfer
CV-104 connection
PRV-107 PI V-115
11,000 PSI 103

Unit discharge
Gas
discharge
CV-103
Vaporizer
V-124 PI 104
V-105 TI PT 101
101

Vaporizer CV-102
PRV-108
12,000 PSI

Figure 4-1. Nitrogen Pumper Piping and Flow Subsystems

12  |  Nitrogen Pumper Subsystems

 5.0  Description of Subsystems

The following sections describe the subsystems

in detail.

5.1 Storage
The cryogenic storage tank is specifically
designed for holding and transporting LN2. This
tank should never be used for any other fluid.

5.1.1 LN2 fluids

Cryogenic tanks come in both vertical and
horizontal configurations. The tank feeding
the pumper is usually a horizontal tank.
The cryogenic tank is constructed with a
stainless‑steel inner tank and a mild steel outer
skin. A vacuum and insulation are between the
two shells.
Cryogenic tanks also come in high-pressure
and low-pressure versions. The low-pressure
tank is the only type used by Schlumberger.
This type of tank operates at a maximum
of 43 psi [2.96 bar]. The high-pressure tank
can operate at pressures as high as 80 psi
[5.52 bar] internal pressure. In either case, the
tank is considered a pressure vessel and is
built to AMSE code or the local equivalent.
Figure 5-1. Outer Tank Support Rings
Any time a new tank is being placed into
service, it is very important to cool the tank
down properly. A new tank is referred to as hot.
This term means that the temperature of the
tank (approximately 70 degF [21 degC]) relative
to the temperature of the LN2 (–320 degF
[–196 degC]) is dramatically different. When the
tank is being filled for the first time, GN2 should
be used to cool the inner tank before the LN2 is
put in.
Schlumberger uses a variety of manufacturers
located around the world. Table 5-1 is a list
of the frequently used manufacturers and the
location of their main manufacturing facility.

The tank is constructed so that the inner tank is Table 5-1. Cryogenic Tank Suppliers
free to move on support ribs or hubs, as shown Supplier Location
in Fig. 5-1. This freedom to move allows the
tank to expand and contract as the temperature Hydra Rig Fort Worth, Texas
of the tank changes as a result of the presence
of LN2. Also, the piping between the two shells CVA Mont Belvieu, Texas
is designed so that it does not create stresses
between the two tanks as they expand and Cryo Diffusion France
contract.
Wessington Cryogenics UK

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  13

Units can be skid mounted (Fig. 5-2), trailer
mounted (Fig. 5-3), or truck mounted (Fig. 5‑4).
The majority of these manufacturers make
the tanks in a skid-mounted or truck-mounted
version. The skid-mounted version is primarily
used in offshore applications in association with
a skid-mounted nitrogen pumper, whereas the
truck-mounted version is used in the assembly
of the truck or trailer pumping unit.
Figure 5-2. Skid-Mounted Tank
Figure 5-3. Trailer-Mounted Tank
Figure 5-4. Truck-Mounted Tank
14  |  Description of Subsystems
The common sizes of tanks used with pumping
units are 1,200, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 galUS.
5.1.2 Types of tank
Because of its extremely low temperature, LN2
boils and evaporates at room temperature (70
to 80 degF [21 to 27 degC]). The GN2 must
be stored in containers that are insulated. The
design of the insulation is similar to that of a
vacuum thermos bottle. The main differences
are the vacuum pressure and the insulating
material used in the space between the inner
and outer shells.
Warning:
Training is required to pull a
vacuum on a tank. Pulling a
vacuum should not be attempted by
anyone who does not understand
vacuums and who has not been
trained on the proper procedures.
The vacuum on a tank can be lost if
proper procedures are not followed.
The amount of vacuum pulled on the annular
space between two vessels is expressed in
microns. The micron used in vacuum
measurements is 1/1,000 of a torr. The torr is
equal to one millimeter of mercury in a
manometer. In the world of vacuums, the
amount of vacuum pulled on a cryogenic tank is
considered a high vacuum. There are only two
rankings of vacuum above this. This vacuum
measurement scale is used to show the
difference between a perlite-insulated and
superinsulated tank.
The key to how a vacuum works is the removal
of molecules of air, which transfers heat from
the outer surface of the tank to the liquid stored
in the inner tank. As more molecules of air
are removed from the space between the two
tanks, the ability of heat to migrate to the liquid
is reduced. High-capacity vacuum pumps are
used to pull these vacuums.
Note:
A light metal object can be used to
lightly tap against the outer shell
and determine what type of tank is
installed on a unit. If the sound has
a hollow ring, the tank is probably
superinsulated. If the sound has
a dead-sounding ring, the tank is
probably a perlite. The reason the
perlite has a dead sound is that the
perlite material is lying up against
the outer shell.
The types of insulated tanks used, perlite and
superinsulation, are described below.
5.1.2.1 Perlite
Perlite is a volcanic rock that can be extended
to many times its original volume by being
crushed and heated under pressure. In its final
form after heating and expansion, perlite is an
off-white, flaky material.
When used as insulation in cryogenic tanks,
perlite is placed in the annular space of 4 to
6 in between the inner and outer vessels. After
it is in place, the annular space between the
inner and outer tanks is sealed and a vacuum
is pulled with a vacuum pump. The typical
vacuum pulled on a new tank is about 15 to
16 microns. Because the perlite is used as an
insulating material, this type of tank design can
tolerate more vacuum loss than other tanks.
The vacuum can decay over time to the level of,
but not exceeding, approximately 100 microns.
Even at this level of vacuum, the LN2 losses are
not excessive.
Advantages
The initial vacuum required on the perlite tank is
not as low as that on a superinsulated tank.
Because of the perlite barrier, this type of
vessel can function with less of a vacuum, yet
still maintain reasonable LN2 losses.
Disadvantages
Over time, the perlite will settle on the sides as
a result of road vibration.
After the perlite has settled, the resulting
voids, generally on the top, result in more
heat transfer from the atmosphere to the LN2.
The perlite tank will require servicing. If a
storage unit, such as a tractor-trailer transport
unit, has perlite settling and the situation is
not addressed, the inner tank can become
damaged by the force of the perlite on the
bottom of the inner tank.
5.1.2.2 Superinsulation
The term superinsulation describes the method
used to insulate the small space between the
inner and outer vessel of a cryogenic tank
(Fig. 5-5).
Super
Insulation
Support
System
Vacuum space
Figure 5-5. Superinsulated Tank Design
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  15
This is generally a small annular space of about
3 to 4 in, with the inner tank wrapped in an
insulating Mylar™ material (Fig. 5-6).
Figure 5-6. Inner Vessel with Superinsulation
The typical vacuum pulled on a superinsulated
tank is much lower than that on a perlite tank.
As a comparison, the vacuum levels of new
tanks are listed in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2. Vacuum Level of New Tanks
Vacuum level from factory
Type of tank
with the tank cold
New perlite tank 15 to 16 microns
New super-
insulated tank < 5 microns
Advantages
Because of the lower vacuum in the annulus,
the superinsulation tank has a lower loss rate of
LN2 than does the perlite tank.
Disadvantages
The initial vacuum required on the
superinsulated tank is lower and must be
maintained so that the tank retains its ability to
have lower losses than the perlite tanks.
16  |  Description of Subsystems
5.1.2.3 Storage tank piping
The following are the standard components
that are commonly found in the piping of a
horizontal cryogenic tank (Fig. 5-7).
• suction valve: V-115
• liquid return valve: V-113
• top fill valve: V-101
• bottom fill valve: V-102
• front fill manifold
• rear fill connection: V-103
• vacuum, pump valve connection: V-106
• road relief regulator isolation valve
V-116
• spring operated relief valve: set at
43 psi (maximum allowable working
pressure)
• rupture disc: designed to rupture at
57 psi (approximately 1-1/2 x the maximum
allowable working pressure)
• tank bleed valve: V-120
• pressure build coil: self-labeled
• pressure build valve: V-114
• 95% tri-cock: V-126.
The tank safety devices are the road relief
regulator isolation valve, the spring-operated
relief valve, and the rupture disc. When a unit is
not in use or in the process of traveling to and
from location, the pressure in the tank must be
maintained at acceptable levels.
 Side fill BD-101
57 PSI

