Satya Prakash Public School Physics Project Topic : Study of various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends, Submitted to : Mr. Rajesh Kaurav Submitted by : Harsh Solanki [class- 12']Certificate This is to certify that Master Harsh Solanki, a student of class 12science) has successfully completed his project. work under the guidance of subject teacher Mr, Rajesh Kauray during the year 2016/2017 from Satya, Prakash, Public, School in partial fulfillment of physics practicle examination conducted by CBSE.Acknowledgement The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and | am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them I respect and thank Mr. Rajesh Kaurav, for giving me an opportunity to do this project work and providing us all support and guidance which made me complete the project on time. I would like to express my gratitude towards Mrs. Rakhi Mukherjee for helping me in conducting practicals for project.INDEX Sno. Topics Introduction + Iniemel Resistance Practical Analysis Objective Apporatus thoory Cicut Diogom Procedure Rosut & inferences, Precautions Sources ot enor Flowchart ConclusionINTRODUCTION There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be increased greatly Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference across it , and hence make it more reliable.Vly INTERNAL RESISTANCE @ Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions. # Mts S.1. unit is Ohm (0) For a cell of em. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowingPRACTICAL ANALYSIS OBJECTIVE To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends. APPARATUS A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.* is inversely proportional io facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte. © decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte, * is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte, The internal resistance of a cell is given by: (E-Vyl CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ff -_# Powe SupplyPROCEDURE 1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to the circuit diagram. 2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box. 3. Check the e.mf, of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.mJ. of the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained. To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation 4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm. 5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small. 6, Without inserting a plug in key K, adjust thethe shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell. 9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point. 10. Measure the balancing length (I>) from end P. Record these observations. 11. Now keep the electrodes 12 em apart. 12. Then remove the plugs of keys Ki and Kx. Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10. 13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations. To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes 14, Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different dept s for each16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observations. 17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your readings. OBSERVATIONS Sno | ammeter | — Postion of mill pomatem) | — Shunt | Tatrnal Reading |__| Resistance | Resistance a) WikR | WitlowR | RQ) |) im ds) [ay 93 ‘605 | 355 i 034 2 03 6605 772 2 477 3 03 6505 108 3 3 252 Tabie for effect of separation between electrodesTable for effect of temperature Sno. | Temperanure | fem) | Iifem) | Resistance | Taternal | Tr TO RQ) | Resistance | (OK) 7) z 12 3266 | 2769 | 0.086 | 038 | 30140 2 25 3207 | 219.1 | 095 038 | 29196 3. 37 505 | 3509 | 1406 | 038 | 283.87 RESULT & INFERENCES © The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt. © The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation between the electrodes. @ The internal resis ind ofa callis invertsPRECAUTIONS ph 1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight. 2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken, 3. The positive polls of the batiery E and cells Ey and E should , all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires. 4, The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently. 5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.FLOWCHART CONCLUSION Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell Area ot / Conc.of Picntasies t Biemiehae:BIBLIOGRAPHY * www.google.com © www.documents.mx © www.wikipedia.org * www.docfoc.com * www.slideshare.net