ANALTYICAL

CHEMISTRY
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Types of Analysis
B. Analytical Techniques & Methods
C. Analytical Terminologies
D. Units of Concentration
 ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

Reveals the identity of the Indicates the amount of

elements and compounds each substance in a
in a sample. sample. 4
 any physical or chemical principle that
TECHNIQUE
can be used to study an analyte

application of a technique for a specific

METHOD
analyte in a specific matrix

set of written instructions on how to apply

PROCEDURE
a method to a particular sample

set of written guidelines for the analysis

PROTOCOL
of a sample specified by an agency
 TECHNIQUE PROPERTY MEASURED
weight of pure analyte or compound
Gravimetry
of known stoichiometry
volume of standard reagent solution
Titrimetry
reacting with the analyte
Atomic and molecular wavelength and intensity of radiation
spectrometry emitted or absorbed by the analyte

Mass spectrometry mass of analyte or fragments of it

Chromatography and various physico-chemical properties of

electrophoresis separated analytes
Electrochemical electrical properties of the analyte in
analysis solution
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
• classical
1. technique • instrumental
• combined/coupled

2. amount of sample • macro • micro

• semi-micro • ultra-micro

• proximate
3. extent of analysis • complete
• ultimate

4. amount of analyte • major • trace

• minor • ultra-trace
According to: amount of sample
macro semi-micro micro ultra-micro
>100 mg 10−100 mg 1−10 mg <1 mg
>100 μL 50−100 μL <50 μL

According to : amount of analyte

major minor trace ultra-trace

>1% 0.01−1% 0.001−0.01% <0.001%

 Proximate Analysis is partitioning of compounds in a feed into six
categories based on the chemical properties of the compounds.
SAMPLE

 moisture
 ash
 crude protein
 crude lipid
 crude fiber
 N-free extract

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Complete Analysis is the quantitative determination of the amounts of
all constituents in a sample.

10
Ultimate Analysis is the quantitative determination of various elements
in a sample.

Ultimate Analysis of a coal sample

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 sampling Matching Type
matrix
analyte
replicates
aliquot
blank
component of interest in the sample

portion of a solution subjected to analysis

collection of all the components in the sample

process of collecting a small amount of a material…

portions of a material of approximately the same size…

a sample that contains all the components of the matrix
except the analyte
 calibration Matching Type
standardization
external standards
single-point
standardization
multiple-point
standardization
standard curve
process of ensuring that the signal measured by an
instrument is correct
process of establishing the relationship between the amount
of analyte and a method's signal
standardization using a single standard containing a known
amount of analyte
standardization using two or more standards containing
known amounts of analyte

standard solutions containing a known amount of analyte…

result of a standardization showing graphically the

relationship of a method's signal and analyte concentration
 Grades of Chemicals

The grade or purity of

chemicals has a significant
effect on the accuracy in
any analysis, thus the
quality of a chemical must
be consistent with its
intended purpose.
 Chemicals that do not have
TECHNICAL established standards for purity levels
or for products with <90% purity.
 High purity chemicals for which no
established specifications exist.
Chemicals of this grade are often solutions
Reagent of or dilutions of ACS Reagent materials.
Suitable for commercial, industrial and
educational applications.
 Chemicals manufactured under

USP current GMP and which meet the

requirements of the US
Pharmacopeia.
 The standard Mallinckrodt grade of
analytical reagents; suitable for laboratory
and general use.

AR If the reagent also meets the

requirements of the American Chemical
Society Committee on Analytical Reagent,
it will be denoted as an AR (ACS) reagent.
 Chemicals of this grade meets the
specification of ACS.

ACS Analytical reagents found in most

laboratories and are used in a wide variety
of analytical techniques for quality
control, research and development.
 Analytical reagent of exceptional purity
Primary that is specially manufactured for
standardizing volumetric solutions and
standard preparing reference standards.
 Chemicals that have been prepared for
Special- specific applications.

Purpose This includes HPLC grade and

spectrophotometry grade reagents.
Units of Concentration

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 Name Symbol Units

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity M
𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Formality F
𝐹𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Normality N
𝐸𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality m
𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
25
 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
weight % %w/w 𝑥 100
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
volume % %v/v 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥 100
100 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
weight-to- 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%w/v 𝑥 100
volume % 100 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
parts per million ppm 𝑥 100
6
10 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
parts per billion ppb 𝑥 100
9
10 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 26
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