V-104
V-126 PI LL
101 101
PRV-101 PRV-106
150 PSI V-116 5 PSI
PRV-102 V-101 V-111
250 PSI
V-113 V-120
V-103 Liquid
nitrogen V-112 CV-105
Rear V-102
tank
V-130 V-114
fill Filter Pressure
V-115 build coil
V-105 V-106
S-101
Side fill Storage tank
Figure 5-7. Storage Tank Schematic

Because of its temperature, LN2 is constantly

5.1.2.4 Storage tank guidelines picking up heat from the atmosphere. Because
High-pressure
of the insulated cryogenic tank, the amount
At some locations, country-specific regulations pump
of heat that is transferred is limited, thereby
require that the pressure in the tank be
regulated below a specified level when the reducing losses. The term hot or unconditioned
CV-101
tank is not in use. In countries where this is fluid is often used for LN2 that V-121
has been in the
V-119
V-118
V-117

not regulated, it has become Schlumberger’s tank for a long time or that has picked up heat
by another means. The liquid PI slowly becomes
standard that the tank pressure regulation 102
Centrifugal
conform to the values indicated inPRV-104
Table 5-2. saturated with GN2.
V-122
pump 150 PSI 3-SLS
During the nitrogen pumping operation, the When the transformation from liquid to gas has
Transfer
taken place, the process cannot be reversed in
road relief valve is closedCV-104
to allow the tank connection
pressure to be increased in preparation for Schlumberger
PRV-107 equipment.PIThe only solutionV-115 is
priming and pumping the unit. to remove
11,000 the
PSI heat from the liquid by blowing
103
down the tank.
During preparation for priming and pumping
the unit, the tank pressure must be increased Blowing down the tank means removing the
to feed the C-pump and triplex pumps. It is gas by allowing the pressure in the vapor
very important to Unit dischargethe effects of
understand space of the tank to drop in pressure. As the
the conditioning Gas
on the LN2 fluid, the effects of pressure drops, the entrained gas in the liquid
pressure on the discharge
fluid, and the tank pressure is removed, and the temperature and density of
required to properly prime the CV-103
pumps. An the liquid return to acceptable levels.
operator can misdiagnose the reason that a Vaporizer
V-124 PI 104
pump does not primeV-105
or maintain prime and
then initiate the wrong corrective TI
101 action.
PT 101

Vaporizer CV-102
PRV-108
12,000 PSI
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  17
 5.2.1 Operation
Note:
By supplying fluid to the suction of the positive
In certain situations, a client may
displacement pump, the cryogenic system is
question whether blowing down the
not very different from a conventional triplex
tanks wastes nitrogen that is being
that pumps water (Fig. 5‑8).
paid for. However, after the fluid
becomes unconditioned, the only
solution is to blow the tank down. If
this procedure is not followed, the
prime could be lost during the job.

The effects of unconditioned fluid are discussed

more during the cooling down and priming up
sections of this JET manual.
Discharge

5.1.2.5 Tank capacities Suction Impeller

Because of the tank geometry and because

the tank is used in the horizontal position, each
inch on the liquid level gauge represents a
different amount of fluid. The amount of fluid
per inch repeats itself when the bottom half is
compared with the top half of the tank. In other
words, inches 90 to 100 will contain the same
amount of fluid as inches 0 to 10.
The Liquid Level Conversion Chart (Table 5-3)
allows the operator do the following:
• ensure that there is enough fluid to perform
the job required
• understand how much extra fluid is
available.
• make judgments as to how much fluid
needs to be transferred.
5.2 LN2 boost C-pump
LN2 flows from a supply tank into a boost
C‑pump, which boosts the LN2 pressure.
Figure 5-8. Centrifugal Discharge and Suction
For a pump to operate at the rated capacity,
the suction must be charged with fluid at
the net positive suction head required. If the
pump is not properly charged on the suction
side, the triplex will be starved of source fluid
and cavitation will occur. This priming is done
with a C-pump. The potential for cavitation is
higher when LN2 is being pumped because of
the entrained gas in the liquid. Because of the
LN2 temperature, volatility of the liquid, and
the entrained gas, proper priming and use of
the LN2 C-pump is essential to successfully
pumping LN2.
The cryogenic C-pump comes in various sizes,
depending on the flow rate and discharge
pressure required.

18  |  Description of Subsystems

Table 5-3. Liquid Level Conversion Chart

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  19

 Table 5-5. Materials Used in Cryogenic C-Pumps
Note:
Component Material
Typical C-pump:
Volute Aluminum or bronze
Discharge size (in) X
Suction size (in) X Back plate Aluminum or bronze
Impeller size (in) Impeller Aluminum or bronze

Example: 2 in X 3 in X 6 in Shims Stainless steel

Rotating Seal Stainless steel

Table 5-4 shows the sizes of LN2 C-pumps and Carbon seal Carbon ring in stainless steel housing
the corresponding nitrogen pumper capacity:
A seal consists of two extremely flat surfaces
Table 5-4. LN2 C-Pumps and Nitrogen Unit which, when in contact with each other, stop
Pumper
the flow of liquid nitrogen to the atmosphere.
C‑Pump Typical The surface finish and the flatness of the two
Capacity
Size (in) Vaporizer surfaces are very important in making the seal
(scf/h)
1½X2½X4 90,000 Ambient/
work.
heat recovery
One component is the rotating seal. It is a
180,000 Ambient/ highly polished flat metal ring that seals against
heat recovery
the other component of the seal assembly. The
2X3X6 180,000 Heat recovery other component, the carbon seal assembly, is
a ring of highly polished carbon set in a carrier
that has a bellows spring. This spring maintains
5.2.2 Material of construction contact between the carbon seal and the
rotating ring (Fig. 5-9).
Using proper construction materials is
necessary. Materials different from those
specified by the manufacturer must never Rotating Seal Ring
be used in the cryogenic components. The
common types of materials used in cryogenic
C-pumps are listed in Table 5-5.

5.2.3 Cryogenic seal

Understanding the design of the cryogenic seal
used in the C-pump enables the operator to Carbon Seal Assembly
better understand
Figure 5-9. Carbon Seal Assembly and Rotating Ring
• how seals works
• the necessity for cool-down For proper installation and adjustment of the
seal, follow the manufacturer’s guidelines.
• how seals can fail.

20  |  Description of Subsystems

The sealing surfaces of both components must
not be touched or contaminated while they are
being handled or installed. Oil, moisture, or
foreign material exposed to the LN2 will harden
and act as an abrasive on the sealing surface.
The effect will be premature failure of the seal.
Even the oil from someone’s skin can cause
damage to the seal when it is exposed to LN2
and rotation begins.
The heat created by friction between the
rotating seal and carbon seal is removed by
the presence of LN2. Without the presence
of LN2, the seal will self-destruct. Therefore,
proper cool-down and prime-up are extremely
important.
5.2.4 Cooling down and priming
As described above, the processes of cool‑down
and prime-up of the C-pump are very important
to a successful pumping operation. There are no
shortcuts to cooling down the C-pump (Fig. 5‑10).
All of the heat in the metal components of the
C‑pump must be removed so that the LN2
remains liquid and the pump can maintain prime
with LN2. The pump is cooled down by allowing
LN2 from the tank to flow through the C-pump
and out the ground vent valve to the atmosphere
(Fig. 5-10). As long as the discharge of the ground
vent valve is surging because of the GN2, the
C‑pump is not completely cooled down.
Figure 5-10. C-Pump Cool-Down with Liquid
Important:
Do not use frost on the exterior of
the C-pump as an indication that
the C-pump is completely cooled
down. The humidity in the air can
cause frost to form on the C-pump
housing long before the pump is
completely cooled down. The only
true indicator that the pump is
completely cooled down is when
LN2 discharges from the ground
vent valve.
When there is a steady stream of LN2 out the
vent, the C-pump can be rotated to complete
the priming process. The hydraulic pressure
can be applied to the C-pump motor, thereby
allowing the C-pump impeller to start rotating
and discharging liquid. The change in the
amount of flow coming out of the vent valve
will be noticeable. At this point, the vent valve
should be slowly closed so that the fluid is
directed to the cold ends. The best indicator
of prime on the C-pump is the discharge
pressure gauge on the control panel. If the
C-pump is primed, the discharge pressure will
remain steady. When prime is accomplished,
the discharge pressure can be increased or
decreased by a change in the speed of the
C‑pump impeller.
At this point, the cool-down process should
continue with the cold ends.
5.2.5 Function of C-pump
The C-pump charges and fills the cold end
chamber with LN2 as the piston is retracted
on a suction stroke (Fig. 5-11). To do this and
maintain prime of the cold ends, the C-pump
must provide the proper suction pressure and
flow rate to the three cold ends. To maintain
sufficient liquid feed to the cold ends during
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  21
pumping, the C-pump should produce the
pressure shown in Table 5-6 to the suction of
the cold ends.

Figure 5-11. Relationship Between Cold Ends and Centrifugal Pump

Table 5-6. Pressures Needed to Maintain Liquid Feed

Note:
C-Pump Cold End Cold End Suction Pressure
Size (in) Size (in) In the cryogenic industry, different
(psi) [bar]
terms are used for power and fluid
1 1/2 x 1 1/4 50 – 60 3.4 – 4.1
2 1/2 x 4 1 5/8 50 – 60 3.4 – 4.1 ends:
2x3x6 2 60 – 80 4.1 – 5.5 power end = warm end
2 3/8 60 – 80 4.1 – 5.5 fluid end = cold end
2 1/2 60 – 80 4.1 – 5.5
2 7/8 80 – 100 5.5 – 6.9
3 1/4 80 – 100 5.5 – 6.9
The power end converts the input power from
the power source to a reciprocating action.
5.3 High-pressure pump This action drives each one of the cold end
pistons through the suction and discharge cycle
The high-pressure pump is described in the (Fig. 5‑12).
following sections.
Most of the newer, higher-horsepower power
ends are lubricated by an external oil pump.
5.3.1 Function
Some of the older smaller pumps (GMPD
The high-pressure cryogenic triplex pump has a model) use a splash lubricant system. Checking
power end and a fluid end. the lubricant oil level in the power end or power

22  |  Breakdown
Description of sub
Subsystems
systems
end lubricant tank should be part of pretrip and
prejob inspections.
Note:
Remember that the cold end has
no hydrocarbon-based lubricant.
The heat generated from friction
and compression of the fluid is
removed by the LN2.

Figure 5-12. Warm and Cold End Components

The cold ends are specifically designed and

built assemblies for pumping liquid nitrogen.
The pressure-containing metal components are
made of stainless steel. Parts used to hold and
compress seals are made of brass.

The seals and packing used in the cold end

are made from Teflon™ and other materials
capable of withstanding the cold LN2.

Warning:
No parts other than those specified
by the original manufacturer should
be used in the cold end.

Teflon is used for packing at the back of the

cold end because it creates minimal friction
when it rubs against the stainless steel piston.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  23

5.3.2 Power ends (warm ends)
Table 5-7 shows the various power ends used
in the Schlumberger fleet. The operator should
use the table to better understand which
cold end the power end can drive. Several
manufacturers are listed.
5.3.3 Fluid ends (cold ends)
Table 5-8 shows the various sizes of cold ends
that can be used with the warm end indicated.
This table will be useful to an operator who
wants to determine whether the unit as outfitted
is capable of pumping the required nitrogen.

Table 5-7. Power Ends Used in Schlumberger Fleet

Power End Stroke Max Max Pressure Rod Load
Manufacturer Lubrication System
Model (in) rpm (psi) † (lbf)
GMPD Airco 0.905 1,100 10K 12,270 Internal (splash)
GUPD Airco 1.3 and 1.5 900 10K 18,400 Lube pump
LMPD Airco 2 and 2 3/8 900 10K 32,400 Lube pump
SLS Airco 2 1/4 900 10K 58,000 Lube pump
SG Cryomec 1 3/8 900 10K 18,400 Lube pump
SL Cryomec 2 1/4 700 10K 49,000 Lube pump
SLS Std ‡
Cryomec 2 1/4 700 10K 58,000 Lube pump
SLS CB§ Cryomec 2 1/4 900 10K 58,000 Lube pump
†
Depends on the size of cold end installed
‡
Standard Drive
§
Counter balanced

Table 5-8. Sizes of Cold Ends

Used with Max Rate Max Pressure Max Pressure
Size (in) Manufacturer
Warm End (scf/min) (psi) (kPa)*
1 1/4 Airco gMPD 1,500 10,000 68,900

1 5/8 Airco GUPD 4,800 10,000 68,900

2 Airco LMPD 5,000 10,000 68,900

2 1/2 Airco lmpd 7,500 6,500 44,785
2 7/8 Airco LMPD 10,000 4,900 33,761
2 Airco SLS 5,600 10,000 68,900
2 1/2 Airco SLS 8,500 10,000 68,900
2 7/8 Airco SLS 11,500 8,900 61,321
3 1/4 Airco SLS 15,000 6,900 47,541
1 1/4 Cryomec SG 1,500 10,000 68,900
1 5/8 Cryomec SG 10,000 68,900
2 Cryomec SL 5,000 10,000 68,900
2 1/2 Cryomec SL 8,500 6,500 44,785
2 7/8 Cryomec SL 11,500 5,000 34,450
2 Cryomec SLS 5,600 10,000 68,900
2 1/2 Cryomec SLS 8,500 10,000 68,900
2 7/8 Cryomec SLS 11,500 8,900 61,321
3 1/4 Cryomec SLS 15,000 6,900 47,541

† Maximum pressure is set by working pressure of the tube bundle of the vaporizer.

24  |  Description of Subsystems

One cold end design allows one or two of the
three cold ends to be isolated so that they do
not pump fluid downhole. These cold ends are
referred to as unloaders. This feature allows
a pumper to reduce the output rate without
changing cold ends to a smaller size. An
unloader can do this because it can hold the
suction valve open during the discharge stroke
of the cold end. As a result, the cold end cannot
develop enough pressure to open the discharge
valve.

Cold end vent to tank

Suction
Piston warm Piston rings Discharge
valve
end connection and rider band valve

Disc

Suction
head
Piston
Jam nut Piston sleeve Suction

Figure 5-13. Cold End Cutaway with Parts Shown

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  25

5.3.4 Cold end LN2 flowpath
The cold ends must be cooled down before
the piston can be moved back and forth. No
hydrocarbon-type lubricant is used to reduce
friction or remove the heat of friction. The only
fluid available to perform this function is LN2.
To remove the heat generated by friction and
maintain cool-down, part of the LN2 follows a
path through the cold end that directs it back to
the tank. Figure 5-13 identifies the major parts
of the cold end.

Figures 5-14 and 5-15 show the flow path of

nitrogen through the cold end during cool-down
and prime-up.
Note:
It is very important to understand
that part of the fluid discharged
from the C‑pump maintains the
cool-down of the cold end during
pumping.
Therefore, some portion of the LN2 fed to the
suction of the cold end will continually return to
the LN2 tank via the liquid return line.
Figure 5-15. Cold End Piston at Bottom Dead Center
As shown in the figures, the piston is ready to
suck liquid nitrogen when its position is halfway
into the cold end housing when in the full
suction stroke position.
In addition, Teflon hat seals are in the back of
the cold end to stop nitrogen from leaking onto
the warm end seals and cold end intermediate.
Before the pumping operation is started, all
seals in the cold end must be cooled down
and lubricated with LN2; therefore, it is very
important for the frost line to be back to the jam
nut on the cold end. This position indicates that
the seals are at an acceptable temperature and
that reciprocation of the cold end can start to
complete the prime-up.

5.4 Vaporizers (heat exchangers)

The nitrogen pumping unit goes through
four different transitions during the pumping
operation before it leaves the unit and enters
the well. This last stage occurs when the
high‑pressure LN2 is converted from a liquid to
a gas in the vaporizer (Fig. 5-17).

Figure 5-14. Cold End Piston at Beginning of Suction Stroke

26  |  Description of Subsystems

 ○ With the ambient system, there is little
risk that the vaporizer will not work.
PI 104 As long as the high-volume fan works,
ambient air can be pulled in through the
exchanger.
PT 101
○ Exchanger tubes do not accumulate a
buildup of combustion products over
time, which would reduce the efficiency
Vaporizer CV-102 of the heater.
PRV-108 • Disadvantages
12,000 PSI Only a limited amount of nitrogen can be
converted by the ambient temperature.
Figure 5-17. Vaporizer
5.4.2 Heat recovery
Various sources of heat are used to provide
Some types of equipment have both engine
enough BTUs to raise the temperature of the
heat and hydraulic heat available to be used in
liquid nitrogen to a point that the nitrogen will
liquid conversion because of the hydraulics they
be in the gaseous state only, regardless of the
use to drive the pumps.
pressure. It is after this step that the nitrogen
leaves the pumping unit as GN2 and is available
In addition to the heat generated by the
to mix with other fluids or enter the well.
hydraulics and power source (diesel engine),
some manufacturers use another source
The various vaporizers are limited as to the
referred to as a water break system. This
amount of liquid that they can vaporize. These
system is used with other heat sources to
limitations are due to the BTUs available in the
increase the available BTUs. The water break
heat source.
system uses engine horsepower to shear water
and generate heat. Depending on manufacturer
The three categories of vaporizer commonly
and design, a unit may pump the same as the
used at Schlumberger are ambient heat, heat
ambient unit and in some cases more.
recovery, and fired heat exchange.
• Advantages
5.4.1 Ambient heat ○ This system is less dependent on
The ambient heat vaporizer uses available ambient conditions and has a more
heat in the atmosphere to change the LN2 to reproducible source of heat.
GN2. This system is heavily dependent on high ○ The heat exchanger is easy to start and
volumes of air from the atmosphere to get the operate.
required BTUs. As the ambient temperature
decreases (below 70 degF), the effectiveness ○ This system allows for higher nitrogen
of the heat exchanger continues to decrease. pumping rates because more heat is
Ambient units are generally considered low rate available from multiple sources.
units (1,500 to 3,000 scf/m). • Disadvantages

• Advantages ○ A higher-horsepower engine is required

to power the sources of heat, especially
with the water break system.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  27

 ○ Engine exhaust used as a heat source covered at the district or training facility for the
will eventually cause a buildup of type of equipment available.
combustion products on that part of the
exchange system.
5.5 Control panel
5.4.3 Fired heat exchanger The control panel (Fig. 5-18) is the location from
which all of the various functions of the nitrogen
The fired heat exchanger is the most commonly
pumping unit are monitored, activated, and
used system when the nitrogen vaporization
regulated. The control panel can be subdivided
requirements are high. These units have pump
into subgroups that either monitor or control
rates of 1,500 to 11,000 scf/m. This equipment
a particular activity of the pumping unit. The
can pump more slowly when equipped with
control subsegments are as follows:
smaller cold ends or unloader cold ends. The
fired system actually burns atomized diesel,
• nitrogen storage level and pressure
which when combined with high volumes of
monitoring
combustion air, generates the heat (BTUs)
necessary to provide a high GN2 flow rate. • C-pump activation and control
• nitrogen pump activation, control, and
• Advantages
discharge pressure
○ The amount of heat generated is greater.
• vaporizer startup and control.
○ The amount of heat is limited only by the
The control panel also provides control and
pumping capacity of the exchanger fuel
monitoring of the following:
pump and the system’s ability to burn the
diesel supplied.
• hydraulic system
○ This system can produce high-rate GN2.
• air systems.
• Disadvantages
○ The system creates an open flame on 5.5.1 Tank controls
location, a situation that generally is not Tank controls enable the operator to direct
acceptable offshore.
the flow of the LN2 to pump the nitrogen. In
○ The flame must be ignited using a addition to directing the fluid through the proper
sparking device, which may not work if positioning of valves, the tank controls provide
not properly maintained. information about the amount of fluid in the tank
○ Fuel nozzles that atomize the fuel must and the pressure being maintained in the vapor
be maintained and cleaned. Combustion space on top of the liquid.
products from the diesel build up on the
exchanger tubes over time. The buildup
can eventually affect the efficiency of the
heat exchanger.
The actual startup or lighting process for each
of the heat exchangers is not explained in
detail in this document. Rather, this document
provides an overview of the functions of
nitrogen pumping units. The specific operating
procedures for a given type of unit will be

28  |  Description of Subsystems

Figure 5-18. Control Panel
5.5.2 Liquid level gauge
The liquid level gauge (Figure 5-19) is the
instrument that allows the operator to determine
how much LN2 is in the storage tank. The
liquid level gauge allows the operator to do the
following:
• confirm that the nitrogen tank on the pump
is full
• determine how much liquid remains at any
point during the job
• determine when it is necessary to start the
transfer of additional LN2 during a job.
Figure 5-19. Liquid Level Gauge
The liquid level gauge used on the horizontal
tanks is the same regardless of the size of
the tank. The gauge is divided into a total of
100 equal segments, generally inches. Each
segment represents a different amount of fluid,
depending on the size of tank. On the newer
units, there is a chart inside the control panel
that is used to convert the inches of LN2 to
gallons.
Example: A 3,000-galUS tank has 58 in
remaining in the tank.
• 58 in from the chart = 2,928 galUS
• 2,928 galUS of LN2 X 93.05 scf/galUS =
272,450 scf of GN2
• The job requires 500 scf/bbl of acid.
• 300 bbl acid X 500 scf/bbl = 150,000 scf of
GN2
With this amount of LN2 loaded, there will be
enough to complete the job.
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  29
Depending on the age and type of unit being
used, the liquid level gauge and controls may
be in the control console area or on the tank.
5.5.3 C-pump controls
The C-pump controls (Fig. 5-20) include
at least the following:
• discharge pressure gauge
• speed control to set the discharge pressure
and LN2 flow.
Figure 5-20. Centrifugal Controls
5.5.4 High-pressure pump
The high-pressure pump controls (Fig. 5-21)
include the following:
• LN2 discharge pressure
• GN2 discharge pressure
• GN2 pump rate in scf/m
• nitrogen pump rpm
• nitrogen pump speed control.
30  |  Description of Subsystems
The LN2 discharge pressure reading is obtained
from sensors between the cold ends and the
vaporizer (PI-103), whereas the GN2 discharge
pressure comes from a sensor located on the
discharge of the vaporizer (PI-104). The liquid
discharge pressure is slightly higher than the
gas discharge pressure (Fig. 5-22) because of
the pressure drop through the tube bundle of
the vaporizer.
Figure 5-22. Gas Discharge Pressure and Rate
Note:
The nitrogen pumper, like other
Schlumberger pumping units, has
the ability to use an overpressure
shutdown to control the maximum
allowable pressure. The type of
overpressure shutdown being used
on Schlumberger units is from an
electronic pressure readout.
5.5.5 Vaporizer controls It is very important for the operator to understand
what type of hydraulic system is being used on
The vaporizer controls (Fig. 5-23) include the the unit and the normal operating pressure of
following: the hydraulic pump. Students should become
• air pressure gauge familiar with the particular console of the unit
they are being trained to operate and the
• fuel pressure gauge locations of the various hydraulic controls.
• fan on/off valve
• fan speed control
5.5.7 Discharge pressure readout
• igniter switch.
The discharge pressure readout provides
operators with pressure information so that they
can effectively and safely perform the required
operation. The pressure information from the
gauge helps operators perform certain tasks
and make decisions during treatments. Some of
the more common operations in which pressure
information is used include the following:

• pressure testing the lines

• placing back pressure on the cold ends to
verify that the cold ends are primed
• placing differential pressure on the isolation
Figure 5-23. Vaporizer Controls
valve to facilitate opening
• providing information about how the well is
5.5.6 Hydraulic controls responding to the treatment.
The hydraulic controls vary with the unit. Heat
recovery units typically have more hydraulic Note:
controls in the control panel than the other units Either of the pressure readouts
do because more of the cryogenic components enables the operator to set a
are powered by a hydraulic motor. maximum pressure limit for a
unit during operation. This safety
Another possible reason for using hydraulics is feature must be maintained in
that the hydraulic fluid heat is used as part of proper working condition.
the heat recovery system.

In general, the hydraulic controls are located

near the gauges and valves for the components
with which they are associated. An example is
the hydraulic control valves for the C-pump. In
general, the manufacturer organizes the control
panel so that the hydraulic control valves and
the output gauge of the component being
controlled are in the same area.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  31

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32  |  Description of Subsystems

 6.0 Pumping Process

The LN2 pumping process includes a number of Gold

steps and considerations. rotating
seal

6.1 Storage and liquid conditioning Impeller

Cavitation in any type of pump occurs when
insufficient fluid is supplied to the suction of
the fluid cylinder. Because of the volatility of
LN2, the risk for cavitation is higher when LN2 is
used. This risk is especially present when the
positive displacement pump is taking a suction Carbon seal
stroke and not enough fluid or fluid pressure assembly
is being supplied by the C-pump. When the
cold end plunger goes on the suction stroke
(Fig. 6-1), an instantaneous vacuum is created Figure 6-2. C-Pump Components
as the plunger moves back and the suction
valve starts to open. Figure 6-2 shows the To successfully pump this liquid, the availability
components of the C-pump. of nitrogen and its condition are essential. LN2
is lighter than water. Thus, the hydrostatic head
provided by LN2 to the suction of the C-pump
is not as high as it is with water. The cryogenic
C-pump, like any other, has a minimum required
net positive head at the suction.

Without the required suction pressure, the

C-pump cannot properly charge the positive
displacement cold ends.

The condition of the fluid is an important aspect

of preparing to pump. Because the difference
between the LN2 temperature and the ambient
temperature is so great, the LN2 absorbs heat,
even when stored in the vacuum‑jacketed
Figure 6-1. Cold End Piston at Beginning of Suction Stroke
holding tanks. As it does, the liquid develops
entrained gas bubbles, and eventually the liquid
If the C-pump cannot satisfy the volume
will be an unconditioned, or hot, liquid.
requirements of the retracking piston, gas will
bubble out of the fluid and create cavitation
This is a relative condition. Hot in cryogenic
in the cold end. The result will be the loss of
terms, may mean that the liquid is at –300 to
prime.
–310 degF [–184 to –190 degC].

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  33

The only way to change the condition of
the fluid is to lower the temperature back to
acceptable levels. The absorbed heat must be
removed by reducing the pressure in the vapor
space of the tank. To achieve this reduction, the
tank top vent must be opened so that the GN2
can escape to the atmosphere.
This action is similar to that of removing a lid
from a pot of boiling water or a radiator cap.
While the lid is in place, the pressure above
the water increases and a temperature above
212 degF [100 degC] is required for the water
to boil. After the lid is removed, the excess heat
(that above 212 degF) generates a foaming
action on the surface of the water until the
excess heat is gone.
When the pressure in the vapor space is
removed from the top of the LN2, a similar
activity takes place during the removal of the
heat in the liquid.
Note:
If the fluid is not conditioned
before cool-down and if prime-up
is started, loss of prime will likely
occur at some point during the job.
As discussed in the section on cold ends, not
all of the fluid supplied by the C-pump to the
cold end is pumped downhole. Part of that
fluid is used to maintain the cool-down and to
lubricate the cold end. This fluid picks up the
heat from the friction and is returned to the tank
via the cold end return-to-tank line.
Over several hours of pumping, the return
of this fluid causes the remaining fluid in the
tank to become unconditioned. If appropriate
measures are not taken, the pumping unit
will begin to cavitate and to lose prime. The
most likely indication that the fluid is becoming
unconditioned is a rise in tank pressure and/or
34  |  Pumping Process
the relieving of the tank’s spring-operated relief
valve.
In addition to the problems caused by
unconditioned fluid, the hydrostatic head of the
little fluid remaining in the tank can no longer
supply the necessary suction head to the C-
pump. On long pumping jobs, this situation
generally occurs when the liquid level gauge on
the tank indicates 30 in or less.
For such a situation, the best solution is to
bleed the pressure buildup in the gas above the
liquid in the tank (Fig. 6-3). Additional fluid will
probably have to be transferred into the tank.
An experienced operator may periodically bleed
pressure from the tank during such a pumping
operation.
Figure 6-3. Pressure Being Released from Tank
6.2 Cool-down and prime-up
The cool-down and prime-up processes are
some of the most important tasks of operating a
nitrogen unit successfully. If they are not done,
an unsuccessful treatment and damage to the
pumps may occur.
The actual sequence and location of valves for
cool-down and prime-up are included in the
training manual of the unit to which an operator
is assigned. If a unit manual is not available,
experienced personnel at the local level will
cover these details during training.
Operators must have an in-depth understanding
of why cool-down is necessary so that the use
of the appropriate valves makes sense.

6.2.1 Cooling down the C-pump

To cool down the C-pump, do the following:

STEP 01 Open the low-pressure ground

vent valve.

STEP 02 Open the suction valve to the C-

pump on the tank. Figure 6-5. Ground Vent with Gas

STEP 03 Vent the gas and liquid to the STEP 04 Continue directing the nitrogen
ground until the housing of the C-pump is through the ground vent until the gas starts to
covered with frost (Figs. 6-4 through 6-5). turn to surging liquid (Figures 6-6 and 6-7).

Figure 6-6. Ground Vent with Liquid

Figure 6-4. Pump with Frost

Figure 6-7. Pump Without Frost

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  35

STEP 05 Direct the hydraulic fluid to the
C-pump motor to start the slow rotation of the
C-pump.
STEP 06 Initiate rotation of the C-pump
at a low speed. After the C-pump turns freely,
increase the rpm’s.
STEP 07 When a steady stream of liquid is
coming out the vent, the discharge of the C-
pump is ready to be directed to the cold ends.
STEP 08 Close the ground vent valve,
directing all of the fluid discharge of the C-
pump to start the cool-down of the cold end.
Figure 6‑8 shows a C-pump before and after
cool-down.
Figure 6-8. Cool-Down Difference
36  |  Pumping Process
6.2.2 Cooling down cold ends
To cool down the cold ends, do the following:
STEP 01 Open the cold end vent-to-tank
valve (Fig. 6-9) on the discharge side of the
high-pressure pump. Doing this starts the
second stage of the cool-down process.
Cold end vent to tank
Suction
Piston warm Piston rings
and rider band
valve Discharge
end connection valve
Disc
Suction
Piston
head
Jam nut Piston sleeve Suction
Figure 6-9. Cold End Vent-to-Tank
STEP 02 The GN2 will be forced to the tank
as long as the LN2 continues to remove heat
from the components of each of the cold ends.
The tank pressure might rise during the cold
end cool-down, so the top tank vent will have to
be opened to control the vapor pressure.
Warning:
The vent-to-tank valve should never
be closed during this operation.
STEP 03 The cool-down process on the
cold ends will continue until the frost line on the
exterior of the cold ends extends back to the
jam nut, where the cold end screws into the
middle of the warm end.
STEP 04 After the frost is back to the jam
nut, put the pump in low gear to make the pump
start rolling over. The reciprocating action of
the pistons removes the last gas pockets in
the system to ensure good prime (Figs. 6-10
through 6-12).

Figure 6-10. Cold End Piston at Beginning of Suction Stroke
Figure 6-11. Cold End Piston at Bottom Dead Center
Figure 6-12. Cold End Piston at Top Dead Center
Note:
In Fig. 6-9, the piston pressure
rings and the rider band extend
back to the jam nut on the outside
of the cold end. If reciprocation of
the piston is started before these
seals and supports are at the
correct temperature, damage can
occur and reduce the life of the
cold end.
STEP 05 To ensure that all pistons are fully
primed, slowly pinch down the return-to-tank
valve to put pressure back on the high-pressure
piping. The results of this action will cause the
pressure to rise slowly on the gauge (1,000 to
2,000 psi [69 to 138 bar]). The operator will be
able to see a steady pressure, indicating that all
three cold ends are primed.
If the pressure does not rise as soon as the
valve is pinched down, the cool-down process
should continue.
STEP 06 When the cold ends are primed,
allow the pump to roll over slowly to return all of
the fluid to the tank.
STEP 07 After the pump is primed and in
standby status, start the vaporizer.
6.3 Vaporizer start-up
With ambient and heat recovery units, little
is necessary to get the vaporizer started in
preparation for going downhole (Fig. 6-13). With
the ambient exchanger, the fan drive must be
engaged and the fan speed increased to the
desired air flow.
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  37
With heat recovery units, horsepower must be
pulled so that the heat-generating components
start producing the BTUs necessary to convert
the LN2.
Combustion
chamber
Heat is exchanged
Liquid
Gaseous
nitrogen enters
nitrogen exits
Figure 6-13. Vaporizer Process
When the downhole nitrogen rate has been
established, the vaporization system can be
adjusted to stabilize the GN2 temperature at
approximately 70 to 100 degF [21 to 38 degC].
Figure 6-14. Nitrogen Flow – Vaporizer
The gas discharge temperature is monitored
through a sensor located between the vaporizer
and the customer valve on the discharge of the
pumping unit (Figs. 6-15 and 6-16).
38  |  Pumping Process
Ambient air
enters fan
Figure 6-15. Gas Discharge Pressure and Rate
Air exits
vaporizer
Figure 6-16. Gas Temperature Discharge Sensor (TI 101)
The diesel-fired vaporizer requires slightly
more preparation. The detailed procedure
for a particular unit is available from the
manufacturer’s operations manual or from
experienced personnel at that location.
Other activities on location may require that the
nitrogen unit be placed in standby mode when
the vaporizer is ignited. If the time on standby
will be short (10 to 15 minutes), the heater
should be placed on the lowest possible heat
setting. Generally, this means operating on only
one set of fuel nozzles with low fuel pressure
and low air flow. The tube bundle temperature
should be maintained at about 750 degF
[399 degC] during standby.
When it is time for the LN2 to be directed to
the vaporizer, the heat exchanger must not be
shocked by the sudden introduction of LN2.
After the unit discharge valve is opened, the
vent-to-tank valve should be closed slowly so
that the LN2 is directed to the vaporizer. As
the LN2 is redirected through the tube bundle
(Fig. 6-17), the temperature of the stainless
steel tube bundle will begin to stabilize. In
most cases, this process is followed when the
nitrogen treating lines are to be pressure tested.
Figure 6-17. Tube Bundle of the Heat Exchanger
6.4 Pressure testing lines
The pressure testing of the nitrogen treating
lines must conform to all of the requirements of
Safety Standards 5 and 11.
When it is time to test the lines, the customer
valve (V-124) on the discharge side of the
vaporizer will be opened. The lines being
tested by the nitrogen unit are those connecting
the nitrogen pumper or pumpers to the main
treating line. The main treating line will be
tested separately with water.
After instruction from the supervisor in charge,
the return-to-tank valve will be slowly closed,
redirecting the LN2 to and through the vaporizer.
Because of the rapid expansion of the nitrogen
gas going through the vaporizer, there will be a
GN2 cushion between the nitrogen pump and
the closed valve at the main treating line.
This gas cushion will cause the pressure to rise
smoothly and steadily. Continue to close the
return-to-tank valve until the desired pressure is
reached. The check valve in the system holds
the pressure, allowing the supervisor to inspect
for leaks in the treating line. Valves PRV-107
and PRV-108 are protection against excessive
overpressure if the ERAD overpressure
shutdown malfunctions.
If there are leaks, the pressure will be removed
and the necessary repairs made. During the
pressure testing, the pump speed will probably
be increased to obtain the desired pressure.
After fluid starts going back to the tank, the
pump rpm should be reduced so that no more
heat than necessary is returned to the tank.
Note:
The treating line close to the
unit may show signs of frost on
the outside. This frost does not
necessarily mean that LN2 is in the
piping.
Cold nitrogen gas can easily cause the piping
to form frost because of the humidity in the
air. The steel piping used in Schlumberger
treating lines must not be used at temperatures
of –40 degF [–40 degC] or lower. Monitor the
temperature of the gas discharge at all times.
Generally, the other fluids on location will
be started downhole first. This procedure is
followed to reduce the chance that GN2 will
migrate back into the conventional triplex
pumps. There could be pressure on the main
treating line when the nitrogen is introduced.
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  39
Depending on the pressure on the liquid side, it
may be difficult to open the 2-in nitrogen control
Step 6 Open all bleeds on the
high‑pressure piping.
valve. If this is the case, it may be necessary
to apply pressure to the nitrogen side of the
control valve to create balance across the Step 7 Open the vent to the atmosphere
valve. With the pressure on both sides of the on the tank.
valve close or equal, it will be much easier for
the supervisor to open the valve and get the Step 8 Make sure the high-pressure
nitrogen units pumping downhole. bleed on the treating line is open.

In many cases, while line testing, the supervisor
will bleed the nitrogen line pressure to a level
that will make it easy to open the nitrogen
control valve.
Step 9 Shut down the fan on the
vaporizer.
Step 10 Rig down the treating iron.

6.5 Standby Step 11 Configure the valves on the tank

It is not uncommon for other activities on for over-the-road transport.
location to require that the nitrogen pumping
equipment be on standby. During these times,
the nitrogen pumping unit and heat exchanger
must be kept ready. The guidelines in Table 6-1
show what should be done during standby.

6.6 Shutdown
At the end of the treatment, the pumping
supervisor will indicate that the job is complete.
All equipment must be stopped. Depending on
the type of job, certain units might be shut down
before others. The nitrogen equipment must be
shut down and taken offline as follows:

Step 1 Stop the unit triplex pump.

Step 2 Shut off all fuel flow to the

vaporizer.

Step 3 Continue to let the vaporizer fan

cool the system.

Step 4 Stop the C-pump.

Step 5 Close suction to the C-pump.

40  |  Pumping Process

Table 6-1. Standby Guidelines for Nitrogen Pumping Equipment

Potential Time Pump Vaporizer Unit piping

< 15 min Pump as slowly as possible Maintain flame at lowest Circulating pressure.
back to tank. possible setting.
15 to 30 min Stop pumping back to tank. Shut off fuel supply. Open any line that might
Leave engine running. Continue running fan. contain trapped LN2.
> 30 min Shut down. Shut down. Bleed off all pressure.

6.7 LN2 transfer

To prepare to leave the district, the operator
needs to ensure that the nitrogen pumping unit Caution:
has the necessary LN2 on board. In the case of When transferring liquid from a
offshore units, the LN2 tank is separate from the transport to a pumper during a job,
pumping unit and will go before the operator is never use the bottom fill on the
dispatched to the location. receiving tank to introduce new
fluid. The new liquid coming into the
In many cases, the nitrogen storage tanks are tank has been exposed to ambient
filled by the district bulk personnel. Regardless conditions and is potentially
of who completes this task, certain guidelines unconditioned. When the bottom
and minimal steps should be followed during fill is used, there is an increased
the transfer of LN2 from one tank to another. potential for losing prime on the
centrifugal and triplex pumps.

Important:
When filling a new pumper or a
pump unit that has not been used
for some time, never shock the
inner tank by starting the filling
process with cold liquid. If there is
any doubt, allow cold GN2 to chill
the inner tank before starting the
liquid.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  41

Any time a transfer is necessary, the following
minimum steps must be taken:
STEP 02 Close the 95%-full valve.

STEP 03 Leave open the vent-to-

Step 1 Remove the blanking plugs from
the transfer hose.
Step 2 Blow GN2 through the hose to
ensure that the hose is not plugged and dry.
This action removes moisture and dust that
would otherwise go into the pumper tank.
atmosphere valve.
Heat is introduced into the unit tank as liquid
nitrogen travels through the transfer hoses and
is exposed to ambient conditions. As a result, a
lot of entrained gas is in the liquid.
On the source tank, follow these steps.

Step 3 Connect the transfer hose from

STEP 01 Close the discharge valve.
the source to the pumper tank.
STEP 02 Bleed of pressure used to transfer
fluid.
Step 4 Put on the proper safety PPE for
transferring the LN2.
STEP 03 Return all other valves to standby
mode.
Step 5 Set the valves on the receiving
tank so that the LN2 goes through the top-fill 1. Bleed all pressure in the hoses between
valve. the source tank and receiving tank.
1. Open the receiving tank vent‑to‑
2. Remove the transfer hose from the tank.
atmosphere valve.
3. Replace the end plugs in the hose.
2. Open the receiving tank 95%-full valve.
The fluid needs to be conditioned by allowing
3. Open the discharge of the nitrogen
the gas and heat to escape. After about
source tank.
30 minutes, the gas discharge out of the tank
vent (Fig. 6-18) will settle down and the valves
This assumes that the transfers from
on the tanks can be set in the standby or
district storage is accomplished by pressure
road‑ready position.
transfer. If a C-pump is used as a transfer
pump, it has to be cooled down and primed
up before the transfer could start.

4. Watch the liquid level gauge and

discharge of the 95%-full valve.

5. When liquid discharges from the

95%‑full line, stop the transfer of liquid.

On the receiving tank, follow these steps.

Figure 6-18. Gas Discharge Out of Tank Vent

STEP 01 Close the top fill valve.

42  |  Pumping Process

The information above applies to any type of
transfer of LN2.
It is not uncommon, especially on long pumping
jobs, for LN2 to be transferred from a road
transport to the pumper during the treatment.
Although the fluid conditioning principle applies,
there are also other considerations for this
process.
1. First, the unit needs to continue
pumping during the transfer. Second,
to pump successfully, the LN2 needs to
be properly conditioned. As mentioned
earlier, unconditioned fluid will
increase the potential for loss of prime.
Therefore, everything possible should
be done to ensure that the fluid on the
bottom of the tank near the suction
stays in good condition.
2. The transport units at Schlumberger are
equipped with transfer C-pumps that are
capable of high-volume transfers. These
C-pumps are built just like the smaller
C-pumps on the pumper but on a larger
scale. They must be cooled down and
primed in the same way that the unit C-
pump is cooled down and primed.
3. Whether the treatment is high rate
(fracture job) or slow (coiled tubing),
the objective is to provide additional
fluid without disrupting the pumping
operation. To accomplish this,
unconditioned fluid should be kept away
from the suction of the pumper tank as
much as possible. A good guideline is
to start filling the pumper tank when the
liquid level gauge shows between 20
and 30 in left in the tank.
4. With a fracture job, several tanks may
be connected to one transport. The
benefit of being able to fill multiple tanks
is that after the transport C-pump has
cooled down, all the tanks can be filled
until the transport is empty. This will
reduce the amount of LN2 wasted from
repeated cool-downs of the C-pump.
In contrast, a coiled tubing job may require only
that the tank be refilled every couple of hours.
In this case, there is little choice other than to
fill the tank as needed and to completely shut
down the nitrogen transport system.
In either case, the pumper tank vent-to-
atmosphere valve is left open to dissipate
the heat introduced during the transfer. If the
pressure in the receiving tank starts to fall
below the level necessary to keep prime on the
C-pump, the vent valve can be closed.
6.8 Liquid nitrogen management
Regardless of the service being performed
by Schlumberger, inventory management
is important to service quality to the client
and profitability for Schlumberger. With LN2,
inventory is always lost because of the nature of
the fluid, the facilities in which it is stored, and
the way it is handled. With proper maintenance
of equipment and efficient handling of the LN2,
losses can be kept to a minimum.
6.8.1 Proper maintenance
Operators should always be aware of the
conditions of the storage tank on their unit
and any unusual loss of LN2. The following
conditions should be reported to the
maintenance department immediately:
• The road-relief-valve continues to
discharge.
• The safety manifold on the tank constantly
carries frost.
• It is difficult to bleed the tank down to
condition the fluid.
• There is a frost spot on the exterior of the
outer tank.
JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  43
6.8.2 Efficient handling
Operators should remember the following when
performing a job on location:

• Maintain as low a pressure as possible on

the tank when it is not in operation.
• Start the cool-down only when advised to
do so by the location supervisor.
• When the pump with LN2 is primed and the
LN2 is recirculating back to the tank, pump
as slowly as possible.
• Vent no more liquid than necessary to the
atmosphere to reach and maintain prime.
• When filling pumpers from a transport,
do it so that cool-down and prime-up of
the C‑pump is required as few times as
possible.
• When filling at the district, use the weight
scales to help with inventory control.

44  |  Pumping Process

 7.0  Pretrip and Posttrip Inspections

In compliance with Schlumberger requirements,

pretrip and posttrip STEM 1 inspections must
be completed and turned in with other required
paperwork.

The operator is responsible for ensuring the

following:

• Pre- and posttrip job inspections (STEM

reports) must be completed and turned in
with other required paperwork after every
job.
• STEM reports must be complete, and they
must detail all maintenance work required
and performed. Any outstanding required
maintenance must be reported to the
supervisor and/or maintenance department.
• The equipment must be ready for the next
job and be green tagged. If the equipment
is not ready for another job, then the
equipment must be red tagged.

• The equipment must be clean, and all paint

work must be in good condition with no rust
spots.

All maintenance and repairs are scheduled and

managed through the Fleet Assistant software,
which is currently in use at all locations. For
more information on Fleet Assistant, go to the
following URL:

http://www.rd.oilfield.slb.com/emwd/fleet_
assistant.htm.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  45

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46  |  Pretrip and Posttrip Inspections

 8.0  On-Location Safety

All of the applicable sections of the Well

Services Field Safety Handbook and safety
Standards 5 and 11 must be applied when
rigging up and pumping nitrogen.

Standards 5 and 11 can be viewed through

InTouch via the Well Services Safety Standards
Reference Page, Content ID# 4055049, or at
the URLs listed below:

http://intouchsupport.com/intouch/
methodinvokerpage.cfm?caseid=3313681&meth
od=iteview

http://intouchsupport.com/intouch/
methodinvokerpage.cfm?caseid=3313684&met
hod=iteview.

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  47

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48  |  On-Location Safety

 9.0  Suppliers

\Table 9-1 has details on

Schlumberger suppliers.

Table 9-1. Schlumberger Suppliers

Name Country Address City and Country URL Phone

Hydra Rig USA 1020 Everman Parkway Fort Worth, Texas 76140 www.hydrarig.com 817-985-0-5000
USA Duncan, Oklahoma hrnsales @varco.com 580-255-4433
UK Great Yarmouth hruksales@varco.com 44-1493-651801
Canada Calgary hrcsales@varco.com 403-279-6430

CVA USA 9528 Warren Road Mont Belvieu, Texas www.cvatanks.com

Cryenco USA Colorado, USA

Cryo Difussion S.A. France 49, rue de Verdun France 27690 www.vrv.it 33-232-59-03-68

Wessington Cryogenics UK Building 9, Philadelphia Complex

Houghton-le-Spring Tyne & Wear,England, DH4 4UG www.wessingtoncryogenics.co.uk 01-91-512-4923

Cryenco (Chart) USA 5995 North Washington Denver, Colorado 80216 www.cryenco.com 303-296-0105

Used with Max Rate Max Pressure Max Pressure

Size Manufacturer Warm End SCF/Min. PSI* KPA*

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  49

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50  |  Suppliers
 10.0  Glossary

ASME code Code developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, typically used in the
design of pressure vessels
BTU British thermal unit

critical temperature Temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by compression alone

cryogenic fluid Fluid with a liquid temperature of –135 degF (–93 degC) or lower

GN2 Gaseous nitrogen

Liquid level gauge Used on nitrogen storage tanks to determine the amount of fluid in the tank

LN2 Liquid nitrogen

micron Unit of measure equal to 1/1000th of a torr

NMU nitrogen membrane unit: performs the same function as the PSA unit but using different
technology. It also has limited pressure (5K psi) and pumps GN2 only.
NPSHR Net positive suction head required

PSA Pressure swing absorption unit: used to extract nitrogen from the atmosphere and
compress the gas for use in a well. This unit is limited in discharge pressure and pumps
GN2 only.
torr Unit of measure equal to the displacement of one millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a
manometer
unconditioned (hot) liquid Liquid nitrogen that has absorbed enough heat to reach its gas saturation limits

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pumping Services  |  51

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52  |  Glossary
 11.0  Check Your Understanding

1. The temperature of liquid nitrogen is 6. At one atmosphere, the number of

_________. standard cubic feet (scf) in 1 galUS of
A. –183 degF [–199.4 degC] liquid nitrogen is ____________.
B. –232.6 degF [–147 degC] A. 100
C. –320 degF [–195.6 degC] B. 93.11
C. 93.05
2. Mild steel can be used to hold liquid
nitrogen when ____________. 7. The cold end has to be cooled down to
A. the pressure is less than 100 psi ____________.
B. never A. the suction inlet
C. when ambient temperature is B. the vent-to-tank line
100 degF [37.78 degC] C. the jam nut

3. NPSH stands for ____________. 8. The cold end is held to the warm end by
A. necessary position of stainless head ____________.
B. net positive suction head A. the cross head
C. new piston suction head B. the intermediate
C. the cold end support
4. The divisions on the liquid level gauge are
in ____________. 9. The centrifugal needs to be cooled down
A. psi until ____________.
B. inches A. the pump is frosted over
C. kPa B. frost appears on the cold end
C. there is a positive indication that LN2 is
returning to the tank
5. What is used for lubrication in the cold
end?
A. light oil 10. When testing the cold end for prime
____________.
B. ethylene glycol
A. listen for noise in the cold end
C. liquid nitrogen
B. check the return-to-tank line for frost
C. partially close the return-to-tank valve
to build back pressure

JET 29 - Nitrogen Pump Services  |  53

11. Gaseous nitrogen is ____________ of the
air people breathe.
A. 15%
B. 78%
C. 75%
12. Liquid nitrogen cannot come into contact
with the steel components of the unit
because ____________.
A. it will fade the paint
B. it will give off a bad odor.
C. it will warp the steel and eventually
crack it
13. The road relief valve on the storage tank
is set at ____________.
A. 12 psi [0.83 bar]
B. 10 psi [0.69 bar]
C. 5 psi [0.35 bar]
14. When filling a tank during a pumping
operation, enter the tank through
___________.
A. the top
B. the bottom
C. anywhere
15. When preparing to fill a LN2 tank, the
transfer hose must be ____________.
A. cleaned with water
B. blown out with air
C. blown out with gaseous nitrogen
54  |  Check Your Understanding
16. The maximum pressure of nitrogen units
is controlled by ____________.
A. the pressure limit of the tube bundle in
B. the vaporizer
C. the setting of the relief valves
D. the cold load of the warm end
17. The maximum rpm of the SLS warm end
is ____________.
A. 1200 rpm
B. 900 rpm
C. 700 rpm
18. It is recommended that the pumping unit
stand by and recirculate back to the tank
for ____________.
A. no more than 15 min
B. 15 to 30 min
C. as long as necessary
19. The term hot liquid means _________.
A. the liquid is warmer than –180 degF
[–118 degC]
B. the liquid has absorbed enough heat to
cause it to be saturated with nitrogen
gas
C. anything warmer than –320 degF
[–196 degC]
20. Liquid nitrogen can be conditioned by
___________.
A. applying more pressure to the top of
the tank
B. bleeding pressure off the tank and
removing the heat
C. filling the tank with fresh fluid